Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 16 Eye and Ear Diseases and Disorders.

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Chapter 16

Eye and Ear Diseases and Disorders

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye

• Sensory organ located in orbit of skull

• Components:– Sclera, cornea, iris, and pupil

– Anterior and posterior chambers

– Lens, retina, choroid layer, and posterior cavity


Animation

Click Here to Play Vision Animation


Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear

• External ear– Pinna and auditory canal

• External and middle ear separated by tympanic membrane

• Middle ear– Also known as tympanic cavity

– Malleus, stapes, and incus bones


Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear

• Inner ear– Most sophisticated

– Vestibule, semicircular canals, round window, and cochlea• Responsible for hearing and equilibrium

• Cochlea– Organ of hearing


Animation

Click Here to Play Hearing Animation


Common Signs and Symptoms of the Eye

• Pain or burning in or around eye

• Decreased visual acuity or ability to see

• Any disorder– E.g., seeing flashes of light

• Eye redness


Common Signs and Symptoms of the Ear

• Otalgia

• Deafness

• Vertigo

• Tinnitus


Diagnostic Tests of the Eye

• Ophthalmoscopy

• Visual acuity

• Tonometry

• Slit lamp

• Angiography


Diagnostic Tests of the Ear

• Otoscopy

• Audiometry


Refractive Errors of the Eye

• Inability to focus images on retina

• One-third of population affected

• Types:– Myopia

• Nearsightedness

– Hyperopia• Farsightedness


Refractive Errors of the Eye

• Types:– Presbyopia

• Age-related hyperopia

– Astigmatism• Irregularity of cornea surface


Inflammation and Infection of the Eye

• Conjunctivitis– Inflammation of conjunctiva

– Excessive tearing, itching, burning, and pain

– Treatment:• Warm compresses

• Anti-inflammatories

• Analgesics

• Perhaps antibiotic ointment



• Conjunctivitis– Prevention:

• Good hygiene


Conjunctivitis

Photo courtesy Mark L. Kuss



• Blepharitis– Inflammation of edge of eyelid, eyelash follicles, and

glands

– Causes:• Bacterial infection

• Allergic reaction

• Seborrhea



• Blepharitis– Symptoms:

• Red, swollen, and crusted eyelids

– Treatment:• Antibiotics

• Allergy medication

• Treatment of seborrhea



• Keratitis– Inflammation of cornea caused by trauma or infection

– Usually unilateral

– Symptoms:• Photophobia

• Pain

• Excessive tearing



• Keratitis– Treatment:

• Antibiotic ointment or drops

• Analgesics

• Eye patch



• Stye– Also known as hordeolum

– Inflammatory infection of sebaceous gland of eyelid

– Resembles pimple

– Usually caused by staphylococcus bacteria

– Treatment:• Warm compresses

• Topical or systemic antibiotics


Stye



Cataract

• Clouding of lens

• Causes:– Change in metabolism and nutrition in lens

– Aging


Cataract

• Symptoms:– Decreased visual acuity

• Treatment:– Lens replacement surgery


Cataract



Glaucoma

• Characterized by excessive eye pressure

• Slow progression with or without symptoms

• Permanent damage can occur before symptomatic


Glaucoma

• Treatment:– Eye drops

– Surgery


Nystagmus

• Constant, involuntary movement of eyes

• May affect one or both eyes

• Causes:– Brain tumors

– Disease

– Alcohol abuse

– Congenital defects


Nystagmus

• Treatment:– Correct underlying cause


Strabismus

• Eyes fail to focus in same direction simultaneously

• Due to muscle weakness in one or both eyes


Strabismus

• Treatment:– Cover normal eye to train affected eye to function

– Eye exercises

– Corrective lenses

– Surgery


Strabismus



Macular Degeneration

• Degeneration of macular area of retina

• Cause:– Most commonly age-related

• Symptoms:– Loss of central vision

• Treatment:– Laser surgery to improve vision


Diabetic Retinopathy

• Leading cause of blindness in United States

• Diabetes mellitus causes vascular changes in retina leading to decreased visual acuity


Diabetic Retinopathy

• Treatment:– Laser photocoagulation

• Prevention:– Controlling blood sugar


Color Blindness

• Also called color vision deficiency (CVD)

• Ability to see color diminishes with age due to yellowing of lens

• Inherited

• Most common affects ability to distinguish between red and green

• No cure


Infection of the Ear

• Otitis media– Inflammation in middle ear

– Usually affects infants and young children

– Types:• Serous

• Suppurative



• Otitis media– Treatment:

