CONTENTS...Lifelines of National Economy ... social hierarchies, property and the family. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of

HISTORYThe Rise of Nationalism in EuropeSummative Assessment

Worksheets 1 to 11 .........................................3-15Chapter Test .............................................................15-16Formative Assessment

Worksheets 12 to 15 ..........................................16The Nationalist Movement in Indo-ChinaSummative Assessment

Worksheets 16 to 22 .....................................16-23Chapter Test ..................................................................24Formative Assessment

Worksheets 23 to 26 .....................................24-25Nationalism in IndiaSummative Assessment

Worksheets 27 to 41 .....................................25-40Chapter Test .............................................................40-41Formative Assessment

Worksheets 42 to 45 ..........................................41GEOGRAPHY

Minerals and Energy ResourcesSummative Assessment


Worksheets 55 to 58 ..........................................49Manufacturing IndustriesSummative Assessment


Worksheets 67 to 70 ..........................................59Lifelines of National EconomySummative Assessment

Worksheets 71 to 79 .....................................60-67Chapter Test ..................................................................68Formative Assessment

Worksheets 80 to 83 ..........................................68POLITICAL SCIENCE

Popular Struggles and MovementsSummative Assessment


Worksheets 93 & 94 ...........................................76

Political PartiesSummative Assessment

Worksheets 95 to 100 ...................................76-82Chapter Test .............................................................82-83Formative Assessment

Worksheets 101 to 104 ......................................83Outcomes of DemocracySummative Assessment

Worksheets 105 to 109 .................................84-87Chapter Test ..................................................................87Formative Assessment

Worksheets 110 to 113 .................................87-88Challenges to DemocracySummative Assessment

Worksheets 114 to 118 .................................88-92Chapter Test ..................................................................92Formative Assessment

Worksheets 119 to 122 ......................................93

ECONOMICSMoney and CreditSummative Assessment

Worksheets 123 to 127 .................................94-97Chapter Test .............................................................97-98Formative Assessment

Worksheets 128 to 131 ......................................98Globalisation and the Indian EconomySummative Assessment

Worksheets 132 to 138 ...............................99-103Chapter Test .........................................................103-104Formative Assessment

Worksheets 139 & 140 .....................................104Consumer RightsSummative Assessment

Worksheets 141 to 145 .............................104-108Chapter Test ................................................................108Formative Assessment

Worksheets 146 & 147 .....................................108

DISASTER MANAGEMENTFormative AssessmentTsunami–The Killer Sea Waves

Worksheet 148 ..................................................109Safer Construction Practices

Worksheet 149 ..................................................109Survival Skills

Worksheet 150 ..................................................109Alternate Communication System During Disasters

Worksheet 151 ..................................................109Sharing Responsibility

Worksheet 152 ..................................................109 Practice Papers (1 to 5) ..................................110-147

CONTENTS

3OITULOS N ST E R M2ND

THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

WORKSHEET–1 1. Garibaldi 2. Creating a sense of collective responsibility, establishing republic and equal rights for all. 3. Carbonari 4. It signified being free 5. The fatherland 6. Common people 7. Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Slovenia, Montenegro 8. Zollverein was formed in 1834. 9. Treaty of Constantinople. 10. In 1815 11. It refers to an ideal vision of society. 12. In 1834 13. Polonaise and Mazurka 14. They did not tolerate criticism regarding the legitimacy of autocratic governments.

WORKSHEET–2 1. In the areas conquered by Napoleon, the reactions of the local populations to French

rule were mixed. In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels,

Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies had been welcomed as champions of liberty. But the enthusiasm became hostility, when it became clear that the new administrative arrangements conflicted with political freedom. The new regulations led to increased taxes, censorship of the press, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe, etc. These harsh laws were unpopular.

2. (a) According to Friedrich List, “The aim of the zollverein is to bind the Germans economically into a nation.”

(b) Zollverein refers to a custom union set-up in Prussia in 1834. It was joined by most of the Germans. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.

3. The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples. It included the Alpine regions – the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland – as well as Bohemia. The aristocracy in these areas was German-speaking. It included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other spoke a variety of dialects. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. The empire also included the peasants from Bohemia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia and Rumania, etc. The differences were wide

HISTORY

4 OS C I A L X–S C E NI C E

ranging and they were a hurdle in promoting a sense of political unity. The only factor that bound these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.

4. Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. The members of this class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. They owned estates in the countryside and town-houses. They spoke French in high society. Their families were linked by ties of marriage. This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group.

5. In Western and many parts of Central Europe the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of economic commercial classes. England was industrialised from the second half of the eighteenth century and in France and parts of the German states, this took shape only in the nineteenth century. New social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals. In Central and Eastern Europe these groups were smaller in number till late nineteenth century. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity. For the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.

WORKSHEET–3 1. Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely allied to the

ideology of liberalism. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it meant government by consent and stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament and the inviolability of private property.

In liberal democracy, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men.

In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes.

2. In revolutionary France, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. However, under the Jacobins all adult males enjoyed suffrage and subsequently, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.

3. They thought that a zollverein would bind Germans into a nation. It would strengthen the nation materially and increase production of goods. The interests of the Germans were protected from external dangers. They felt that the Germans would develop a nationalist feeling with a free new system.

4. 1. Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment in Europe. Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings.

2. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.

3. Other Romantics such as the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people – das volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation (volksgeist) was popularised. So collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation-building.


5. 1. The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans.

2. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern- day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.

6. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. So patchwork of small states and kingdoms within Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. This unification alone could be the basis of Italian liberty.

Mazzini’s opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics frightened the conservatives like Metternich who described Mazzini as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order.’

WORKSHEET–4 1. The conservatives believed in the preservation of the established, traditional institutions

of state and society like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.

Politically, liberalism emphasised the concept of government by consent and stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through parliament. Nineteenth-century liberals stressed the inviolability of private property.

However, equality before the law for the liberals did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage.

In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

2. From 1815, conservative regimes began to consolidate their power in Europe. At the same time, revolutions in Europe were led by the liberal-nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class elite, among whom were professors, school-teachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle classes. They took shape in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.

The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.

‘When France sneezes,’ Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Europe catches cold.’ The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

3. Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments in Europe. For example, after Russians occupied Poland, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

4. In 1848, the rise of food prices and bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in France. Food shortages and widespread unemployment in the year 1848 brought the population

of Paris out on the roads. Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.


5. In the economic sphere, liberalism and the emerging middle classes stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. In the first half of the nineteenth century, Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of German-speaking regions, a confederation of 39 states. Each of these had its own currency, and weights and measures.

These were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange and growth by the new commercial classes, who wanted the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital. In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.

A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.

WORKSHEET–5 1. The French Revolution in 1789 led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to

a body of French citizens. The French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create

a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

A new French flag, tricolour, was chosen. The Estates General which was elected by the body of active citizens was renamed the National Assembly.

New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation. A centralised administrative system that was introduced put forward uniform laws for all citizens within its territory. Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. French, as it was spoken and written in Paris, was made the common language of the nation.

2. The French revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism. Jacobin clubs were set up by students and other members of educated middle classes in Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. Napoleon introduced a number of rational and efficient reforms in the administrative field in the areas conquered by him.

The Napoleonic code simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In the towns, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen felt free. The traders welcomed the uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency that would facilitate trade.

In many areas conquered by Napoleon, the reactions of the local populations to French rule were mixed.

In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, in cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were seen as champions of liberty. But the enthusiasm became hostility, when it became clear that the new administrative arrangements conflicted with political freedom. The new regulations led to increased taxes, censorship of the press, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe etc. These harsh laws were unpopular.

The French Revolution stood for liberal democracy. However, the right to vote and to


get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men and under the Jacobins all adult males enjoyed suffrage. However, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights.

In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe.

3. Napoleon introduced a number of rational and efficient reforms in the administrative field. The Civil Code of 1804 introduced by Napoleon simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen felt free. The traders welcomed the uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency that would facilitate trade.

4. The French revolutionaries took many important steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people. Ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) popularised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution. A new French flag replaced the royal standard. The Estates General was renamed the National Assembly and was elected by a group of active citizens. A central administrative system made uniform laws for the entire nation, and regional dialects were discouraged in favour of the French as the national language.

WORKSHEET–6 1. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of

state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. During the nineteenth century this was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes. As a result of Napoleon’s administrative measures, each of the confederation of 39 states

created had its own currency, and weights and measures. These were viewed as obstacles by the new commercial classes to economic exchange and growth. They wanted creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.

In 1834, a customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by most of the German states. The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.

2. To make the French Revolution a success it was very important to instil a sense of unity in every citizen. To achieve it, various measures and practices were followed:

(i) A new French flag, the tricolor, was chosen to replace the former royal standard. (ii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the

National Assembly. (iii) The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the

nation of a united community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution. (iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name

of the nation.


(v) A centralised administrative system practising uniform laws for all citizens within its territory was set up.

(vi) Internal custom duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.

(vii) Regional languages were discouraged and French was adopted as the common language of the nation.

3. Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries represented a country as a person. Nations were portrayed as female figures. The female form sought to give the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form. The female figure became an allegory of the nation.

During the French Revolution artists used the female allegory to portray ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic. The attributes of Liberty are the red cap, or the broken chain, while Justice is generally a blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.

In France she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.

Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

4. The Greek War of Independence mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe. In Greece which had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century, a struggle for independence started in 1821. Nationalists in Greece were supported by other Greeks living in exile and many West Europeans. Thus, poets and artists considered Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire. The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

WORKSHEET–7 1. From 1815, conservative regimes began to consolidate their power in Europe. At the

same time, revolutions in Europe were led by the liberal-nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class elite, among whom were professors, school-teachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle classes. They took shape in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.

The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe as its head.

‘When France sneezes,’ Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of Europe catches cold.’ The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

In the year 1848, a revolution led by the educated middle classes took shape in France. Louis Philippe was forced to flee France and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed.

In Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, men and women of the liberal middle classes demanded constitutionalism and national unification.

On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St. Paul. They drafted a


constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected the demands. In the end troops were called in and the assembly disbanded.

2. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government through Parliament. Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private property.

Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. Conservatives believed that established traditional institutions of state and society like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved. Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom etc. introduced by Napoleon were used by them to strengthen the autocratic monarchies of Europe.

Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.

During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-nationalists underground. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.

As conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power, liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland. These revolutions were led by the liberal-nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class elite, among whom were professors, school-teachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle classes.

3. Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation. Art and poetry, stories and music helped in shaping nationalist feelings in Europe.

Romanticism was a cultural movement which played a role in this context. Romantic artists and poets were critical of reason and science. German philosopher Johann

Gottfried Herder said true German culture can be discovered among the common people (das volk). It can be found in folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that express the true spirit of the nation (volksgeist). So, many scholars started collecting and recording these forms of folk culture.

It was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but to carry the modern nationalist message to illiterate people. In Poland, which had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by Russia, Prussia and Austria, Karol Kurpinski, for example, kept alive national feelings through music and language.

4. Culture played an important role in development of nationalism. Art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.

The romanticist cultural movement criticised the glorification of reason and science and focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.

A Romantic German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that express the true spirit of the nation (volksgeist). So collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to nation-building.

It was not just to recover an ancient national spirit, but to carry the modern nationalist message to illiterate people.


In Poland, which was partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by Russia, Prussia and Austria, national feelings were kept alive by Karol Kurpinski through music and language.

Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. After Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed.

The clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance and used Polish in Church gatherings and all religious instructions. As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

WORKSHEET–8 1. The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered

by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles. In Germany, for example, various political associations, comprising of middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans, came together in Frankfurt to form an all German National Assembly. This Frankfurt parliament drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. Though such liberal movements were ultimately suppressed by conservative forces, the old order could never be restored. The monarchs realised that the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.

The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were clearly based on democratic ideals. Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification—a nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration. They wanted the society to get rid of its class-based partialities and birth rights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished, and economic equality had to be pursued as a national goal. The right to property was also significant in the liberals’ concept of a nation based on political, social and economic freedom.

2. In 1848, the German regions middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.

On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St Paul. They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a Parliament. Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected the demands. In the end troops were called in and the assembly disbanded.

While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of Parliament eroded. The Parliament was dominated by the middle classes who resisted the demands of workers and artisans and consequently lost their support. In the end troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.

3. A large number of women participated actively over the years in the liberal nationalist movements of Europe. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.


Yet, the issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement. They were denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly. When the Frankfurt Parliament convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.

4. Italy was politically fragmented into several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire. In the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the domination of Bourbon kings of Spain. Even the Italian language spoken in different parts of the region had many regional and local variations.

In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini had aimed to create a unitary Italian Republic. The revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 had failed. The ruler King Victor Emmanuel II unified the Italian states through war. The ruling elites of this region saw a unified Italy as an opportunity for economic development and political dominance.

Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. He was wealthy and educated. He made a tactful diplomatic alliance with France and therefore, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.

In 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy. The Italian population was highly literate and yet they remained unaware of liberal-nationalist ideology.

WORKSHEET–9

1. Great Britain is the model of a nation. In Britain the formation of the nation-state was a result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The people of British Isles were from different ethnic groups such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions.

The English Parliament, which seized power from the monarchy in 1688 was the instrument through which a nation-state, with England at its centre, came to be forged. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’. The British Parliament was dominated by its English members. Over a period of time Scotland’s distinctive culture and political institutions and the Catholic clans were systematically suppressed. Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress, and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.

In Ireland, the English helped the Protestants of Ireland to impose their dominance over a largely Catholic country. The Catholic revolted against British dominance and were brutally suppressed. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture. The symbols of the new Britain, namely the British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King), the English language were actively promoted and the others remained subordinate partners in this union.

2. Though Napoleon was a dictator and was against democracy but he took certain measures to smoothly and proficiently run the administrative system.

(i) Napoleon reformed the French legal system because the old feudal and royal laws were very confusing and conflicting to the people.

(ii) The Napoleonic Code of 1804 was a major step in establishing the rule of law. This Code was exported to the regions under French control.


(iii) In countries like the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany feudalism was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and manorial dues.

(iv) All privileges based on birth were taken away. The equality before the law was established and the right to property was secured.

(v) Transport and communication systems were also paid attention and were improved. (vi) Low class people like peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen were given

more freedom. (vii) Uniform laws were adopted for all. Be it a businessman and a small-scale producer

of goods—all began to realise that uniform laws, stadardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

3. After 1815, European governments were guided by conservative monarchies who believed that the traditional institutions of state and society like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved. They wanted to use the changes initiated by Napoleon namely, a modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom to strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy.

In 1815, in the Congress of Vienna, representatives of the European powers — Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria — who had defeated Napoleon, drew up a settlement for Europe under the leadership of Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.

It did away with most of the changes that had shaped Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe. The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.

The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.

Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent.

4. (a) The French philosopher criticises because he sees nation as a large-scale solidarity. (b) According to Ernst Renan, ‘A nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavours,

sacrifice and devotion. A heroic past, great men, glory, that is the social capital upon which one bases a national idea. To have common glories in the past, to have a common will in the present, to have performed great deeds together, to wish to perform still more, these are the essential conditions of being a people. A nation is therefore a large-scale solidarity...’

