Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2004 Pearson Education, Inc Prepared By: Renee Brokaw University of North Carolina, Charlotte This multimedia product and its contents.

Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2004 Pearson Education, Inc

Prepared By: Renee BrokawUniversity of North Carolina, Charlotte

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:•Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;•Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;•Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

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Unit 1

Principles of Communication

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Chapter 4

Understanding Verbal Messages

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Communication Principles of a Lifetime

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Why Focus on Nonverbal Communication?

• Nonverbal communication– Communication other than written or spoken

language– Creates meaning

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Emotional Attitudes

Albert Mehrabian

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Challenge Question

• According to Albert Mehrabian, the most significant nonverbal source of emotional information isA. Vocal cues.

B. The face.

C. Personal space.

D. Emblems.

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Answer

• According to Albert Mehrabian, the most significant nonverbal source of emotional information isA. Vocal cues.

B. The face.

C. Personal space.

D. Emblems.

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Nonverbal Messages are More Believable

Verbal Nonverbal• Delivering a message

claiming you are not upset

• Quivering voice• Shaky knees• Flushed face

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Computer-Mediated Communication

• Conveying emotion

– :-( Depressed or upset– :-l Indifferent– :-o Surprised– :-D Laughing

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Nonverbal Messages are Critical to Successful Relationships

• William Chaplin’s “handshake index”– Strength– Vigor– Completeness of grip– Duration

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Nonverbal Messages Serve Multiple Functions

• Can substitute for verbal messages

• Complement verbal messages

• Regulate our conversation

• Accent or reinforce verbal message

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Nonverbal Communication is Culture- Bound

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Nonverbal Communication is Rule-Bound

• Researcher Judee Burgoon– Expectancy Violations Model– Rules dictated by our:

• Cultural backgrounds• Personal experiences• Knowledge of others

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Nonverbal Messages are Ambiguous

• Perception checking– Observe nonverbal cues– Interpret nonverbal cues– Ask person being observed their opinion– Seek second opinion

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Nonverbal Language is Continuous

• Constantly changing– Facial expressions– Posture– Hand gestures– Eye contact

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Nonverbal Language is Nonlinguistic

• Body Language by Julius Fast– Nonverbal communication was a language

• Pattern• Grammar

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Nonverbal Communication is Multi-channeled

• Messages registered simultaneously

• Messages recognized one at a time

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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Appearance

• Body size and shape

• Skin color and texture

• Hairstyle

• Clothing– Artifacts

• Jewelry• Tattoos• Piercings

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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Kinesics

– Movement

– Gesture

– Posture

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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Emblems

• Nonverbal cue

• Meaning culturally bound

• Substitutes for word or phrase

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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Illustrators

• Accompanies verbal behavior– Complements– Contradicts– Accents

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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Affect Displays

• Face reflects– Kind of emotion

• Body reflects– How much emotion you are feeling

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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Regulators

• Control communication interaction

• Control communication flow

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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior: Adaptors

• Satisfy a personal need

• Adapt to the immediate situation

• Quasi-courtship behavior– Courtship readiness– Preening– Positional cues– Appeals to invitation

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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Eye Contact

More Likely Less Likely• Physically distant• Discuss impersonal

topics• Have no distractions• Romantically

interested• Female• Cultural values

• Physically close• Discuss intimate

topics• Have distractions• Not interested or

dislike• Male• Cultural values

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• John F. Kennedy– Appeared comfortable and confident– Made eye contact

• Richard Nixon– Darted eyes nervously– Made less eye contact

• Regarded as shifty, untrustworthy and lacked credibility

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• Indicators of deception– Rapid eye movement– Diminished eye contact– Rapid blinking

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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Facial Expressions

• 250,000 facial expressions

• Ekman and Friesen’s six primary emotions– Happiness– Sadness– Surprise– Fear– Anger– Disgust or contempt

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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Touch

• Study of human touch– Haptics

• Individual standard of appropriate touching– Touch ethic

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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:The Voice

• Paralanguage or Vocalics– Pitch, rate, use of silence, volume

• Back-channel cues– End conversation by lowering pitch and

volume– End conversation by lowering pitch and

volume– Begin conversation with “I” or “Ah” or “Um”

• Response latency or response time31


Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Physical Environment

• Environmental contexts alter behavior

• Extensions of our personalities

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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Space

Category Definition Distance Between Individuals

Zone 1 Intimate Space 0 to 1.5 feet

Zone 2 Personal Space 1.5 to 4 feet

Zone 3 Social Space 4 to 12 feet

Zone 4 Public Space 12 to 25 and beyond

Proxemics

Edward T. Hall’s Classification of Spatial Zones

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Edward T. Hall’s Four Zones of Space

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Challenge Question• According to Edward T. Hall, your

personal space zone where most of your conversation with others takes place, is anywhere fromA. 0 to 1 ½ feet.

B. 1 ½ to 4 feet.

C. 4 to 12 feet.

D. 12 feet on.

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Answer• According to Edward T. Hall, your

personal space zone where most of your conversation with others takes place, is anywhere fromA. 0 to 1 ½ feet.

B. 1 ½ to 4 feet.

C. 4 to 12 feet.

D. 12 feet on.

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Codes of Nonverbal Behavior:Territory

• Territoriality– Occupancy or ownership of space

• Territorial markers– Things and actions claiming personal space

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Interpreting Nonverbal Behavior:Immediacy

Immediacy Cues Behavior• Proximity• Body orientation• Eye contact• Facial expressions• Gestures• Posture• Touch• Voice

• Close, forward lean• Face-to-face, side-to-side• Mutual eye contact• Smiling• Head nods, movement• Arms other-oriented• Adapted to Culture/Context • Higher pitch, upward pitch

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Interpreting Nonverbal Behavior:Arousal

• Arousal cues– Increased eye contact– Closer conversational distances– Increased touch– Animated vocalics– More direct body orientation

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Copyright © 2010, 2007, 2004 Pearson Education, Inc Prepared By: Renee Brokaw University of North Carolina, Charlotte This multimedia product and its contents.

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