• Analgesics

• Decongestants

• Antibiotics



• Otitis externa– Also known as swimmer’s ear

– Inflammation of external ear canal caused by bacterial or fungal infection

– Symptoms:• Extreme pain

• Fever

• Pruritus



• Otitis externa– Symptoms:

• Hearing loss

• Clear or purulent drainage

– Treatment:• Keep ear canal clean and dry

• Analgesics

• Antibiotics



• Mastoiditis– Inflammation of mastoid bone or process

– Acute mastoiditis usually result of middle ear infection

– Symptoms:• Tinnitus

• Otalgia



• Mastoiditis– Treatment:

• Antibiotics

• Mastoidectomy


Deafness

• Affects more than 25 million people

• Conductive and sensory– Conductive

• Caused by external or middle ear disorders that decrease or stop sound conduction

– E.g., impacted cerumen, otosclerosis, ruptured eardrum


Deafness

• Conductive and sensory– Sensory

• Cochlear or auditory nerve damage preventing sound to be carried to brain

• Cause related to damaging noise levels and ototoxic medications


Deafness

• Impacted cerumen– Cerumen

• Soft, yellow-brown secretion

• Also known as earwax


Deafness

• Impacted cerumen– Causes:

• Skin dryness

• Excessive hair

• Narrow ear canal

• Excessive dust

– Treatment:• Ear irrigation


Deafness

• Otosclerosis– Bony fixation of middle ear bones do not allow vibrations

from eardrum to inner ear

– Treatment:• Stapedectomy


Deafness

• Sensorineural deafness– Sensory deafness due to damage to cochlea or auditory

deafness• Damage may be due to exposure to loud noise

• Damage often permanent


Deafness

• Presbycusis– Progressive sensory deadness related to aging

– Symptoms usually begin after age 50

– Treatment:• Use of hearing aid


Motion Sickness

• Experiencing nausea when traveling by car, boat, or airplane

• Symptoms:– Nausea and vomiting

– Diaphoresis

– Vertigo


Motion Sickness

• Treatment:– Anti-motion sickness medication

– Rest

– Closing of eyes


Trauma

• Corneal abrasion– Causes:

• Obstruction trapped between eyelid and cornea

• Ill-fitting or worn contact lenses

• Accidentally poking finger in eye

• Extreme light– E.g., welding


Trauma

• Corneal abrasion– Treatment:

• Remove obstruction

• Antibiotic ointment or analgesics

• Pressure dressing to prevent eye movement

• Reduce photophobia pain


Trauma

• Retinal detachment– Often occurs with trauma, diabetes, and other retinopathies

– Symptoms:• Blurred vision

• Flashes of light

• Floating spots


Trauma

• Retinal detachment– Painless disorder, but needs attention

– Treatment:• Surgery


Retinal Detachment


Trauma

• Ruptured tympanic membrane– Causes:

• Middle ear infection

• Sticking sharp object in ear canal

– Symptoms:• Pain

• Partial loss of hearing

• Bloody or purulent discharge


Trauma

• Ruptured tympanic membrane– Treatment:

• Antibiotics

• Surgical patching of membrane with tissue graft


Rare Diseases

• Retinoblastoma– Hereditary malignant tumor of eye occurring during

infancy and childhood

– Fatal if untreated

– Treatment:• Enucleation

• Radiation

• Chemotherapy


Rare Diseases

• Meniérè’s disease– Chronic disease of inner ear

– Symptoms:• Tinnitus

• Vertigo

• Progressive hearing loss

• Feeling of fullness in ear

– Attacks last few hours to several days


Rare Diseases

• Meniérè’s disease– Treatment:

• Medications to control nausea

• Low-salt diet

• Diuretics

• Antihistamines

• Smoking cessation

– Surgery may be necessary


Effects of Aging on the Eye

• Changes in ability to focus on near objects, color perception, some sensitivity to light, and decreased visual acuity

• Glaucoma and cataracts

• Arcus senilis


Arcus Senilis



Effects of Aging on the Ear

• Thinner and less flexible tympanic membrane

• Degenerative changes in neurons, bones of middle ear, and cochlea

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 16 Eye and Ear Diseases and Disorders.

Documents

cengage learning

kuss slide

hearing animation slide

vision animation slide

ear otoscopy audiometry

posterior cavity slide

eye types

eye pain