(c) Because a nation’s existence is a guarantee of liberty, which would be lost if the world had only one law and only one master.

WORKSHEET–10 1. The Balkans consisted of regions of modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece,

Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro and their inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs. When the Ottoman Empire collapsed, it initiated nationalism in the Balkans states. Soon the feeling of Nationalism spread and the situation became very unstable. The Ottoman Empire tried to control the situation by strengthening itself through modernisation and internal reforms but in vain. Gradually, its European nations got separated and fought for independence and political rights. In the race to expand their territories and to impose their supremacy on each other, Slavic


nationalities quickly got into severe clashes. As a result, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. Matters were further worsened because the Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry.

2. German unification was a long and complicated process. At the beginning of the 19th century, Germany was not a unified country. It was a collection of autocratic states (39 in all), where only the very wealthy and powerful ruled. It was a difficult affair to unite Germany. It took a long time to unite Germany into one country and the credit goes to Bismarck. He fought three wars to unify Germany.

(a) Danish-Prussian War in 1864. The 1864 Danish War helped Bismarck strengthen his internal position in Prussia. Danish King Friedrich VII died in 1864. Many European royals were independent having undersized territories. Often these territories were divided by different laws, customs, and even languages. Without much effort, Prussia defeated Danish. The Danish War was the first step in the unification of Germany.

(b) Austro-Prussian War in 1866. In 1866, relations between Austria and Prussia worsened over the control of Schleswig-Holstein. However the real concern was to emerge as the dominant force in Germany. Bismarck provoked quarrels with the Austrians to gain supremacy in Germany. He tactfully secured Italian support and French neutrality. Prussian troops occupied Holstein and the “Seven Weeks War” broke out between Prussia and Austria. During the Seven Weeks War (1866) Austria was totally crushed by Prussian forces at the Battle of Sadowa, and was completely removed from any role in German affairs. An extraordinary lenient treaty “The Treaty of Prague” was signed to expel Austria from the German Confederation so that Austria did not remain an enemy of Prussia. Prussia was now able to dominate the other German states without fear of Austrian intervention.

(c) North German Confederation in 1866. After defeating Austria, Bismarck organised the North German Confederation in 1866. It was composed of Prussia and 17 small northern German states. It contained all German states. North of the Main River was successfully controlled by Prussia. The remaining German states were eventually forced to join, including Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt. Bismarck was now ready to take on France.

(d) Franco-Prussian War in 1870-71. To complete German unification Bismarck had to deal with France. In 1870 Bismarck purposely created war with France. Bismarck suggested a German candidate’s name for the vacant Spanish throne. The hidden aim behind this move was to make the French emperor Napoleon III angry and declare war on Prussia and the North German Confederation. Prussia was completely victorious over France at the Battle of Sedan in 1870 and gained control over Alsace-Lorraine.

For unification Bismarck followed ‘Blood and Iron’ policy. Thus, the long planned journey of German unification was completed in 1871 A.D.

3. (a) Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges, a Constitutional and representative government through Parliament. Yet, equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage. Men without property and all women were excluded from political right

(b) Nineteenth century liberals also stressed the right of private property. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

(c) Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states, each of these possessed its own currency, and weights and measures. The liberal middle classes viewed these as obstacles to economic exchange and growth. It argued for the creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.


4. (a) The Habsburg Empire included the Alpine regions—the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland—as well as Bohemia where the aristocracy was pre-dominantly German-speaking.

(b) The Empire also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. (c) In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half spoke a variety

of dialects. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. Besides these dominant groups, there also lived within the boundaries of the empire,

a mass of subject peasant peoples—Bohemians and Slovaks to the north, Slovenes in Carniola, Croats to the South and Roumans to the east in Transylvania.

5. (a) In 1845 the Silesian weavers revolted against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.

(b) Dissatisfied and resented weavers emerged from their homes on 4 June and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.

(c) When the contractor showed reluctance, a group of them forced their way into the house, smashed its elegant window panes, furniture, porcelain, etc. Another group broke into the store house and plundered it of supplies of cloth which they tore to shreds.

(d) The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village which ultimately refused to shelter such a person. He returned 24 hours later having requisitioned the army. In the exchange that followed, eleven weavers were shot.

WORKSHEET–11 1. 1. Romania 2. Serbia 3. Kingdom of Sicilies 2. (a) The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by

Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power. France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.

(b) A series of states were set-up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set-up in the north, Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of northern Italy. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.

(c) But the German confederation of 39 states that had been set-up by Napoleon was left untouched.

(d) Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom.

3. Process of Italian unification: (i) Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. (ii) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national

Habsburg Empire. (iii) During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of

which only one, i.e., Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house.


(iv) The unification process was led by three revolutionaries—Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi.

(v) Giuseppe Mazzini, during the 1830s, sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic.

(vi) He organised a new political society, called Young Italy. (vii) The failure of revolutionary uprisings, both in 1831 and 1848, meant that the

responsibility now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war.

(viii) Count de Cavour now led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont became successful in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

(ix) Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fray.

(x) In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.

(xi) In 1861, the process of the unification of Italy was completed and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of the united Italy.

Chapter Test 1. Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria 2. Prussia 3. Freedom of press, end of autocracy and clerical privileges. 4. Johann Gottfried Herder 5. 1804 6. It refers to an ideal vision of society 7. In 1815 8. It recognised Greece as an independent state 9. 1. A nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers,

came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent. 2. This commonness did not exist from time immemorial; it was forged through struggles,

through the actions of leaders and the common people. 10. 1. A customs union or zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by

most of the German states in 1834 as a wave of economic nationalism started to spread the wider nationalist sentiments.

2. The union: (a) abolished tariff barriers, (b) reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two. (c) promoted the setting up of a network of railways to stimulate mobility, and to

harness economic interests for national unification. 11. In 1815, in the Congress of Vienna, representatives of Britain, Russia, Prussia and

Austria collectively drew up a settlement for Europe. It brought in the new ‘Metternich system’ in Europe with the aim of undoing the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars. The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe.

The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of


states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism

and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

WORKSHEET–12

A. 1. nation-state 2. Napoleonic Code of Conduct of 1804 3. Austria–Hungary 4. liberalism 5. zolleverein or customs union 6. Louis Philippe 7. Hall of Mirrors in the palace of Versailles 8. Italia 9. United Kingdom of Great Britain 10. First World War in 1914

WORKSHEET–13 A. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. F

WORKSHEET–14 A. 1. (e) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (a) B. Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–15 Do it yourself.

THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN INDO-CHINA


WORKSHEET–16 1. Tran Hung Dao, Trieu Au and the Trung Sisters led early efforts to win independence

from China. 2. It was tapping Vietnamese nationalism, promising independence and pledging democratic

reforms. 3. Because control of Indo-China would restore France’s faltering prestige. 4. Because of his deeply held communist beliefs. 5. Colons 6. It was struck by bubonic plague. 7. Vietnamese looked for foreign arms and helped to drive away the French from Vietnam. 8. (a) The Communists’ victory in the Chinese Civil War. (b) The strong realization that the loss of further territory to communism would come

at a steep domestic political price.


9. The fall of Indo-China to communism would rapidly lead to Communist domination of all of south-east Asia.

10. (a) The price of rice and rubber fell. (b) There was an increase in unemployment. 11. A prison where people were detained illegally and subjected to torture. 12. Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia are associated with Indo-China. 13. The Chinese culture in uenced the elites in Vietnam. 14. Ngo Diem

WORKSHEET–17 1. Colonies were organised with two objectives in mind: Firstly, colonies supplied natural resources and other essential goods to the mother

country. Secondly, France thought it was the mission of the ‘advanced’ European countries to bring the benefits of civilization to backward peoples.

The French built canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation. It was built with forced labour. As a result rice production increased and it began to be exported to international markets.

This was followed by infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move military garrison and control the entire region. They constructed trans-Indo-China rail network that linked the northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China by 1910. The second line, linking Vietnam to Siam (old name of present day Thailand), via the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh was built.

2. Apart from education, deteriorating health and hygiene in the country also agitated Vietnamese and inspired the nationalist feelings among them. The French set about to create a modern Vietnam. For this they decided to rebuild Hanoi. They used modern technological skills to build a new and modern city. In 1903, the modern part of Hanoi was struck by bubonic plague. It happened because

(i) The French part of Hanoi was built into a beautiful and clean city with wide streets and a well-laid-out sewer system, while the ‘native quarter’ was not provided with any modern facilities.

(ii) The waste and rubbish was drained straight out into the river and during heavy rains or floods it would overflow into the streets.

(iii) The sewers served as a medium of transfer of rats into the city. This led to the origin of the plague. The discrimination and negligence of French

towards Vietnamese health and hygiene agitated their minds and encouraged them to unite against the French colonial rule.

3. Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices. Christianity, introduced by French missionaries, was intolerant of this easygoing attitude towards religion and viewed the Vietnamese tendency to worship the supernatural as something to be corrected. Thus, from the eighteenth century, many religious movements came into existence which were hostile to the Western presence. The Scholars Revolt in 1868 was an example of such a movement. This movement was against French control and the spread of Christianity.

4. The Hoa Hao movement contained religious fervour. It began in 1939 and was popular in the Mekong delta area, region of Vietnam.

The founder of Hoa Hao movement was a man called Huynh Phu So. He performed


miracles and helped the poor. He criticized useless expenditure and opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium. Thus, he inspired movements against colonial rule.

The French tried to suppress the movement. They declared him mad, and put him in a mental asylum. But the doctors declared him sane in the last. The French authorities then exiled him to Laos and sent many of his followers to concentration camps.

5. The Vietminh forces fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed of which Ho Chi Minh became Chairman.

The French tried to regain control over Vietnam by using the puppet emperor, Bao Dai. War started once again between Vietminh forces and the French and it continued for the next eight years. The French were finally defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.

Peace negotiations were held in Geneva following the French defeat and the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of Vietnam. As a result North and South Vietnam were separated. Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the North while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in South Vietnam.

WORKSHEET–18

1. The Ho Chi Minh trail symbolises the nature of the war that the Vietnamese fought against the US and tells us about the ways in which the Vietnamese used their limited resources to great advantage. The trail was a network of footpaths and roads which was used to transport men and materials from the North to the South Vietnam.

The trail was improved from the late 1950s and about 20,000 North Vietnamese troops came south each month on this trail.

The trail had support bases and hospitals along the way. The supplies were transported in trucks or were carried by women porters. They carried about 25 kilos on their backs, or about 70 kilos on their bicycles.

Most of the trail was outside Vietnam in neighbouring Laos and Cambodia with branch lines extending into South Vietnam.

The US regularly bombed this trail trying to disrupt supplies, but efforts to destroy this important supply line by intensive bombing failed because they were rebuilt very quickly. Roads damaged by bombs were also quickly rebuilt.

2. This phase of struggle with the US from 1965 to 1972 was brutal. The US troops were equipped with heavy weapons and tanks and backed by the most powerful bombers of the time – B52s. They used chemical weapons like Napalm, Agent Orange, and phosphorous bombs and destroyed many villages and decimated jungles. Thousands of young soldiers had lost their lives. Countless civilians had been killed. This is the reason why many historians call this war more brutal than the Second World War.

3. Do it yourself 4. There was resentment against colonial occupation in many quarters. It was expressed

in a variety of ways. Teachers and students did not blindly follow the curriculum. There was open opposition,

as well as silent resistance. In 1926, a major protest erupted in the Saigon Native Girls School.

Students fought against the colonial government’s effort to prevent the Vietnamese from qualifying for white-collar jobs. They were filled with patriotic feelings. They thought that being educated it was their sacred duty to fight for the benefit of the society. This


brought them into conflict with the French as well as the traditional elite, since both saw their positions threatened.

When the French decided to rebuild Hanoi with latest ideas about architecture and modern engineering in 1903, the modern part of Hanoi was struck by bubonic plague.

The large sewers were an ideal breeding ground and a great transport system for the rats to move around the city. A rat hunt was started in 1902. The French hired Vietnamese workers and paid them for each rat they caught. Rats began to be caught in large numbers. The bounty was paid when a tail was given as proof that a rat had been killed. So the rat-catchers took to just clipping the tails and released the rats and the process was repeated over and over again. Some people in fact, began raising rats to earn a bounty. Thus, the rat-catchers fought colonialism in their own way.

From the eighteenth century, many religious movements were hostile to the Western presence, e.g. Scholars Revolt in 1868 and Hoa Hao Movement, 1939.

Phan Boi Chau (1867 – 1940) became a major figure in the anti-colonial resistance from the time he formed the Revolutionary Society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903, with Prince Cuong De as the head.

In the first decade of the twentieth century a ‘go east movement’ became popular. In 1907– 08 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modern education so as to drive out the French from Vietnam.

Developments in China also inspired Vietnamese nationalists. In 1911, the long established monarchy in China was overthrown by a popular movement under Sun Yat-sen, and a Republic was set-up.

5. Different answers were offered to question of what is modern. Some intellectuals felt that Vietnamese traditions had to be strengthened to resist the domination of the West, while others felt that Vietnam had to learn from the West even while opposing foreign domination. These differing visions led to debates.

Phan Boi Chau (1867–1940) became a major figure in the anti-colonial resistance from the time he formed the Revolutionary Society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903.

He wrote the book The History of the Loss of Vietnam in which he focused on the loss of sovereignty and the severing of ties with China.

Another famous nationalist, Phan Chu Trinh (1871 – 1926) was hostile to the monarchy and opposed to the idea of resisting the French with the help of the court. He wanted to establish a democratic republic. He accepted the French revolutionary ideal of liberty but charged the French for not abiding by the ideal. He demanded that the French set up legal and educational institutions, and develop agriculture and industries.

WORKSHEET–19

1. In the first decade of the twentieth century a ‘go east movement’ became popular. In 1907-08 some 300 Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire modern education with intentions to drive out the French from Vietnam and overthrow the puppet emperor to re-establish the Nguyen dynasty that had been deposed by the French. Vietnamese students established a branch of the Restoration Society in Tokyo to attain the same objective but after 1908, the Japanese Ministry of Interior clamped down on them. As a result many students were exiled and sent back to China and Thailand.

2. The Tonkin Free School was started in 1907. The ideas behind the Tonkin Free School were predominantly based on policies of westernisation.

(a) Students were taught science, hygiene and French, and were encouraged to adopt Western styles of dressing because they were considered superior.


(b) This school was a typical example of colonial ideas in Vietnam on account of the aforementioned. It rejected traditional Vietnamese education, language, culture and lifestyle, and in that sense discriminatory.

(c) Classes were held in the evenings and the fees had to be paid separately. 3. Phan’s most influential book is The History of the Loss of Vietnam. The book focuses on two connected themes: (a) The loss of sovereiguty, and (b) The severing of ties with China—ties that bound the elites of the two countries within

a shared culture. 4. (a) The French built canals and drained lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation.

The vast system of irrigation works—canals and earthworks—built with forced labour, increased rice production and allowed the export of rice to the international market.

