All rights res 3-1 3 Chapter Culture Culture Culture and Society Development of Culture Around Elements of Culture Culture and the Dominant Ideo Cultural Variation
Dec 21, 2015
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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3
Chapter
CultureCulture
Culture and Society
Development of Culture Around the World
Elements of Culture
Culture and the Dominant Ideology
Cultural Variation
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Chapter Three Outline Chapter Three Outline Culture and SocietyDevelopment of Culture around the WorldCultural UniversalsInnovationDiffusion and Technology
Elements of CultureLanguageNormsSanctionsValues
Culture and the Dominant Ideology
Cultural VariationAspects of Cultural Variation
Attitudes toward Cultural Variation
Social Policy and Culture: Bilingualism
The Issue
The Setting
Sociological Insights
Policy Initiatives
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Chapter Three Outline (2)Chapter Three Outline (2)
BoxesResearch in Action: Dominant Ideology and Poverty
Eye on the Media: Knockin’ Rock—Making Music a Social Problem
Taking Sociology to Work: Burt Constable, Newspaper Columnist and Reporter
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Culture and SocietyCulture and Society
• Culture is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior.
• Sociologically, culture does not refer to fine arts or intellectual taste.
Culture:
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Culture and SocietyCulture and Society
• Culture consists of all objects and ideas within a society.
• Sharing a common culture simplifies daily activities.
Culture:
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Development of CultureDevelopment of Culture Around the World Around the World
• All societies have developed certain common practices and beliefs called cultural universals.
• Cultural universals change over time and from one society to another.
Cultural Universals:
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Development of CultureDevelopment of Culture Around the World Around the World
• The process of introducing an idea or object that is new to a culture is known as innovation.
• Innovation may take the form of either discovery or invention.
Innovation:
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Culture Around the WorldCulture Around the World
Diffusion• Diffusion is the process by which a cultural item is
spread from group to group or society to society.
• Diffusion can occur through a variety of means.exploration military conquestmissionary work mass mediatourism Internet
Diffusion and Technology:
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Culture Around the WorldCulture Around the World
Technology• Technology accelerates the diffusion of scientific
innovations.
• Technology transmits culture.
Diffusion and Technology:
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Culture Around the WorldCulture Around the World
Material Culture• Refers to the physical or technological aspects of
our daily lives, including:
food houses
factories raw materials
Diffusion and Technology:
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Culture Around the WorldCulture Around the World
Nonmaterial Culture• Refers to ways of using material objects and to:
customs beliefs communication
philosophies government
Diffusion and Technology:
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Culture Around the WorldCulture Around the World
Culture Lag• Refers to the period of maladjustment when the
nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions.
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Elements of CultureElements of Culture
• Language is an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture.
• Language includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and gestures and expressions of nonverbal communication.
Language:
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Elements of CultureElements of Culture
Sapir-Worf Hypothesis• Language precedes thought.• Language is not a given.• Language is culturally determined.
Language:
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Mapping Life Worldwide: Mapping Life Worldwide: Languages of the WorldLanguages of the World
1 Germanic 6 Indo-Aryan2 Romance 7 Celtic3 Slavic 8 Greek4 Baltic 9 Armenian5 Iranian
Language FamiliesIndo-European
Eskimo-AleutNative AmericanHamito-SemiticNiger-CongoNilo-SaharanAustronesianAustralianSamoyedFinno-UgricBasqueKhosianUral-Altaic
CaucasianSino-TibetanPaleo-SiberianKoreanJapaneseBurushakiAustro-AsiaticVietnameseThai-KadaiPapuanDravidianUnpopulated Regions
Source: Richard T. Schaefer. 2002. Sociology: A Brief Introduction, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill,Figure 3-1, p. 59 from Edward B. Espenshade, Jr. 1990. Rand McNally Goode’s World Atlas, 18/e:25.
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Elements of CultureElements of Culture
• Nonverbal communication is the use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate.
• Nonverbal communication is not the same in all cultures.
• Nonverbal communication is learned.
Nonverbal Communication:
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Elements of CultureElements of Culture
Norms are established standards of behavior maintained by a society.
Types of Norms• Mores (MOR-ays) are norms deemed highly
necessary for the welfare of society.• Folkways are norms governing everyday
behavior.
Norms:
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Elements of CultureElements of Culture
• Sanctions are penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
• Sanctions may be either positive or negative.
Sanctions:
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Norms and SanctionsNorms and Sanctions
Source: Richard T. Schaefer. 2002. Sociology: A Brief Introduction, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Table 3-1, p. 63
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Penalties for Violations of NormsPenalties for Violations of Norms
Informal norms Formal norms
Severepenalties
Mildpenalties
Mores
Folkways
SuicideHomicide
Child molestationDrunken driving
Child AbuseChild support
Drunkenness in privateRudeness
Using obscene languageClothing styleTable manners
Public drunkennessTraffic violationsCurfew violations
LicensesParking regulations
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Elements of CultureElements of Culture
• Values are our collective conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper – or bad, undesirable, and improper – in a culture.
• Values influence people’s behavior.
• Values are criteria for evaluating actions of others.
Values:
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Culture and the Dominant IdeologyCulture and the Dominant Ideology
Dominant Ideology:• The term dominant ideology describes the set of
cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests.
• Dominant groups control wealth and property.• Dominant groups control the means of producing
beliefs about reality through:
religion education the media
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Cultural VariationCultural Variation
• A subculture is a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the larger society.
• A subculture is a culture existing within a larger, dominant culture.
Subcultures
Aspects of Cultural Variation:
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Cultural VariationCultural Variation
• A counterculture is created when a subculture conspicuously and deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture.
• Examples of countercultures:
hippies
militia groups
Countercultures
Aspects of Cultural Variation:
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Cultural VariationCultural Variation
Culture Shock• Culture shock is experienced if one feels disoriented,
uncertain, out of place, or fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture.
Ethnocentrism• Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one’s
own culture and way of life are superior to all others.
Aspects of Cultural Variation:
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Cultural VariationCultural Variation
Cultural Relativism• Cultural relativism views people’s behaviors from
the perspective of their own culture.
Xenocentrism• Xenocentrism is an extension of cultural relativism;
it is the belief that the products, styles, or ideas of one’s society are inferior to those that originate elsewhere.
Aspects of Cultural Variation:
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Mapping Life Nationwide: Mapping Life Nationwide: States with Official English LawsStates with Official English Laws
ME
DE
RI
NJ
MD
CT
WA
OR
NV
CAUT
AZ NM
TX
OK
KS
NE
SD
NDMT
IDWY
CO MO
IA
MNWI
IL
KY
TN
ALMS
MI
OHIN
AR
LA
GA
FL
SC
NC
VA
PA
NY
VT
WV
NH
MA
HI
AK
States with OfficialEnglish Laws
Source: Richard T. Schaefer. 2002. Sociology: A Brief Introduction, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Figure 3-4, p. 72. From U.S. English 1999.