LEC-10 1 Control of gene expression • Prokaryotes have operons • Operon = functionally related genes grouped together on chromosome, switched on or off together. • control region structural genes • Eukaryotes don’t have operons • functionally related genes are not necessarily grouped spatially • coordinated expression is achieved by multiple similar control regions associated with functionally related genes
37
Embed
Control of gene expression - Missouri State Universitycourses.missouristate.edu/ChrisBarnhart/bio121/ppt/LEC-10.pdf · Control of gene expression ... Mitotic cell from newt lung –
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
LEC-10
1
Control of gene expression
• Prokaryotes have operons
• Operon = functionally related genes grouped together on chromosome, switched on or off together.
• control region structural genes
• Eukaryotes don’t have operons
• functionally related genes are not necessarily grouped spatially
• coordinated expression is achieved by multiple similar control regions associated with functionally related genes
LEC-10
2
Example: Trp operon
• Genes for enzymes that synthesize the amino acid tryptophan
• Regulatory gene makes repressor protein
• Repressor is activated by binding tryptophan, and blocks transcription by binding operator
• Negative feedback- shuts down operon if there is plenty of tryptophan present
The trp operon:regulated synthesis of repressible enzymes
• 9:3:3:1 was Mendel’s result for all dihybridcombinations of his seven gene loci.
Mendel’s “laws”
• Segregation: for each character, an individual inherits two alleles (one from each parent): these separate again during gamete formation.
• Independent assortment: the alleles of different genes assort independently of one another (the combinations of alleles are not preserved in the next generation)
LEC-10
33
Rules of Probability
• Multiplication: the probability of two events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities.
• Addition: the probability of an outcome that can occur in several ways is the sum of the probabilities of those events.
Examples- coin tossing
• What is the chance of tossing heads?
• What is the probability of tossing heads three times in a row?
• If you throw heads 3 times in a row, what is the probability of then throwing tails?
LEC-10
34
Dominance
• Describes effect of allele on phenotype, when paired with a different allele
• Complete dominance- phenotype of heterozygotes is the same as that of homozygous dominant individuals.
• Incomplete dominance- heterozygotes have intermediate phenotype
• Codominance- heterozygote expresses both alleles
Incomplete dominance
• Allele CR makes red pigment
• Allele CW doesn’t
• CRCR - red
• CRCW – pink
• CWCW- white
LEC-10
35
Codominance: ABO blood types• phenotype is the presence of proteins on
surface of red blood cells• Three alleles: IA , IB and i
Phenotypes GenotypesType A has protein A IAIA or IAiType B has protein B IBIB or IBiType AB has both A, B IAIB
Type O has neither ii • IA and IB are codominant, i is recessive
• Polygenic traits- determined by effects of two or more genes
• Pleiotropy- gene has multiple effects on phenotype
• Epistasis - one gene affects the expression of another
Polygenic traitsContinuous versus discontinuous traits
Quantitative genetics=study of traits that are continuous, e.g.•Crop Yield •Disease Resistance•Weight Gain in Animals •Fat Content of Meat •IQ •Blood Pressure
Pleiotropiceffects of sickle-cell hemoglobin gene
LEC-10
37
Epistatic effect of locus C on locus B
Allele C permits synthesis of dihydroxyindole
cc can’t make dihydroxyindole
Locus B enzyme converts brown dihydroxyindole to black eumelanin