(b) Then they started infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move military garrisons and control the entire region.

(c) Construction of a trans-Indo-China rail network that would link the northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China was begun.

5. One group emphasised the need to use the French language as the medium of instruction. By learning the language, they felt, the Vietnamese would be introduced to the culture and civilisation of France. This would help create an ‘Asiatic France solidly tied to European France’. The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments and ideals, see the superiority of French culture and work for the French.

Other group was opposed to French being the only medium of instruction. They suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher classes.

WORKSHEET–20

1. The Great Depression of the 1930s had a strong effect on Vietnam. The prices of rubber and rice fell, resulting in rising rural debts, unemployment and rural

uprising in the poorest provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh. These provinces were quick to react and protest. The French suppressed these uprisings by bombing demonstrators through planes.

To organise the protest, in February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party, which was later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party. He was inspired by the militant demonstrations of the European communist parties.

In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam. The nationalists had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh), which came to be known as the Vietminh, fought against the Japanese occupation of Vietnam and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed of which Ho Chi Minh became Chairman.

2. As the nationalist movement of Vietnam grew, a new image of womanhood emerged. The women who rebelled against social norms were idealised by the writers and political thinkers. In the 1930s, a famous novel by Nhat Linh showed a woman leaving a forced marriage and marrying someone of her choice, who was involved in nationalist politics.

Rebel women of the past were celebrated to inspire the people. In 1913, Phan Boi Chau wrote a play based on the lives of the Trung sisters who had fought against Chinese domination in 39-43 CE. In this play he depicted these sisters as patriots fighting to save the Vietnamese nation from the Chinese. They came to be idealised and glorified.


Other venerated women rebels include Trieu Au who lived in the third century CE. In the 1960s, photographs in magazines and journals showed women as brave fighters. There were pictures of women militia shooting down planes. They were portrayed as young, brave and dedicated.

Women were represented not only as warriors but also as workers. They were shown with a rifle in one hand and a hammer in the other. Whether young or old, women began to be depicted as selflessly working and fighting to save the country.

A number of women got inspired and came forward to join the resistance movement. They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and fighting the enemy. Along the Ho Chi Minh trail volunteers kept open 2,195 km of strategic roads and guarded 2,500 key points. 1.5 million women were in the regular army, the militia, the local forces and professional teams.

3. (a) Phan Boi Chau (1867–1940) was a nationalist. He was educated in the Confucian tradition. He organized anti-colonial resistance by forming the Revolutionary Society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903, with Prince Cuong De as the head.

(b) They shared a common point which was independence of Vietnam from colonial occupation.

(c) Trinh wished to overthrow the monarchy in order to create a basis for the promotion of popular rights; Phan Boi Chau, on the contrary, maintained that first the foreign enemy should be driven out.

He wanted to make use of the monarchy, which was opposed absolutely by Trinh, who planned to raise up the people to abolish the monarchy.

4. The two broad opinions were: In Favour 1. Some policy makers emphasized the need to use French as the medium of instruction. 2. They felt that Vietnamese by learning the language would be introduced to the culture

and civilization of France. 3. This would help in creating an ‘Asiatic France’ solidly tied to ‘European France’. 4. The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments, superiority of

French and work for them. Against 1. They suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher

classes. 2. The few who learnt French and acquired French culture were to be rewarded with

French citizenship.

WORKSHEET–21

1. Paul Bernard was a great writer and policy-maker. He strongly believed that the economy of the colonies needed to be developed. He argued that the purpose of gaining control over colonies was to make profits. If the economy was developed and the standard of living of the people improved, they would be able to buy more goods. As a result, the market would expand which would lead to better profits for French business.

Paul Bernard’s views on the economy of Vietnam: He knew that some of the barriers to economic growth in Vietnam were, the increased

levels of population, low agricultural productivity and heavy debts among peasants. The economy of Vietnam was based on rice cultivation and rubber plantations which were owned by French and the elite Vietnamese. Indentured labour was used in the rubber plantations.


According to Bernard, land reforms required to be carried out to increase productivity and thereby reduce rural poverty just like the Japanese had done in the 1890s. But it would not ensure sufficient employment.

Bernard believed that in order to create more jobs industrialisation was necessary but the French colonisers were not doing much to industrialise the economy of Vietnam.

2. The French dismantled the traditional educational system and established their own system and justifying their colonial rule. Therefore, all teachers and students blindly followed the new curriculum and sometimes even resisted them:

(a) When the number of Vietnamese teachers increased in lower classes the teachers modified the text and taught according to their traditional understanding.

(b) The students of the Saigon Native Girls School staged a historic protest in 1926 when a Vietnamese student sitting in one of the front seats in class was asked to sit at the back to allow a French student occupy the front seat. When the Vietnamese student refused to give up her front seat she was expelled leading to further protests. With the government intervention the expelled student had to be taken back causing resentment among the French.

(c) Vietnamese students resisted French efforts to prevent ‘white collar’ jobs to the Vietnamese. This was inspired by patriotic feeling among educated students who were convinced that it was their duty to fight.

(d) The Vietnamese elite as well as the French saw their positions threatened by the new educated Vietnamese students.

(e) Vietnamese students organised political parties like the Party of Young Annan and schools became an important place for political and cultural battles.

(f) Students published various nationalist journals such as the Annanese Student. 3. The colonisation of Vietnam by the French brought the people of the country into conflict

with the colonisers in all areas of life. The French after landing in Vietnam in 1858 began to establish military and economic control over the country. The colonial economy in Vietnam was primarily based on rice cultivation and rubber plantations owned by the French and a small Vietnamese elite. Rail and first facilities were setup to service this sector. Indentures Vietnamese labour was widely used in the rubber plantations. The French did nothing to industrialise the economy of Vietnam. In rural areas landlordism spread and the standard of living declined.

School textbooks glorified the French and justified colonial rule. The Vietnamese were represented as primitive and backward, capable of manual labour but not of intellectual reflection.

In the field of religion too, the conflict started against the French. Several religious movements were initiated in Vietnam because they were hostile to the western presence.

4. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh. The new republic faced a number of problems.

(a) The French tried to regain their control taking help of the emperor, Bao Dai, their puppet. They became successful in forcing Vietminh to retreat to the hills.

(b) The Supreme French Commander of the French armies, General Henry Navarre had declared confidently in 1953 that they would soon be victorious. But this did not happen.

(c) On 7 May 1954, the Vietminh destroyed and captured more than 16,000 soldiers of the French Expeditionary Corps.

(d) The entire commanding staff, including a general, 16 colonels and 1,749 officers were made prisoners.


(e) The Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of the country. North and South were split. Ho Chi Minh and the Communists took power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in the south.

(f) This division set in motion a series of events that turned Vietnam into a battlefield bringing death and destruction to its people and the environment.

WORKSHEET–22

1. (a) Declaration of independence of the United States in 1771 and of the French Revolution in 1789.

(b) (i) The French acted contrary to the ideals of humanity and justice, (ii) they deprived the people of liberties and imposed on them inhuman laws, (iii) they built more prisons than schools, (iv) they ruthlessly killed patriots, and suppressed uprisings, (v) they suppressed public opinion.

(c) School children were told that only French rule could ensure peace in Vietnam: ‘Since the establishment of French rule the Vietnamese peasant no longer lives in constant terror of pirates...Calm is complete, and the peasant can work with a good heart.’

2. (a) Do Sam was a colonel in the North Vietnamese artillery regiment. (b) The letters show how, in the imagination of Do Sam, personal love mingles with

love for the country and the desire for freedom. Sacrifice for the sake of the nation appears necessary for personal happiness.

He says, ‘I have promised myself that only when the South is liberated and peace and happiness return to the people, only then could I be free to focus on building our own happiness, only then I could be satisfied with our family life...’

This shows the intensity of a nationalist’s feelings. 3. Map work


Chapter Test

1. Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia 2. China 3. Denmark 4. French 5. Ngywyen Dinh Chiew 6. The colonial economy in Vietnam was however primarily based on rice cultivation and

rubber plantations owned by the French and small Vietnamese elite. 1. Rail and port facilities were set-up to service this sector. 2. Indentured Vietnamese labor was widely used in the rubber plantations. 3. The French, contrary to what Bernard said, did little to industrialize the economy. 4. In the rural areas landlordism spread and the standard of living declined. 7. 1. The ‘native quarter’ of Hanoi, was not provided with any of modern facilities. The

refuse from the old city drained straight out into the river or during heavy rains or floods, overflowed into the streets.

2. The large sewers in the modern part of the city, a symbol of modernity were an ideal and protected breeding ground for rats.

3. This was the main reason for the plague. Rats began to enter the modern houses through sewage pipes and hence to stem this invasion, a rat hunt was started in 1902 by the French.

8. 1. Dilemma on colonial education. (a) The French faced a dilemma as to how far the Vietnamese were to be educated. (b) The French needed an educated local labour force but they feared that education

might create problems, as once educated, the Vietnamese may begin to question colonial domination.

(c) The French citizens living in Vietnam called colons thought they might lose their jobs as teachers, shopkeepers, policemen to the educated Vietnamese. So they opposed policies that would give full access to French education.

2. Chinese culture posed a problem. (a) The elites in Vietnam were influenced by Chinese culture. To consolidate their

power, the French had to counter this force. (b) So they systematically dismantled the traditional educational system and

established French schools. (c) They were in a dilemma as to have French, Vietnamese and Chinese as the

medium of instruction.


WORKSHEET–23

A. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. T 9. F 10. F


WORKSHEET–24 A. 1. (e) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) B. Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–25 and 26

Do it yourself.

NATIONALISM IN INDIA


WORKSHEET–27

1. Satyagraha was the chief weapon. 2. In South Africa 3. At Champaran 4. Khalifa was the spiritual head of the Islamic World. 5. In the Congress Session at Nagpur. 6. Because Gandhiji felt that the movement was turning violent in many places. 7. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay 8. Hind Swaraj 9. To help the Indigo workers 10. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar 11. The right of habeas corpus was suspended. 12. To protest against the Rowlatt Act. 13. Gandhi-Irwin Pact 14. To know the people of Champaran 15. It was a commission set up in 1928 in India to look into the functioning of the

Constitutional system in India.

WORKSHEET–28

1. In South Africa, Gandhiji had successfully fought the racist regime with a unique method of mass agitation called satyagraha.

Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.

A satyagrahi could win the battle through non-violence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. By this struggle, truth was bound to ultimately triumph. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this new dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.

2. A Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold itself in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott

of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods.


Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.

3. The idea of satyagraha is based on the power of truth and non-violence. According to Mahatma Gandhi, it is not a passive resistance but it calls for intense activity. Satyagraha is pure soul force. Truth is the very substance of the soul. That is why this force is called satyagraha. Non-violence is the supreme dharma of satyagraha.

4. (a) As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns. There were strikes. People clashed with the police and attacked government buildings.

(b) The government responded with ruthless repression. They humiliated and terrorised people. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets, and do salaam (salute) to all sahibs.

(c) People were flogged and villages (around Gujranwala in Punjab, now in Pakistan) were bombed.

5. On 5 March 1931, Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the movement and entered into a pact with Irwin. By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference (the Congress had boycotted the rst Round Table Conference) in London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners.

In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the conference. 6. In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. The movement was against talukdars

and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses. Peasants had to do begar and work at landlords’ farms without any payment. As tenant farmers they had no security of tenure. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of oppressive landlords.

WORKSHEET–29

1. (a) Two factors shaped Indian politics towards the late 1920s. The first was the effect of the worldwide economic depression. Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after 1930. As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay their revenue. By 1930s, the countryside was in turmoil.

(b) The Statutory Commission under Sir John Simon was set up to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.

2. Alluri Sitaram Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, said he was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.

3. When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

4. (a) Lord Irwin announced in October 1929, a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future Constitution. This did not satisfy the Congress leaders.


(b) The radicals within the Congress, led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose, became more assertive. The liberals and moderates, who were proposing a constitutional system within the framework of British dominion, gradually lost their influence.

5. India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence. It was declared that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.

6. In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete independence for India.

It was declared that 26 January 1930, would be celebrated as the Independence Day when people were to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.

A civil disobedience movement would be launched to achieve it.

WORKSHEET–30

1. On 5 March 1931, Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the movement and entered into a pact with Irwin. By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in a Round Table Conference (the Congress had boycotted the first Round Table Conference) in London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners.

In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the conference.

2. The Civil Disobedience Movement began in March 1930. But towards the end of the year many people were arrested. As a result Gandhiji had to sign an agreement with Viceroy Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931. The agreement came to be known as Gandhi-Irwin Pact. In this pact Gandhi promised to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement and consented to take part in the Second Round Table Conference in London. In lieu of this Irwin agreed to release the political prisoners.

3. The British government was very much troubled to see the developments of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Finding no other way to suppress the movement, it began to arrest the Congress leaders one by one. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was also arrested.

4. Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a pathan, was a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi. He is popularly known as Frontier Gandhi. He played a prominent role in the Civil Disobedience Movement. He demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar. The British Government could not tolerate his active participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement and finally arrested him in 1930.

5. After the failure of the Round Table Conferences, business groups were not enthusiastic about participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged disruption of business, as well as of the growing influence of socialism amongst the younger members of the Congress.

6. The Congress had ignored the dalits for long. Its leaders were under the shadow of fear that by giving attention to the dalits, they would offend the sentiment of the conservative high caste Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhi was always sympathetic towards them.


WORKSHEET–31

1. Mahatma Gandhi had a sympathetic attitude towards the dalits. He was dead against the practice of untouchability. He declared that swaraj would not come for a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated. He called the ‘untouchables’ harijans, or the children of God and organised satyagraha to secure them entry into temples, and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.

2. Many dalit leaders were keen on a political solution to the problems of the community. They began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate that would choose dalit members for legislative councils.

They believed that political empowerment would resolve their social disabilities. Dalit participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement was therefore limited particularly in Maharashtra and Nagpur regions where their organisation was quite strong.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930. 3. The Poona Pact of September 1932 gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as

the Schedule Castes) reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general electorate.

4. The Satyagraha had a deep impact on the political situation in India. In 1919, Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against Rowlatt Act

(1919). This Act had been passed by the Imperial Legislative Council despite unanimous opposition by the Indian members. This Act gave the government a lot of powers to repress political activities, and imprison political prisoners without trial for two years. Mahatma Gandhi started a non-violent civil disobedience against this Act on 6 April.

During the Satyagraha, people organized hartals in cities, railway workers went on strike, and shops were closed down. The British administration started repression. Local leaders like Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu were arrested from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.

On 10 April, the police in Amritsar red upon a peaceful procession and people reacted by attacking banks, post of ces and railway stations. Martial law was imposed by General Dyer.

On 13 April, the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre took place. General Dyer’s aim was to ‘produce a moral effect’, so that no one would dare to oppose the British rule.

People were shocked at the incident. They gathered on the streets to protest. The government reacted by humiliating and terrorising people. Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement as it was turning violent.

5. The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its production made Mahatma Gandhi very much disturbed. In his opinion, it was a gross atrocity on the part of the British government. Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. Hence, it must be exempted from any tax.

He sent a letter to Viceroy Lord Irwin on 31 January 1930 with eleven demands. These demands were concerned with interests of all sections of the Indian people. The most stirring of all was the demand to make salt tax-free. But Irwin showed reluctance. Now, Mahatma Gandhi had no time to wait. He started his 240 miles long Dandi March from his Ashram at Sabarmati to the Gujarat coastal town of Dandi. He was accompanied by


78 followers. On 6 April, he reached Dandi and openly violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. People were now asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British, but also to break colonial laws.

Gandhiji’s salt march proved to be a milestone in the history of Indian national movement. People from all walks of life participated in this historic march. It became an effective tool of resistance against colonialism.

6. In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer. The main demands of the peasant movement were reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. The movement organised against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses. Peasants had to do begar or work at landlords’ farms without any payment. Also, as tenants they had no security of tenure.

As a protest, nai-dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats. In 1920, Nehru began meeting the villagers, and organised the Oudh Kisan Sabha along with Baba Ramchandra and others. Around 300 branches were set up. Efforts were made by the Congress to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into the Non-Cooperation Movement. But the peasants became violent and attacked the houses of talukdars and merchants, looted bazars. But the Congress was unhappy about these methods used by the peasants.

WORKSHEET–32

1. (a) Physical force believes in violent ways for achieving the goal. But soul force believes in non-violence and truth.

(b) Indians cannot carry arms because they have made the religion of non-violence their own.

2. The Non-Cooperation Movement dramatically affected the economy. (a) The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its value dropping from

`102 crore to `57 crore. (b) At many places, merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance

foreign trade. (c) People began discarding imported clothes and started wearing only Indian clothes

(Khadi). (d) Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up. 3. Reasons for which the rich peasant communities took active participation in the Civil

Disobedience Movement are: (a) Rich peasant communities like Jats of UP and the Patidars of Gujarat who were

producers of commercial crops, were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices.

(b) As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand.

(c) The government refused to reduce the revenue demand. This led to widespread resentment among the rich peasants and they enthusiastically

supported the movement.


4. The business classes supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched. They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most businessmen came to see Swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints. But after the failure of the Round Table Conference, business groups were no longer uniformly enthusiastic. So, when the movement was re-launched by Gandhiji, most of them withdrew their support. They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged disruption of business.

5. The Civil Disobedience Movement was started under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, in the year 1930. It was an important milestone in the history of Indian Nationalism. The main ideology behind the Civil Disobedience Movement was to defy the laws made by the British.

Gandhi started his famous Salt March (Dandi March) from his ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi. On 6 April he reached Dandi, and openly violating the law, manufactured salt by boiling sea water.

Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes. In many places forest people violated forest laws—going into Reserved Forests to

collect wood and graze cattle. Women participated in the movement on a large scale.

WORKSHEET–33

1. (a) Worried by the developments during civil disobedience movement, the colonial government began arresting the Congress leaders one by one. This led to violent clashes in many places. When Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, was arrested in April 1930, angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed.

(b) A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested, industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, lawcourts and railway stations – all structures that symbolised British rule.

(c) A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal repression. Peaceful Satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and about 100,000 people were arrested.

2. The rst World War created a new economic and political situation. There was an increase in defence expenditure which was nanced by war loans and increasing taxes like customs duties and a new income tax was introduced.

Prices increased and the common people suffered. Villages were ordered to supply soldiers, and this caused widespread anger in rural areas.

Crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortage of food. This was accompanied by an in uenza epidemic. 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.

People hoped that their hardships would end after the war over. But that did not happen. Mahatma Gandhi returned to India in 1915 and he suggested a new mode of struggle

called satyagraha.


3. The tribals of Gudem hills in Andhra Pradesh had many problems with the British. The colonial government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuel wood and fruits. This enraged the hill people. Not only were their livelihoods affected but they felt that their traditional rights were being denied. When the government began forcing them to contribute begar for road building, the hill people revolted.

Alluri Sitaram Raju led them in their protest against the British. He claimed that he had a variety of special powers: he could make correct astrological predictions and heal people, and he could survive even bullet shots. The rebels proclaimed that he was an incarnation of God.

Raju admired Mahatma Gandhi and was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement. He persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he believed that India could be liberated from the British rule only by using force, not non-violence.

The Gudem rebels attacked police stations of British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju was captured and executed in 1924, and he is revered as a folk hero in Andhra Pradesh.

4. During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour ag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

By 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj ag. It was again a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help. Carrying the ag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of de ance.

5. The Civil Disobedience Movement began with Gandhi’s historic march over 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to the Gujarat coastal town of Dandi. Gandhiji ceremonially broke the salt law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. People from all walks of life took part in the salt satyagraha and de ed the British rule peacefully. They broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt-factories. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village of cials resigned and in many places forest people violated forest laws–going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle. The Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were very active in the movement. Indian merchants and industrialists also supported the movement when it was launched. Women also participated on large scale in the movement. They joined Gandhiji’s salt march and rallies and manufactured salt. Thus, the Civil Disobedience Movement was widespread and people from all over the country actively participated in it.

WORKSHEET–34

1. In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer. The main demands of the peasant movement were reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. The movement organised against talukdars and landlords who demanded from peasants exorbitantly high rents and a variety of other cesses. Peasants had to do begar or work at landlords’ farms without any payment. Also, as tenants they had no security of tenure.


As a protest, nai–dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats. In 1920, Nehru began meeting the villagers, and organised the Oudh Kisan Sabha along with Baba Ramchandra and others. Around 300 branches were set up. Efforts were made by the Congress to integrate the Awadh peasant struggle into the Non-cooperation Movement. But the peasants became violent and attacked the houses of talukdars and merchants, looted bazars. But the Congress was unhappy about these methods used by the peasants.

2. Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of Swaraj in a unique way.

In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, for instance, a militant guerrilla movement spread in the early 1920s. Alluri Sitaram Raju talked of the greatness of Mahatma Gandhi, said he was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement, and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence.

The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.

3. Plantation Workers of Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of swaraj. For them, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.

When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.

4. On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands. Some of these were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants.

The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax.

Mahatma Gandhi’s letter was, in a way, an ultimatum. If the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March, the letter stated, the Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign. Irwin was unwilling to negotiate.

WORKSHEET–35

1. Lord Irwin announced in October 1929 a vague offer of ‘dominion status’ for India in an unspecified future, and a Round Table Conference to discuss a future constitution. This did not satisfy the Congress leaders.

The radicals within the Congress, led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose, became more assertive. The liberals and moderates, who were proposing a constitutional system within the framework of British dominion, gradually lost their influence.

In December 1929, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full independence for India.


2. Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi.

The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant by swaraj and urged them to peacefully defy the British.

On 6 April, he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.

This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

3. In the countryside, rich peasant communities, like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh, were active in the movement.

Being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand. And the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment.

These rich peasants became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement, organising the communities, and at times forcing reluctant members, to participate in the boycott programmes. For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues. But they were deeply disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931 without the revenue rates being revised.

4. The Civil Disobedience Movement began with Gandhi’s historic march over 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to the Gujarat coastal town of Dandi. Gandhiji ceremonially broke the salt law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water. People from all walks of life took part in the salt satyagraha and defied the British rule peacefully. They broke the salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt-factories. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes, village officials resigned and in many places forest people violated forest laws–going into Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle. The Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were very active in the movement. Indian merchants and industrialists also supported the movement when it was launched. Women also participated on large scale in the movement. They joined Gandhiji’s salt march and rallies and manufactured salt. Thus, the Civil Disobedience Movement was wide-spread and people from all over the country actively participated in it.

WORKSHEET–36

1. Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits during First World War. They felt that colonial policies were restricting Indian business activities. They demanded protection against imports of foreign goods and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would be favourable.

To protect their business interests, industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla, formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the


Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927. They supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched.

When it restarted after Gandhiji’s return from Round Table Conference, the response was lukewarm.

They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged disruption of business, as well as of the growing influence of socialism amongst the younger members of the Congress.

2. The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large numbers.

In the Nagpur region workers participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement adopting the Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as part of their own movements against low wages and poor working conditions.

There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in 1932. In 1930 thousands of workers in Chhotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns. But the Congress did not include workers’ demands in their struggle.

3. Women participated in large scale in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Women joined Gandhiji’s salt march and rallies and manufactured salt. This was the first time during the national movement that so many women moved out of their homes on to the public arena. They picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.

High-caste women from urban areas and rich peasant women from rural areas joined the movement led by Gandhiji.

According to Prof. Sumit Sarkar, ‘this increased public role did not necessarily mean any radical change in the way the position of women was visualised. Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good wives. And for a long time the Congress was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the organisation. It was keen only on their symbolic presence.

4. The important differences between the Congress and the Muslim League were over the question of representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected. Muhammad Ali Jinnah of the Muslim League, was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims were given reserved seats in the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to population in the Muslim-dominated provinces (Bengal and Punjab).

WORKSHEET–37

1. As the national movement developed, nationalist leaders became aware of such icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them a feeling of nationalism.

In the twentieth century, the image of Bharat Mata symbolised the identity of the nation. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in the song ‘Vande Mataram’. It was widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.

Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata as a calm, composed, divine, spiritual and an ascetic figure. The idea was popularised when several prints


of similar figures painted by different artists reached Indian homes. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.

A tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed during Swadeshi movement. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

In 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was also a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

2. The nationalists tried to discover one’s national identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past through a movement to revive Indian folklore.

In the late-nineteenth-century India, nationalists began recording folk tales sung by bards and they toured villages to gather folk songs and legends. They believed that a true picture of traditional culture can be found in them and that they should be preserved.

In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and myths, and led the movement for folk revival. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Folklore of Southern India. He believed that folklore was national literature that it was the most trustworthy manifestation of people’s real thoughts and characteristics.

3. By the end of the nineteenth century many Indians began feeling that to instil a sense of pride in the nation, reinterpretation of history was necessary.

The British viewed Indians as backward and primitive people who were incapable of governing themselves. Educated Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievement since the ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished. They felt that these glories were lost when India was colonised.

These nationalist histories urged people to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the conditions of life under the British rule.

There were problems in these interpretations. When ancient Hindu past was glorified, people of other communities felt left out.

4. People belonging to different communities, regions or language groups developed a sense of collective belonging in the late 19th century India.

This sense of collective belonging came through the experience of united struggles and a variety of cultural processes. Icons and symbols played a part in creating a feeling of nationalism. The identity of the nation was symbolised in a figure or image of Bharat Mata in the twentieth century. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay in his poem ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland and included in his novel Anandamath. It became popular during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.

Inspired by the song, Abanindranath Tagore painted the image of Bharat Mata. Subsequently, many more were made by other painters and circulated in popular prints. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.


WORKSHEET–38

1. Set I

(i) It kept the people of India deprived of freedom.

It ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually.

(ii) Lahore Session of the Congress motivated the demand for Purna Swaraj or Complete Independence.

Set II

(i) It was the inalienable right of the Indian people to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their hard labour and have the necessities of life so that they might have full opportunities of growth.

(ii) The British government in India deprived the Indian people of their freedom. It exploited the masses and ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually.

Set III

(i) Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru was the President of the Congress when the decision was taken to celebrate 26 January 1930 as Independence Day.

(ii) The British government in India deprived the Indian people of their freedom. It exploited the masses in various ways. It never let them enjoy the fruits of their tool. It ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. Therefore, India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj.

2. Features of Civil Disobedience movement:

(a) The countrymen broke the salt law.

(b) They made salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories.

(c) Foreign clothes were boycotted.

(d) Liquor shops were picketed.

(e) Peasants refused to pay the land revenue.

(f) Village officials resigned their jobs.

(g) People violated forest laws.

(Any four points to be explained)

3. A growing anger against the colonial government thus brought together various groups and classes of the Indians into a common struggle for freedom in the first half of the twentieth century.

The Congress under the leadership of Gandhiji tried to channel the peoples grievances into organized movements for independence. Through such movements the nationalists tried to forge a national unity.

Diverse groups and classes participated in these movements with varied aspirations and expectations. Their grievances were widely ranging and freedom from colonial rule also meant different things to different people.


Examples:

(a) The peasants, in Awadh, under the leadership of Baba Ramachandra, organized a movement against zamindars and talukdars to abolish begar, reduce revenue and boycott social landlords.

(b) The tribals under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju, in the Gadem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, organized a militant guerrilla movement against the British to fight for their basic rights like entry into forests for grazing cattle, collection of fruits, etc. and also for abolition of begar.

4. Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation, when they discover same nation, when they discover some unity that binds them together. This sense of collective belonging came partly through experience of united struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism spreaded and captured people’s imagination.

History and fiction, folklore and songs, flag, etc. form an important part in the making of nationalism.

WORKSHEET–39

1. (a) On 6 January 1921, the police in United Provinces had fired at peasants near Rae Bareli. Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to go to the place of firing, but was stopped by the police.

(b) Jawaharlal Nehru.

(c) Jawaharlal Nehru was inspired by the peasants in many ways. ‘The peasants behaved as brave men, calm and unruffled in the face of danger while Nehru had become angry upon hearing about the firing by the police. He says, “For a moment my blood was up, non-violence was almost forgotten—but for a moment only.”

When Nehru thought of Gandhiji and saw the peaceful manner in which the peasants were handling the problem, he felt humbled.

2. (a) The British Government in India not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but had based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually.

(b) Purna Swaraj meant complete Independence from the British rule.

3. (a) Separate electorate means a situation when only the members of community vote and elect their representatives.

(b) Muslims in 1909.

(c) According to Sir Muhammad Iqbal, ‘Communalism in its higher aspect, then, is indispensable to the formation of harmonious whole in a country like India. The units of Indian society are not territorial as in European countries... The principle of European democracy can not be applied to India without recognising the fact of communal groups. The Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India within India is, therefore, perfectly justified.’


WORKSHEET–40

1.


2.

WORKSHEET–41

1. (a) A novel method of mass agitation to fight the British in India based on the idea of truth and non-violence which Gandhiji called satyagraha.Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.


(b) According to Gandhiji, passive resistance i.e. satyagraha can be used only by the strong. This power is not passive resistance; indeed it calls for intense activity.

(c) According to Gandhiji. “It is certain that India can not rival Britain or Europe in force of arms. The British worship the war-god and they can all of them become, as they are becoming, bearers of arms. The hundreds of millions in India can never carry arms. They have made the religion of non-violence their own...”

2. Various groups and classes of India joined a common struggle for freedom in the first half of the twentieth century as they had common grievances against the British rule.

These grievances were channelised into organised movements for independence by the Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. The diverse groups and classes participated in these movements with varied aspirations and expectations. Their ideas of swaraj were different and hence there were differing opinions.

Thus, India was emerging as a nation with voices wanting freedom from colonial rule. 3. (a) It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity

of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s, he wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the motherland.

Later, it was included in his novel Anandmath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.

(b) Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. In his painting, Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual.

(c) During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India, and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

(d) By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj flag. It was again a tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help. Carrying the flag, holding it aloft, during marches became a symbol of defiance.

Chapter Test 1. To protest against the Rowlatt Act. 2. To preserve the Turkish empire and Khalifa as temporal head of the Indian Muslims. 3. Jawaharlal Nehru 4. It turned out to be violent as it went against his principles of Ahmisa. 5. The Rowlatt Act was passed in March 1919. It armed the government with unlimited

powers to suppress political violence. The Government could arrest without a warrant, and imprison without a trial. This repressive Act caused widespread discontent in the country. The Act was dubbed as the ‘Black Act’.

6. (a) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.

(b) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission and in fact they were rarely given such permission.

7. (a) First of all, the war created a new economic and political situation. It led to a huge increase in defense expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes, customs duties were raised and income tax introduced.


(b) Through the war years prices increased – doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme hardship for the common people.

(c) Villages were called upon to supply soldiers and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.

(d) Then in 1918-19 and 1920-21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute shortages of food. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic. According to the census of 1921, 12 to 13 million people perished as a result of famines and the epidemic.

(e) People hoped that their hardships would end after the war was over. But that did not happen. Instead the British Govt. imposed the Rowlatt Act which further curtailed the civil liberty in India.

(f) At this stage, a new leader, Mahatma Gandhi appeared in the political life of India and suggested a new mode of mass struggle – Satyagraha and non-violence. People rallied in support of the mass movements launched by Gandhiji.


WORKSHEET–42

A. 1. racist regime 2. Rowlatt Act 1919 3. The First World War 4. The Justice Party 5. Awadh 6. Chauri-Chaura 7. Tory government 8. Poona Pact 1932 9. Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries in 1927 10. Santanis

WORKSHEET–43

A. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. T

WORKSHEET–44

A. 1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) B. 1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) C. Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–45

Do it yourself.


GEOGRAPHY

MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES


WORKSHEET–46

1. Minerals are homogenous naturally occurring substances with a definable internal structure.

2. It is the highest quality hard coal. 3. Non-ferrous minerals 4. Sedimentary rocks 5. It is called Lodes. 6. Placer deposits 7. Manganese is mainly used in manufacturing of steel. It is also used to manufacture

bleaching powder, insecticides and paints. 8. Mumbai High 9. Cheap and abundant power 10. Madhapur near Bhuj 11. Because it combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and

also with good conductivity and great malleability. 12. For generation of thermal power

WORKSHEET–47

1. Iron is found in abundance in India. 2. Iron 3. Bauxite 4. Mica 5. Ore 6. From ocean water 7. Lead, zinc, copper. 8. Conventional sources of energy 9. Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal and atomic energy are non-conventional energy sources. 10. Coal is the main source. 11. Minerals which do not contain metals or do not have metallic properties are called non-

metallic minerals, for example, mica, limestone, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, marble, sandstone, etc.

Uses of Mica Mica is considered the most important mineral in electric and electronic industries.

Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, it is one of the most essential minerals used in electric and electronic industries.


Distribution of Mica in India Koderma Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer of Mica. Mica

deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau. In Rajasthan, the major mica producing area is around Ajmer. Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh is also an important producer in the country.

12. Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy. Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel.

It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints. Odisha is the largest producer of manganese ores in India. It accounted for one-third of

the country’s total production. Other manganese-producing states are Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka.

13. Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy. We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources. For example, as concerned citizens we can do our bit by

(a) using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles. (b) switching off electricity when not in use. (c) using power-saving devices and using non-conventional sources of energy.

WORKSHEET–48 1. (a) The concentration of mineral in the ore (b) The ease of extraction (c) Closeness to the market 2. Bauxite 3. High grade haematite 4. Lead, bauxite, gold, silver, copper. 5. Digboi, Naharkatiya, Moran, Hugrijan. 6. It is used as insulator. 7. Photovoltaic technology. 8. West Bengal 9. Lignite coal deposits 10. Thorium 11. Importance of energy resources: (a) These are required for all activities. (b) These are needed to cook, to provide light and heat. (c) These are required for transport and communication. (d) Industries are closely related to energy. Conventional sources: Firewood, cattle dung, coal, petroleum, gas, etc. (any two) Non-conventional Sources: Solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy.

(any two) 12. (a) Mining activity is often called a ‘killer industry’ due to high risks involved. (b) The dust and poisonous fumes inhaled by the miners expose them to pulmonary

diseases. (c) The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant

threat to miners. (d) The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining. (e) Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil and river pollution.


WORKSHEET–49

1. (a) The picture is of wind mills of Nagarcoil. (b) The states associated with it are Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat,

Kerala, Maharashtra. (c) Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well-known for effective use of wind energy in the country.

2. Metallic Minerals Non-metallic Minerals

1. Metallic minerals are those from which metals are extracted.

1. Non-metallic minerals are those minerals which do not contain metals.

2. They are good conductor of heat and electricity, malleable and ductile.

2. They are bad conductor of heat and electricity and are not malleable and ductile.

3. E.g., ores of iron, copper, gold, silver, lead, aluminium, tin.

3. E.g., mica, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, etc.

3. Minerals can be classified on general and commercial basis in the following way: Minerals are of three types: metallic, non-metallic and energy minerals, Metallic minerals

are classified as ferrous (containing iron) e.g. iron ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt, etc. non-ferrous, e.g., copper, lead, tin, bauxite, etc. precious; e.g. gold, silver, platinum, etc. Non-metallic minerals e.g. mica, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, limestone, etc. Energy minerals are coal, petroleum, natural gas.

4. (a) Importance of Aluminium: Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability.

(b) Distribution of bauxite deposits in India: India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni. Odisha is the largest bauxite producing state in India. Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the state.

5. Copper is malleable, ductile and a good conductor. Therefore, it is mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries.

The three important regions of copper production in India are: (a) The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh produce 52 per cent of India’s copper. (b) The Singbhum district of Jharkhand. (c) The Khetri mines in Rajasthan.

WORKSHEET–50

1. (a) Due to its excellent di-electric strength, low power loss factor, insulating properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is one of the most indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries.

(b) Mica producing regions of India are (i) The northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau. (ii) Koderma Gaya – Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand. (iii) Ajmer in Rajasthan. (iv) Nellore mica belt of Andhra Pradesh.


2. The use of non-conventional sources of energy is becoming necessary because (1) the growing consumption of energy in the country has made us dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas. It may lead to shortages in the supply of oil, gas and coal in future. (2) Rising prices of oil and gas has adversely affected the foreign exchange. (3) The growth of the nation economy is getting slowed down. (4) Ever-increasing use of fossil fuels is causing serious environmental problems. (5) Non-conventional sources of energy are renewable and also eco-friendly.

3. (a) We need to conserve energy because: (i) Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of the

national economy — agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic — needs inputs of energy.

(ii) The economic development plans implemented since independence necessarily required increasing amounts of energy to remain operational. As a result, consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country.

(b) Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin planks of sustainable energy. We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources. For example, as concerned citizens we can do our bit by

(i) using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles. (ii) switching off electricity when not in use. (iii) using power-saving devices and using non-conventional sources of energy. 4. The type of formation or structure in which the minerals are found determines the

relative ease with which mineral ores may be mined with minimum cost of extraction. It is, therefore, important for us to understand the main types of formations in which minerals occur.

5. Coal is formed due to compression of plant material over millions of years. Coal, therefore, is found in a variety of forms depending on the degrees of compression and time of burial.

WORKSHEET–51 1. When the mining is done by family members in the form of a long narrow tunnel it is

known as ‘Rat hole mining’. For example coal mining is done in Jowai and Cherapunji in Meghalaya. In this way minerals are owned by the individuals or community.

2. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc., are obtained from the cracks, crevices, faults or joints of igneous and metamorphic rocks. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise.

3. Minerals generally occur in the following forms: (a) In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults

of joints. The smaller occurrences are called veins and the larger are called lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained from veins and lodes.

(b) In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Coal and some forms of iron ore have been concentrated as a result of long periods under great heat and pressure. Another group of sedimentary minerals include


gypsum, potash, salt and sodium salt. These are formed as a result of evaporation especially in arid regions.

(c) The decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble constituents, leave a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way.

(d) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and generally contain minerals, which are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important among such minerals.

(e) The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, but most of these are too widely diffused to be of economic significance. However, common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely derived from ocean waters. The ocean beds, too, are rich in manganese nodules.

4. Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy

Conventional sources Non-conventional sources

1. Conventional sources of energy are 1. The non-conventional sources are in

in use from the past. use from recent times.

2. They spread pollution. 2. These are eco-friendly.

3. Conventional sources of energy are 3. Non-conventional sources of energy

generally exhaustible. are usually inexhaustible.

cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and geothermal, biogas and atomic energy.

electricity (both hydel and thermal).

WORKSHEET–52

1. (a) Importance: It provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries. Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic textile, fertiliser and numerous chemical industries.

(b) Formation: Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age. In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of the upfold. The oil bearing layer is a porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may flow. The oil is prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers. Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks. Gas, being lighter usually occurs above the oil.

(c) Distribution: (i) Maharashtra: About 63 per cent of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai

High. (ii) Gujarat: 18 per cent of petroleum production is from Gujarat. Ankeleshwar

is the most important field. (iii) Assam: 16 per cent of petroleum production is from Assam. It is the oldest oil

producing state of India. Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan are the important oil fields in the state.

2. Do it yourself


WORKSHEET–53

1. Solar energy has a bright future in India because:

(a) India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy.

(b) Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur, near Bhuj, where solar energy is used to sterilise milk cans.

(c) It is expected that use of solar energy will be able to minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.

2. Coal is an important and abundantly available fossil fuel in India. It is formed due to compression of plant material over millions of years. It is a bulky material and loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash.

The four major forms of coal are:

(a) Peat. Decaying plants in swamps produce peat. It has a low carbon and high moisture contents and low heating capacity.

(b) Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The principal lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for generation of electricity.

(c) Bituminous coal is buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces.

(d) Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.

3. (a) Two offshore drilling centres of India are Mumbai high and Bassien.

(b) Two oil fields located in Assam are Digboi and Naharkatiya.

(c) Major coal fields are found in West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

(d) Neyveli coal mine is located in Tamil Nadu.

WORKSHEET–54

1. Map work

Durg Katni Neyveli Digboi


2. Map work

Chapter Test 1. March 2002. 2. Natural gas, Biogas 3. Water is conventional and permanent source of energy. 4. 50–60%


5. Odisha 6. Magnetite 7. Rocks are combinations of homogenous substances called minerals. For example limestone,

iron ore, coal, etc. An ore is a term used to describe an accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements. For example haematite, bauxite.

8. The concentration of mineral in the ore, the ease of extraction and closeness to the market play an important role in affecting the economic viability of a reserve. Thus, to meet the demand, a choice has to be made between a number of possible options. When this is done, a mineral ‘deposit’ or ‘reserve’ turns into a mine.

9. Almost everything we use, from a tiny pin to a towering building or a big ship, the railway lines and the tarmac (paving) of the roads, our implements and machinery, cars, buses, trains. Even the food that we eat contains minerals. In all stages of development, human beings have used minerals for their livelihood, decoration, festivities, religious and ceremonial rites that is why minerals are an indispensable part of our life.

10. Hydroelectricity

hydroelecticity.

Thermal electricity

resource.


WORKSHEET–55

A. 1. (f) 2. (i) 3. (d) 4. (j) 5. (b)

6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (e) 9. (g) 10. (h)

WORKSHEET–56

A. 1. Natural Gas 2. Lignite 3. Odisha 4. Petroleum

5. Mica 6. Placer deposits 7. Magnetite 8. Thermal Power

9. Photovoltaic technology 10. Biogas

WORKSHEET–57

Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–58

Do it yourself.


MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES


WORKSHEET–59

1. Producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products.

2. 12% 3. These are urban centres which offer advantages to the industries that tend to come

together. 4. Basic industries 5. Cooperative industries 6. Steel Authority of India Limited 7. Jamshedpur 8. Cement industry 9. Aluminium industry 10. Electronics industry

WORKSHEET–60

1. In Mumbai 2. Agro based industry 3. Regular supply of electricity and an assured source of raw material at minimum cost. 5. Bengaluru 6. The industries in which the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore. 7. Cooperative sector industries 8. Heavy industries use heavy and bulky raw materials, e.g., iron and steel. Light industries

use light raw materials and produce light goods, e.g., electric fan. 9. Sulphuric acid, Nitric acid, Alkalies, Soda ash, and Caustic soda. 10. Public sector undertakings 11. Manufacturing means producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw

materials to more valuable products. Manufacturing helps transforming the raw materials into finished goods on a large scale and thus helps earning profit as finished goods are costlier than raw materials. For instance paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, clothes from yarn and aluminium from bauxite.

Importance of manufacturing industries. Manufacturing sector is the backbone of economic development. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries in it.

(a) Agricultural development. Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy. It also helps people providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

(b) Industrial development. It helps reducing unemployment and poverty from our country. It reduces regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.

(c) Export of manufactured goods helps earning foreign exchange. (d) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods

of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.


12. Cotton textile industry occupies an eminent position in Indian economy. It contributes 14 per cent to industrial output and 25 per cent of foreign exchange. It provides employment to about 35 million people. It contributes 4 per cent of GDP.

Cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries. At present, there are over 1500 cotton mills in India owned by private, public and cooperative organisations. The first cotton mill was established in Mumbai in 1854. Maharashtra and Gujarat are the major centres of cotton textile industry because of various advantages. The Indian cotton textile industry strikes a judicious balance between tradition and modernity by producing handloom, powerloom and machine made cloth.

Now, the cotton textile industry is decentralised in various parts of India depending on the availability of transport, electricity and labour. India exports cotton goods mainly in France, USA, UK, Russia and East European countries. India has a big share in the world trade of cotton yarn accounting for one-fourth of the total trade and our garment trade is only 4 per cent of the world’s total.

WORKSHEET–61 1. West Bengal 2. Increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and

enhancing the yield per hectare. 3. In 2005 4. Chota Nagpur plateau 5. Jharkhand state 6. Primary stage of treatment 7. In Chennai 8. Physiological and psychological problems, blood pressure, hearing impairment, irritation

and stress are caused by noise pollution. 9. Vishakhapatnam steel plant 10. China 11. Factors that control industrial location are: 1. Availability of Raw Material The industries are largely located at the places where the raw material is available

in abundance and at cheaper rates in close proximity. 2. Favourable Climate The industries are densely found in the regions where the climate is favourable for its

growth and functioning. For instance in Maharashtra, due to the presence of humid climate all the year around the thread does not break frequently. And this type of the climate is favourable for the cotton textiles industries.

3. Market Market in the nearby areas is also an important requirement for the location of

industries for selling of goods manufactured. The regions having market in the adjoining regions to selloff the finished goods are likely to have more industries.

12. Undoubtedly the rapid growth in industries has led to considerable economic growth but it has also led to the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise eventually resulting in degradation of environment.

Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise Air and water pollution is the prominent of them all. (a) Air Pollution — Presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and

carbon monoxide.


— Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.

— Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects. — Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the

atmosphere as a whole. (b) Water Pollution — Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers. — The main industries that are responsible for it includes paper, pulp, chemical,

textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.

— Rain water takes the pollutants deep to the ground thus contaminating the ground water also.

WORKSHEET–62

1. Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. For instance, the agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers. Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very efficient.

2. The steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry are given below.

(a) Minimising water pollution: (i) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more

successive stages. (ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements. (iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. (iv) Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases:

recycling of wastewater. (v) Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat of

ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally. (b) Minimising air pollution: (i) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories

with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. (ii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.


(c) Minimising noise pollution:

(i) Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencers.

(ii) Almost all machineries can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.

(iii) Noise absorbing materials may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.

3. On the basis of ownership, industries are classified as:

TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.

of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector.

of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.

4. The textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy, because: (a) It contributes significantly to industrial production (14 per cent). (b) Employment generation is very high (35 million persons directly—the second largest

after agriculture). (c) There is high foreign exchange earnings (about 24.6 per cent). (d) It contributes 4 per cent towards GDP. (e) It is the only industry in the country, which is self-reliant and complete in the value

chain, i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products. 5. The cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra

and Gujarat because of the following factors: (a) Availability of raw cotton (b) Market (c) Transport including accessible port facilities (d) Cheap labour from the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and Ahmedabad (e) Moist climate.

WORKSHEET–63

1. The problems associated with cotton textiles in India are: (a) Although, we have made significant increase in the production of good quality long

staple cotton the need to import is still felt. (b) Power supply is erratic and machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and

processing sectors in particular. (c) The low output of labour. (d) Stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry.


2. Following are the stages involved in manufacturing of steel: Processes of Manufacture of Steel

3. Chota Nagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries largely, because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry. These include:

(a) low cost of iron ore (b) high grade raw materials in proximity (c) cheap labour (d) vast growth potential in the home market. 4. Though, India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet we are

not able to perform to our full potential largely due to: (a) high costs and limited availability of cooking coal (b) lower productivity of labour (c) irregular supply of energy 5. The most important Information Technology centres in India are Bengaluru, Mumbai,

Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore. A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation. Upto 31 March

2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. This number is expected to increase eight-fold in the next 3 to 4 years. It is encouraging to know that 30 per cent of the people employed in this sector are women.

WORKSHEET–64

1. National Jute Policy was formulated in 2005 with the objective of increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and enhancing the yield per hectare.

Challenges faced by the industry include stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand.

2. The iron and steel Industry is the basic industry since all the other industries — heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery.

Iron and steel is called as a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.


3. Fertiliser industries provide nutrient specific fertilisers e.g. phosphatic fertilisers and ammonium phosphate (DAP) and complex fertilisers which have a combination of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K). They helped in bringing green revolution in the country.

4. The factors responsible for the location of jute industries in the Hugli basin are: (a) proximity of the jute producing areas. (b) inexpensive water. (c) transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to

facilitate movement of raw material to the mills. (d) abundant water for processing raw jute. (e) cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar

Pradesh. (f) Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for

export of jute goods. 5. There is tendency for the sugar mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and western

states because: (a) The cane produced here has a higher sucrose content. (b) The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season. (c) The cooperatives are more successful in these states. 6. (a) The seasonal nature of the industry. (b) Old and inefficient methods of production. (c) Transport delay in reaching cane to factories. (d) The need to maximise the use of bagasse.

WORKSHEET–65

1. The steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry are: (a) Minimising water pollution: (i) Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more

successive stages. (ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements. (iii (iv

recycling of wastewater. (v) Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry where there is a threat of

ground water resources also needs to be regulated legally. (b) Minimising air pollution: (i

(ii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.


(c) Minimising noise pollution: (i (ii

noise. (iii) Noise absorbing materials may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and

earphones. 2. Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise.

The polluting industries also include thermal power plants.

sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Airborne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays mist and smoke. Smoke is emitted by chemical and

in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.

discharged into rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile

detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies. Fly ash, phospo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid wastes in India.

of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. Wastes from nuclear power plants, nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers, birth defects and miscarriages. Soil and water pollution are closely related. Dumping of wastes specially glass, harmful chemicals,

percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated.

impairment, increased heart rate and blood pressure among other physiological effects. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress. Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory equipment, generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise.

3. Three phases of treatment of industrial effluents are as follows: (a) Primary treatment. It refers to mechanical means which involves screening,

grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. (b) Secondary treatment. It refers to biological process. (c) Tertiary treatment. It involves involves the biological, chemical and physical

processes, and refers to recycling of waste water. 4. (a) Chota Nagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel

industries. It is largely, because of the relative advantages this region has for the development of this industry. These include, low cost of iron ore, high grade raw materials in proximity, cheap labour and vast growth potential in the home market.

(b) The states in that region are: West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and Chhattisgarh.


WORKSHEET–66

1. Map Work

1

(b)

(a)

Mysore

Bhadrawati

Durgapur


2. Map Work

Chapter Test1. Tamil Nadu2. Public Sector Industries3. 4:2:14. Odisha5. Mumbai


6. Iron and steel, Copper smelting, Alluminium smelting 7. The key to decision of the factory location is the least cost in order to earn maximum

8. After an industrial activity starts, urbanisation follows. Sometimes, industries are located in or near the cities. Thus, industrilisation and urbanisation go hand in hand. Cities provide markets and also provide services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advice, etc. to the industry. Gradually, a large industrial agglomeration takes place.

9. Weaving is done in highly decentralised way to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery, etc. Weaving is done by handloom, powerloom and in mills.

It is important for our country to keep the mill sector loomage lower than powerloom and handloom to provide employment to large number of people in the country.

10. Our garment manufacturers, i.e., the weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country because most of the production comes from fragmented small units, which cater to the local market and less from the large and modern factories in these segments. This mismatch is a major drawback for the industry. As a result, many of our spinners export cotton yarn while apparel/garment manufactures have to import fabric.


WORKSHEET–67

A. 1. Power 2. Worker 3. Market 4. Retailer 5. Production

6. Manufacture 7. Pollution 8. Mumbai 9. Tertiary 10. BPO

WORKSHEET–68

A. 1. Cotton, Woollen 2. Iron and steel, Cement

3. Iron and steel, Copper smelting 4. Sugar, Toothpaste

5. BHEL, SAIL 6. TISCO, Bajaj Auto Limited

7. Oil India Limited, Maruti Udyog Limited

8. Sugar industries in Maharashtra, Coir industries in Kerala

9. Iron and steel, Aluminium 10. Fan, Sewing Machines

WORKSHEET–69

Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–70

Do it yourself.


LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY


WORKSHEET–71 1. Roads are easy to construct and maintain. 2. Express National Highways 3. Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai. 4. Srinagar 5. Porbandar to Silchar 6. National Highways Authority of India 7. 1960 8. First position 9. Mumbai 10. Vishakhapatnam

WORKSHEET–72

1. Every village in the country will be linked to the major towns of the country. 2. 1.67 m 3. Due to difficult terrain, sparse population and lack of economic activity. 4. Through pipelines 5. Waterways 6. The Ganga 7. Mumbai port 8. Economic base of a country depends upon international trade. The per capita trade of a

country is the index of a country’s development. 9. Kandla port 10. Kolkata port 11. Kandla port 12. Odisha state 13. Our country earns foreign exchange through tourism. More than 15 million people are

directly engaged in the tourism industry. Tourism has proved itself as one of the most important aspect of trade. Tourism in India has grown substantially. It promotes National Integration and provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.

It also helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.

It contributed 1,35,193 crore of foreign exchange in the year 2015. Over 8.02 million foreign tourists visited India in 2015.

14. Strategically important roads in the bordering areas of the country are called border roads. Border Roads Organisation (BRO) which is a Government of India undertaking constructs and maintains border roads. This organisation was established in 1960 for the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and northeastern border areas.

Importance of Border roads (a) Border roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain. (b) They have helped in the economic development of border areas.


15. Three Super Highways are: 1. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways. It links Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai

and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways. 2. The North-South Corridor linking Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir) and

Kanniyakumari (Tamil Nadu). 3. East-West Corridor linking Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat). The major objective of these Super Highways is to reduce the time and distance

between the mega cities of India.

WORKSHEET–73 1. Chennai port 2. Roads are congested in cities. 50% of the roads are unsurfaced. Road network in India

is inadequate. 3. In 1953 4. Pawanhans company. 5. Subscriber Trunk Dialling 6. International trade 7. When value of imports and exports are equal. 8. Haldia port. 9. India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic

and socio-cultural plurality. Railways, airways, water ways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet, etc. have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways. The trades from local to international levels have added to the vitality of its economy. It has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comforts of life. Modern means of transport and communication serve as lifelines of our nation and its modern economy. It is thus evident that a dense and efficient network of transport and communication is a pre-requisite for local, national and global trade of today.

10. Road transportation in India faces a number of problems: (a) Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. (b) About half of the roads are unmetalled and this limits their usage during the rainy

season. (c) The National Highways are inadequate too. (d) The roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are

old and narrow. 11. The distribution pattern of the railway network in the country has been largely influenced

by physiographic, economic and administrative factors. The northern plains provide most favourable condition having high population density, vast level land, and rich agricultural resources. Whereas the Himalayan mountainous regions are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. That’s why the great plains have more railways than the Himalayan mountains.

WORKSHEET–74

1. Importance of railways in India : (a) Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India. (b) Railways also make it possible to conduct multifarious activities like business,

sightseeing, and pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances.


(c) Apart from an important means of transport the Indian Railways have been a great integrating force for more than 150 years. Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the industry and agriculture.

2. The problems faced by Indian railways are: (a) Many passengers travel without tickets. (b) Thefts and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped completely. (c) People stop the trains, pull the chain unnecessarily and this causes heavy damage

to the railway. 3. Pipeline is an important arrival on the transportation map of India because: (a) These are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from

oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants.

(b) Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry. (c) The far inland locations of refineries like Barauni, Mathura, Panipat and gas based

fertiliser plants could be thought of only because of pipelines. (d) Initial cost of laying pipelines is high but subsequent running costs are minimal. (e) It rules out trans-shipment losses or delays. 4. The following waterways have been declared as the National Waterways by the

Government:

Champakkara canals–205 km) – N.W. No. 3

Buckingham Canal, Brahmani, East-west Canal and Damodar Valley Corporation Canal.

5. Airways are an important means of transport in north eastern part of the country because it is marked with the presence of big rivers, dissected relief, dense forests and frequent floods and international frontiers. Air travel has made access easier.

6. Mass communication includes radio, television, films, newspapers, magazines, etc. They communicate with many people at a time. They have a wider range for communicating ideas.

Personal communication includes those means of communication which deal with different means of personal correspondence, such as postcards, letters, telegrams, telephones and internet. Personal communications are handled by the Indian postal network.

WORKSHEET–75 1. The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade. Trade between two countries is called international trade. It may take place through

sea, air or land routes. While local trade is carried in cities, towns and villages, state level trade is carried between two or more states.

2. The commodities imported to India include petroleum and petroleum products (41.87 per cent), pearls and precious stones (29.26 per cent), inorganic chemicals (29.39 per cent), coal, coke and briquettes (94.17 per cent), machinery (12.56 per cent). Bulk imports as a group registered a growth accounting for 39.09 per cent of total imports. This group includes fertilizers (67.01 per cent), cereals (25.23 per cent), edible oils (7.94 per cent) and newsprint (5.51 per cent).

Among the commodities of export, whose share has been increasing over the last few years till 2004-05 are agriculture and allied products (2.53 per cent), ores and minerals (9.12 per cent), gems and jewellery (26.75 per cent) and chemical and allied products (24.45 per cent), engineering goods (35.63 per cent) and petroleum products (86.12 per cent).


3. (a) The movement of the goods and services from their supply locations to demand locations necessitates the need for transport. The pace of development of a country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their movement over space. Therefore, efficient means of transport are pre-requisites for fast development.

(b) India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic and socio-cultural plurality. Railways, airways, water ways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet, etc. have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways. The trades from local to international levels have added to the vitality of its economy. It has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comforts of life.

Therefore the means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of a nation and its economy.

4. The importance of roadways over railways : (a) Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines. (b) Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography. (c) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains

such as the Himalayas. (d) Road transport is economical in transportation of few persons and relatively smaller

amount of goods over short distances. (e) It also provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower. (f) Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they

provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.

WORKSHEET–76 1. In India, roads are classified in the following six classes according to their capacity.

Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: This is a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi by six-lane Super Highways. The North-South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu), and East-West Corridor connecting Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat) are parts of this project. The major objective of these Super Highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India. These highway projects are being implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).National Highways: National Highways link extreme parts of the country. These are the primary road systems and are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). A number of major national Highways run in North-South and East-West directions.State Highways: Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways. These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD) in State and Union Territories.District Roads: These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad.Other Roads: Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are classified under this category. These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana.Border Roads: Border Roads Organisation, a Government of India undertaking, constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. These roads are of strategic importance in the northern and northeastern border areas. These roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic development of these areas.


2. The distribution pattern of the Railways network in the country has been largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors. For example, the northern plains with their vast level land, high population density and rich agricultural resources provided the most favourable condition for their growth. In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracts are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. The Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. Likewise, it was difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand. The contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be crossed only through gaps or passes (Ghats).

3. The important networks of pipeline transportation in the country are:

and Allahabad. It has branches from Barauni to Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri.

Sonipat. It has branches to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and other places.

Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh.

to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port in the wake of loss of Karachi port to Pakistan after the partition. Kandla is a tidal port. It caters to the convenient handling of exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrial belt stretching across the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.

harbour.

and serve as a hub port for this region.

accounts for about fifty per cent of India’s iron ore export.

Kudremukh mines.

with a natural harbour.

WORKSHEET–77 1. The world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast

moving transport. Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of equally developed communication system. Therefore, transport, communication and trade are complementary to each other.

2. Metalled roads may be made of cement, concrete or even bitumen of coal, therefore, these are all weather roads. Unmetalled roads are made of mud, stones or bricks, therefore they go out of use in the rainy season.

3. Waterways are the cheapest means of transport. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.

The following waterways have been declared as the National waterways by the government:

(a) The Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km)—N.W. No. 1 (b) The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km)—N.W. No. 2 (c) The West-Coast canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and

Champakkara canals-205 km)—N.W. No. 3 These provide cheapest inland waterways.


4. The importance of waterways is as follows:(a) Waterways are the cheapest means of transport.(b) They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.(c) It is a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of transport.

5. (a) The two positive aspects of air travel are:(i) The air travel, today, is the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of

transport.(ii) It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense

forests and also long oceanic stretches with great ease.(b) Air travel is preferred in the north-eastern states of India because:

Airways are an important means of transport in north eastern part of the country because it is marked with the presence of big rivers, dissected relief, dense forests and frequent floods and international frontiers. Air travel has made access easier.

WORKSHEET–781. Map Work


2. Map Work

WORKSHEET–79

1. (a) Kandla in Kuchchh was the first port developed soon after independence of India.(b) It was developed to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port, in the wake of

loss of Karachi port to Pakistan after the partition.(c) Kandla is a tidal port.(d) It caters to the convenient handling of exports and imports of highly productive


granary and industrial belt stretching across the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.

2. The length of road per sq km of area is known as road density.Road transportation in India faces a number of problems. Three of them are given below:(a) Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate.(b) About half of the roads are unmetalled and this limits their usage during the rainy season.(c) The roadways are highly congested in cities and most of the bridges and culverts are

old and narrow.3. The growing importance of road transport in comparison to rail transport is because of

the following reasons:(a) Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railways lines.(b) Roads can pass through comparatively more dissected and undulating topography.(c) Road transport is economical in transportation of a few persons and relatively smaller

amount of goods over short distances.(d) It provides door to door services thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower.(e) It is used as feeder to other modes of transport. To reach any destination be it

railway station, sea port or airport, one needs to travel through roads.4. Map work


Chapter Test 1. Kandla in Kuchchh 2. Waterways are the most eco-friendly and fuel-efficient transport. 3. Paradeep port is located in Odisha. 4. Border road organisation was set up in 1960. 5. Major problems of roadways are: (a) Distribution of road is not uniform in the country. (b) Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road network is inadequate. (c) About half of the roads are unmetalled and this restricts their usage during the

rainy season. (d) The National Highways are inadequate too. (e) Moreover, the roadways are highly congested in cities (f) Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. (g) Poor maintenance is also a big problem. 6. Kandla in Kutch was the first port developed soon after Independence to ease the volume

of trade on the Mumbai port, in the wake of loss of Karachi port of Pakistan after the partition.

Kochi is the extreme south-western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour.

7. (a) Indian airlines, Alliance Air (Subsidiary of Indian Airlines), Private scheduled airlines and non-scheduled operators provide domestic air services.

(b) Air India provides international air services. (c) Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd., provides helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas

Commission in its offshore operations, to inaccessible areas and difficult terrains like the north-eastern states and the interior parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.


WORKSHEET–80 A. 1. National Highway 2. State Highway 3. Metalled roads 4. Metalled roads 5. Mass Communication 6. Trade 7. Market 8. Balance of trade 9. State level trade 10. Favourable balance of trade

WORKSHEET–81

Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–82

Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–83

Do it yourself.


POLITICAL SCIENCE

POPULAR STRUGGLES AND MOVEMENTS


WORKSHEET–84

1. King Gyanendra 2. DMK party 3. (a) Narmada Bachao Andolan (b) Women’s Movement (c) Anti-Liquor Movement 4. Pressure groups 5. (a) SPA-Seven Party Alliance (b) Nepalese Communist Party (Maoist) (c) All major labour unions and their federations 6. Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to influence government policies and

political parties control or share political power directly. 7. Democratic government 8. The Nepalese popular movement of April 2006 aimed at restoring democracy.

WORKSHEET–85

1. They fought against the government and the MNC which had increased the price for water and made it four times to the earlier price. Many people received monthly water bill of ` 1000 in a country where average income was around ` 5000 a month. This led to a spontaneous popular protest.

2. All important political parties of Nepal joined together to form the seven party alliance to start an indefinite strike to restore democracy. Around 4 lakh people protested against the king on 21 April, 2004 and gave an ultimatum to him. The half hearted concessions made by the King were rejected and they continued to demand restoration of Parliament, power of an all party government and a new constituent assembly and on 24 April the king granted the concessions. This marked restoration of democracy in Nepal.

3. FEDECOR was the organisation that led the Water War in Bolivia. They organised a four-day strike in January, 2000 and forced the government to negotiate the price of water which was prescribed by the MNC. The government agreed and the strike was called off in hope of positive results. But nothing happened. Then FEDECOR organised another strike in April 2000. It forced the MNC to flee and finally the government conceded to its demands.

4. Interest groups promote the interests of their own groups while people’s movements are ‘issue’ specific. The interest groups want the betterment of their own section of society. Most movements want to achieve their specific goal in a given frame of time. They can also seek to achieve a broad goal in a long time.


5. (a) The mass movement for the restoration of democracy in Nepal was led by a Seven Party Alliance of all political parties supported by Maoists.

The ‘Water War’ in Bolivia was led by FEDECOR which was a confederation of different sections of society.

(b) The Nepalese movement was a specific issue movement. The FEDECOR did not represent any one group or section of the people. It defended

the general interest of the people.

WORKSHEET–86

1. (a) Bolivia is a poor Latin American country. The government was forced by the World Bank to give the control of municipal water supply to an MNC.

(b) The MNC raised the water rates four times the earlier price. (c) This led to popular protest. (d) In January, 2000, the FEDECOR organised a successful four-day strike in the city. (e) The government made promises and strike was called off. (f) The government retracted and started repression. (g) The agitation restarted in Feb., 2000 and despite repression strike was organised in

April, 2000. (h) People forced MNC employees to leave the city. They made the government concede

to all the demands. 2. There are two types of movement groups: 1. Specific movements/short term movements. They are formed to achieve single

objective. They work in a limited time frame and thus have usually short active life. Examples – The Nepalese movement for democracy arose with specific objective of

reversing the king’s order that led to suspension of democracy. In India, Narmada Bachao Andolan is also an example of this. This movement started

with a specific issue of people displaced by the creation of Sardar Sarovar dam on the river Narmada. Its objective was to stop the dam from being constructed. Gradually it became a wider movement that questioned all such big dams.

2. General/Generic movements/long term movements. These movements come into existence to achieve a broad goal in the long run. These involve in various issues. There is no single organisation that controls or guides such movements.

Examples – The Environmental movement and women’s movement. 3. (a) There are many forms of collective action. (b) Narmada Bachao Andolan started as a single issue movement dealing with the people

displaced by the construction of Sardar Sarovar Dam. (c) The Environmental Movement as well as Women’s Movement involves more than one

issue and is long-term oriented. (d) The Narmada Bachao Movement has a clear leadership and a short-term movement. 4. A movement is a kind of struggle which is started to achieve certain aims like democracy.

It aims at many forms of collective action. It also attempts to influence policies rather than to take directly part in electoral competition. It depends on mass participation.

Environmental movement is a label for a large number of organisations and issue specific movements. It is a long-term movement which involves more than one issue. It has separate organisation, independent leadership and often different views on policy


related matters. It has a broad objective. That is why Environmental Movement comes under the category of a movement.

5. The pressure groups may be formed by and led by leaders of political parties or may be closely associated with them.

Some interest and pressure groups may exert influence on political parties. They may have a political ideology and political positions on major issues. Thus, pressure groups may have direct or indirect influence on politics.

Most of the new leadership of political parties comes from interest or movement groups. Interest groups may organise protest activity like strikes in order to force the government to take note of their demand.

WORKSHEET–87

1. (a) They publicise issues by carrying out information campaigns, organising meetings, etc.

(b) They organise protest meetings, file petitions, etc. (c) They influence political parties on issues indirectly or directly. (d) Sometimes political parties emerge out of movements; e.g., DMK, AIDMK, etc. (e) Pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy. They remind the

government of the needs and concerns of ordinary people. 2. All the political parties in the parliament formed an alliance—Seven Party Alliance

(SPA)—and called for four day strike in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. The protests turned into indefinite strike in which Maoist and various organisations also joined hands. People defied curfew and came to streets. More than lakhs of people gathered almost everyday to demand restoration of democracy. On 21 April, they served an ultimatum to the king and the leaders of the movement rejected the halfhearted concessions given by the king and stuck to their demand for restoration of parliament, power to all party government and a new constituent assembly. The 24th of April, 2006 was the last day of the ultimatum; the king was forced to grant all the demands.

3. The National Alliance for Peoples’ Movements (NAPM) is an organisation of organisations. Various movement groups struggling on specific issues are constituents of this loose organisation which coordinates the activities of a large number of peoples’ movements in our country.

4. Ways to influence politics: (a) They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals. (b) They often organise protest activities. (c) They employ professional lobbyists or sponsor expensive advertisements. (d) Some of the pressure groups are either formed by leaders of political parties or led

by them. (Any three points to be explained)

WORKSHEET–88

1. There are two types of movement groups: (a) Specific movements/short term movements. They are formed to achieve single

objective. They work in a limited time frame and thus have usually short active life. Examples – The Nepalese movement for democracy arose with specific objective of

reversing the king’s order that led to suspension of democracy.


In India, Narmada Bachao Andolan is also an example of this. This movement started with a specific issue of people displaced by the creation of Sardar Sarovar dam on the river Narmada. Its objective was to stop the dam from being constructed. Gradually it became a wider movement that questioned all such big dams.

(b) General/Generic movements/long term movements. These movements come into existence to achieve a broad goal in the long run. These involve in various issues. There is no single organisation that controls or guides such movements.

Examples – The Environmental movement and women’s movement. 2. Bolivia is a small and poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the

government to give up its control of municipal water supply. The government sold these rights to an MNC. The company immediately increased the price of water four times. This led to a spontaneous popular protest. In January, 2000 a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a successful strike for four days in the city and the government agreed to negotiate but nothing happened. Police resorted to brutal repression when the agitation was started again in Feburary. Another strike was there in April and government imposed martial law. But the power of people forced the officials of MNC to leave their city and made government to grant all demands of the protesters. The contract with MNC was cancelled and water supply was resorted to municipality at old rates. This is known as Bolivia’s water war.

3. (a) Pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy. Putting pressure on the rulers is a healthy activity in democracy as long as everyone gets this opportunity.

(b) Government can often come under undue pressure of small group of rich and powerful people. Public interest groups and movements perform a useful role of countering the undue influence and reminding the government of the needs and concerns of ordinary citizens.

(c) Sectional interest groups play a valuable role. Where different groups function actively no one single group can achieve dominance over society. If one group brings pressure on government to make policies in its favour, another will make counter pressure not to make the policies in the way the first group desires.

(d) This leads to rough balance of power of accommodation of conflicting interests.

WORKSHEET–89

1. Sectional interest groups seek to promote the interest of a particular section/group of society. For instance, trade unions, business associations and professionals (lawyers, doctors, teachers, etc.). They are sectional because they represent a particular section of a society like workers, employees, businessmen, etc. Their principal concern is the betterment and well-being of their members and not the society in general.

On the other hand public interest groups represent some common or general interest that needs to be defended. They are also called promotional groups as they promote collective and not selective good. The members of the organisation may not benefit from the cause that the organisation represents. They aim to help groups other than their own members. In some cases the members of a public interest group may undertake activity that benefits them as well as others too.

Example – In India BAMCEF (Backward and Minorities Community Employees Federation) is such an organisation that campaigns against caste discrimination. It addresses the problem of its members who suffer discrimination and its principal concern is with social justice and social equality for the entire society.


2. Ways under which pressure groups exert influence in polities are as follows : (a) Generally, pressure groups follow out information campaigns, organise meetings, etc.

in order to gain public support and sympathy to achieve their target. Sometimes, they give more attention to their issues with the help of media.

(b) Sometimes, student unions, trade unions, workers unions show their protest against government policies through strikes, bandh, etc. Most of the time pressure groups involve in these protest activities to pressurise the government towards their demands.

(c) Pressure groups protect the interests of their members and try to influence those in power like the ministers, bureaucrats, politicians, etc., to change the direction of policy and not to capture power.

(d) Pressure groups provide a scope to expand participation. They articulate the claims of their members. They are a form of linkage and means of communication between the masses and the elite.

3. (a) Nepal was one of the ‘third wave’ countries that had won democracy in 1990. Although the King formally remained the head of the state, the real power was exercised by popularly elected representatives.

(b) King Birendra, who has accepted this transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, was killed in 2001.

(c) King Gyanendra, the new king of Nepal, was not prepared to accept democratic rule. He took advantage of the weakness and unpopularity of the democratically elected government.

(d) In February 2005, the king dismissed the then Prime Minister and dissolved the popularly elected Parliament. The movement of April, 2006 was aimed at regaining popular control over the government from the king.

WORKSHEET–90

1. Similarities: (a) The popular struggles of Nepal and Bolivia are instances of political conflict led to

the popular struggles. In both the cases the struggle involved mass mobilisation. (b) Both the instances involved critical role of political organisations. Differences: (a) The movement in Nepal was to establish democracy while in Bolivia the struggle

involved claims on an elected democratic government. (b) In Bolivia the struggle was about one specific policy, while struggle in Nepal was

about the foundations of the country’s politics. (c) Both these struggles were successful but their impact was at different levels. 2. The dissent against water privatization in Bolivia was not guided by any political party

but by an organisation named FEDECOR though Socialist party supported it. That organization consisted of local professionals, including engineers and environmentalists. They got support from federation of farmers, the confederation of factory workers’ unions, students of university of Cochabamba and city’s homeless street children.

3. A democratic conflict is resolved through mass mobilisation. Sometimes it is possible that the conflict is resolved by using the existing institutions like the parliament or the judiciary. But when there is a deep dispute, very often these institutions themselves get involved in the dispute. In such a situation the resolution comes from outside, from the people.


WORKSHEET–91

1. (a) May initial appear unhealthy for groups that promote interest of one section to have influence on democracy – A democracy must look after the interest of all, not just one section.

(b) It may seem that these groups wield power without responsibility-political parties have to face people in elections, but these groups are not accountable to the people. Pressure groups may not get their funds from the people.

2. (a) Pressure groups and movements have deepened democracy. Putting pressure on the rulers is a healthy activity in democracy as long as everyone gets this opportunity.

(b) Government can often come under undue pressure of small group of rich and powerful people. Public interest groups and movements perform a useful role of countering the undue influence and reminding the government of the needs and concerns of ordinary citizens.

(c) Sectional interest groups play a valuable role. Where different groups function actively no one single group can achieve dominance over society. If one group brings pressure on government to make policies in its favour, another will make counter pressure not to make the policies in the way the first group desires.

(d) This leads to rough balance of power of accommodation of conflicting interests. 3. In April, 2006, the movement to restore democracy started. King Gyanendra was not ready to accept democracy. He took advantage of the weakness

and unpopularity of democratically elected government, and in Feb, 2006 dismissed the then PM and dissolved the popularly elected parliament.

The major political parties of the parliament formed a seven party alliance (SPA) and organized a four-day strike at Kathmandu. They gave ultimatum to the king, half-hearted concessions not accepted. They demanded restoration of democracy, power to all party government and a new constituent assembly.

on 24 April, Girja Prasad Koirala, the then PM, took away the powers of the king. This was Nepal’s 2nd movement for democracy.

It was a movement participated by the people for democracy and freedom. They were willing to sacrifice for well-being of their country. There was cooperation between political parties with divergent views. They wanted rule of law, a constitution, etc to lay the basic foundation of democracy in a country that had been under a monarchy.

4. (a) Pressure groups and movements deepen a democracy. Putting pressure on the rulers is not an unhealthy activity in a democracy as long as everyone gets this opportunity. Governments can often come under undue pressure of a small group of rich and powerful people.

(b) Public interest groups and movements perform a useful role of countering this undue influence and reminding the government of the needs and concerns of ordinary citizens.

(c) Even the sectional interest groups play a valuable role. Where different groups function actively, no single group can achieve dominance over society. If one group brings pressure on government to make policies in its favour, another will bring counter pressure not to make policies in the way the first group desires. The government gets to hear about what different sections of the population want. This leads to a rough balance of power and accommodation of conflicting interests.


WORKSHEET–92

1. (a) Despite all the efforts made by government to alleviate the suffering of the poor the problems persist.

(b) Poverty is a basic problem of the country. It remains a major problem for a large section of people. The government has failed to eradicate it. Programmes like ‘Garibi Hatao’ give only a feel good factor. Things have to be changed and the people have to organise themselves and do something about it.

2. (a) (i) Delhi traders (ii) AITUC (iii) CII (iv) NGOs (v) RWAs. (b) (i) The NGOs demanded better medical treatment and drugs for Bhopal Gas victims. (ii) According to the CII, SEZs are the only way that employment generation is

possible in the country. (iii) Delhi traders demanded that VAT dues be refunded in a timely manner to them.

Chapter Test 1. Janta Dal 2. King Gyanendra 3. Pressure group 4. A political conflict that led to popular struggle 5. Persons who engage in insurgency are called insurgents. 6. The two incidents have following similarities: (a) In both cases political conflict led to the popular struggles. (b) Both the cases involved mass mobilisation. (c) Both instances involved critical role of political organisations. The two incidents have following differences: (a) Nepal was struggling to establish democracy while in Bolivia the struggle involved

claims on the elected government. (b) In Bolivia, struggle was about one specific policy, while struggle in Nepal was about

the foundations of the country’s politics. 7. Major elements found in democratic struggles: (a) It evolves through popular struggles. If significant decisions are through consensus

than it is an exceptional situation. Democracy usually involves conflicts between those groups who have exercise power and those who aspire for share in the power. This happens when the country is going through transition to democracy, expansion of democracy or deepening of democracy.

(b) Democratic conflicts are resolved through mass mobilisation. Sometimes it is possible that the conflicts are resolved by the existing institutions like parliament or judiciary but when there is a deep dispute, very often these institutions get involved in the dispute and the resolution has to come from outside, from people.

(c) The conflicts and mobilisations are based on new political organisations. These include political parties, pressure groups and movement groups.

8. (a) Bolivia is a small and poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurised the government to give up its control over the municipal water supply.

(b) The government sold off these rights to an MNC. The company immediately increased the prices four times.

(c) In January 2006 a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a successful strike for four days in the city and the government agreed to negotiate but nothing happened. Police resorted to brutal repression when the agitation was started again in February.


(d) Another strike was there in April and government imposed martial law. (e) But the power of people forced the officials of MNC to flee the city and made

government to concede to all demands of the protesters. (f) The contract with MNC was cancelled and water supply was resorted to municipality

at old rates. This was known as Bolivia’s Water War.


WORKSHEET–93

A. 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (e) 5. (c) B. 1. Backward and Minorities Community Employees Federation 2. National Alliance For People’s Movement 3. Multinational Companies 4. Seven Party Alliance 5. Public Distribution System

WORKSHEET–94

Do it yourself.

POLITICAL PARTIES


WORKSHEET–95 1. United Kingdom. 2. (a) Indian National Congress (b) Bharatiya Janata Party (c) Communist Party of India (d) Communist Party of India (Marxist) (e) Bahujan Samaj Party 3. (a) Janata Dal United (b) Telugu Desam (c) DMK (d) Asom Gana Parishad (e) Akali Dal (f) Lok Dal 4. Elephant 5. Communist Party of India (Marxist) 6. People’s Republic of China 7. In 1885 8. In 1925


9. In India 10. If any member leaves his parent party and joins another party for some personal benefits,

it is known as defection.

WORKSHEET–96

1. All India Anna DMK 2. Multi-party system exists in India 3. 6 National parties 4. (a) DMK party (b) Asom Gana Parishad 5. BSP, NCP and CPI. 6. Political parties have three components; namely, (a) Leaders, who play an important role in popularising the ideology of the party. (b) Active members, who look after the party organisation. (c) Followers from the grassroot workers, who mobilise people for public meetings,

protest, marches, etc., and play an important role in bringing the party to power in their areas.

7. (a) The political parties play an important role by grouping together a large number of similar opinions and provide a direction so that governments can formulate policies on them.

(b) Parties shape public opinion by raising and highlighting issues. (c) Parties thus play an important role by reducing a large number of opinions into a

few basic positions that it supports. 8. The political parties put up candidates for elections in democracies. Parties select their

candidates in different ways. In India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections. Candidates fight elections on party tickets. Some fight as independent candidates. The political party which gets majority seats in the Parliament or legislature forms the government. If no single party has a majority in legislature, a coalition government is formed.

9. The opposition parties are those parties which did not win the majority seats in state legislature or the Parliament and are not the ruling party or a part of the ruling coalition. They point out the wrong policies, etc. of the ruling party. They are critical about ruling party’s policies and they mobilise public opinion to oppose the government.

WORKSHEET–97

1. Political parties are an essential part of democracy. Democracy is equal to political parties. Most people know about political parties. The parties reflect political divisions in society. They represent the opinions of people and put it forward to the government. Thus, rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies. They are necessary for a democracy.

2. The political parties play a significant role in a democracy. (a) They put forward policies and programmes. (b) They contest elections. (c) They make laws for the country. (d) They form governments and run them. (e) They play the role of opposition party.


(f) Parties shape public opinion. (g) They play an important role in helping ordinary citizens with their problems. Thus,

political parties are necessary in a democracy. 3. A political party is a group of people who come together, to fight elections and hold power

in the government. They put forward policies and programmes for the good of the people and persuade people to accept and approve them. They seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through elections.

4. (a) The political parties mobilise public opinion and make promises to people on policy changes. Such promises can’t be made by independent candidates.

(b) Governments can be formed by independent members of legislatives but they will not remain stable.

(c) Independent candidates can do a lot of work for their locality but no one will be responsible for the running of the country. Thus, political parties are directly linked to the functioning of a democracy.

5. Indian National Congress is popularly known as the Congress Party. It is one of the oldest parties of the world. It was founded in 1885. It played an important role in Indian politics at national and state levels after the independence. Under Nehru, the party tried to build a modern secular democratic republic in India.

It remained in power till 1977, and then from 1980-1989 but after that its support declined. The party supports secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities. It supports new economic reforms with a human face.

WORKSHEET–98

1. In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the government. These are called one party systems. For example, China has a single party—Communist Party. One-party system is not a good option because it is not a democratic option. In the countries having one party system, the liberty of the individual is lost because people are deprived of the right of electing representatives. There is one candidate in whose favour all the citizens have to vote. It cannot be called as elections in real sense.

2. In some countries power usually changes between two major parties. Several other parties exist, contest elections and win a few seats in the legislature. But only two main parties have a serious chance of winning and forming government. For example, countries like UK, Canada, England and the US. follow two-party system. In this type of party system, the winning party forms the government and the other party forms the opposition.

3. Name of the National Party Party Symbols (a) Indian National Congress (INC) Hand (b) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Lotus (c) Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) Elephant (d) Communist Party of India–Marxist (CPI–M) Hammer, sickle and star (e) Communist Party of India (CPI) Ears of corn and sickle (f) Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) Clock 4. There is a growing role of money and muscle power in parties, especially during elections.

Since parties are focused only on winning the elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections.


They tend to nominate those candidates who have or who can raise lots of money. Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the

policies and decisions of the party. In some cases, parties support criminals who can win elections. These are ultimately responsible for corruption in the system. The moral values are

compromised. This is totally unacceptable because democracy is hijacked by such people. 5. In India we have six national parties:

(a) Indian National Congress (INC). Originally the Congress Party, was founded in 1885. It played an important role in Indian politics at the national and state level after the independence. Under Nehru, the party tried to build a modern secular democratic republic in India. The party supports secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities.

(b) Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Originally the Jansangh, was founded in 1980. The party wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India’s culture and values. Cultural nationalism is its important element. It wants a uniform civil code for all people living in India irrespective of the religion, and bans on religious conversions.

(c) Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP). It was formed in 1984, under the leadership of Kanshi Ram. The party seeks to represent and secure the power for bahujan samaj which includes dalits, adivasis, OBCs and religious minorities. It draws inspiration from the ideas and teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and Babasaheb Ambedkar. It stands for the cause of securing interest and welfare of dalits and oppressed people.

(d) Communist Party of India-Marxist (CPI-M). It was founded in 1964. The party believes in Marxism and Leninism. It supports socialism, secularism and democracy and opposes imperialism and communalism. It accepts democratic elections as useful means to secure the objective of socio-economic justice in India.

(e) Communist Party of India (CPI). It was formed in 1925. The party believes in Marxism and Leninism, secularism and democracy and is opposed to the forces of secessionism and communalism. It accepts parliamentary democracy as the means of promoting the interest of working class, farmers and the poor.

(f) Nationalist Congress Party (NCP). It was formed in 1999, following a split in Congress Party. The party supports democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism. It wants high offices in the government to be confined to the natural born citizens.

WORKSHEET–99 1. Political parties perform the following functions in a democracy: (a) Parties contest elections. In most of the democratic countries, elections are

fought mainly among the candidates put up by the political parties. Parties select their candidates in different ways. In India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections.

(b) Parties put forward different policies and programmes. Each one of us may have different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for the society. In democracy large number of similar opinions has to be grouped together to provide a direction in which policies can be formulated by the government. This is what the


parties do. A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it supports. The government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the ruling party.

(c) Parties make laws for the country. Though laws are passed by the legislature but since most of the members belong to a party, they go by the direction of party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions.

(d) Parties form and run government. Political parties recruit leaders, train them and make them ministers to run the government in the way they want.

(e) Parties play role of the opposition to the parties in power. They voice different views and criticise government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government.

(f) Parties shape public opinion. They shape public opinion by raising and highlighting issues. They do these through pressure groups, which are the extensions of political parties and also launch movements for resolutions of problems faced by the people.

(g) Parties provide people access to government welfare schemes. For an ordinary citizen it is easier to approach a local party leader than a government officer. They feel close to party even if they do not fully trust them. Even parties have to be responsive to the people’s needs and demands otherwise people can reject parties in the next elections.

2. The political parties face the following challenges: (a) Lack of internal democracy within parties. There is a tendency in political

parties towards concentration of power in one or a few leaders at the top. Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organisational meetings and conduct internal elections regularly. Ordinary members do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party. Leaders make maximum decisions in the name of party.

(b) Dynastic succession. Very few ordinary workers get chance to rise to the top in the party as parties do not practice open and transparent procedures. In many parties top positions are always controlled by members of one family. This is unfair to others and bad for democracy.

(c) Growing role of money and muscle power. Since parties are focused only on winning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate candidates, who have or can raise money. Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policy decisions of the parties. In some cases parties support criminals who can win elections.

(d) Parties do not seem to offer a meaningful choice to the voters. In the recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world. So people have no choices. Sometimes people cannot even elect very different leaders either, because the same set of leaders keeps shifting from one party to another.

3. Some reforms which can strengthen political parties are: (a) A law should be established to regulate the internal affairs of parties, thereby making

them more transparent. (b) It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members,

to follow its own constitution, to have an independent authority, to act as a judge in case of disputes, to hold open elections in case of disputes.

(c) It should be made mandatory for the political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third, to women candidates.


(d) The state should fund election campaigns, thereby eliminating lobbying groups and unfair competition. The government should give parties money to support their election expenses such as petrol, paper, telephone, etc. or it could be given in cash on the basis of votes secured by a party in the last elections.

(e) People can put pressure on political parties and this can be done through petitions, publicity and agitations. Ordinary citizens, pressure groups and movements and media can play an important role in this. If political parties feel that they would lose public support by not taking up reforms they will become more serious about reforms.

The quality of democracy depends upon the degree of participation. It is difficult to reform politics if ordinary citizens do not take part in politics and simply criticise it from outside.

4. National parties Regional party/State party1. A party that secures at least

6% of total votes in Lok Sabha elections or Assembly elections in four states and wins at least four seats in the Lok Sabha is recognised as a national party.

1. A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a state and wins at least two seats is recognised as a regional party/state party.

in more than three states. less than three states.

3. For example, INC, BJP, BSP, CPI-M, CPI and NCP.

3. For example, Samajwadi Party, Samta Party, Rashtriya Janata Dal, DMK, AIADMK.

WORKSHEET–100

1. We cannot think modern democracies without political parties. In case there are no political parties every candidate in the elections will be independent, no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes.

The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain. Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituencies for what they do in

their localies. But, no one will be responsible for how the country will run. Just look at the non-party based elections to the Panchayats in many states. Although,

the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed the village gets split into more than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This is why we find political parties in almost all countries of the world.

They agree on policies and programmes to promote collective good and influence people to know why their policies are better than those of others. They try to implement the policies by winning popular support through elections. They reflect fundamental division in a society.

The absense of political parties would affect a democracy badly. The interest of all the people would not reach the parliament and therfore some sections of people would remain behind the main stream. They won’t get all the welfare measures.

2. Reasons: If there are no political parties in a democracy: (a) Every candidate in the elections will be independent.


(b) No one will make promises to the people about any major policy change. (c) The government may be formed, but its utility will remain to be uncertain. (d) Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency only or locality only. (e) No one will be accountable to the nation as a whole.

(Any four points to be explained.) 3. (a) There is a lack of internal democracy within parties. All over the world, there is a

tendency in political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.

(b) Parties do not keep membership registers, do not hold organizational meetings, and do not conduct internal elections regularly.

(c) Ordinary members of the party do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party.

(d) They do not have the means or the connections needed to influence the decisions. As a result, the leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of the party.

(e) These violate the basic values to be upheld in public life namely equal opportunity, transparency, good governance and fairness.

4. Since most political parties do not practise open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there no ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party.

Those who happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members.

In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by members of one family. This is unfair to other members of that party. This is also bad for democracy, since people

who do not have adequate experience or popular support come to occupy positions of power.

Chapter Test

1. Opposition parties raise their voice against wrong policies of the government. 2. The Election Commission 3. Forward Bloc and Trinamool Congress 4. (a) Leaders (b) Active members (c) Followers 5. Where there are two parties in a country, one in power and the other ready to rule, is

called bi-party system. 6. The role of political parties in shaping public opinion: (a) They raise and highlight issues. (b) The parties clear the policies of government to people. (c) Political parties give their ideas in favour and against the government. (d) Political parties give their ideas about the new laws made by the government. (e) In this way the political parties help to create public opinion among people. So it is

necessary for people if they want to establish democratic government they have to analyse for and against democracy.

7. Parties are for the working of democracy and are the most visible face of democracy. It is natural that people blame parties, criticise them. Parties have to face many challenges:

(a) Concentration of powers in one hand.


(b) Parties do not conduct internal election. (c) Leaders assume greater power to make decision in name of party. (d) The second challenge of dynastic succession is related to the first one. Those who

happen to be the leaders are in a position of unfair advantage to favour people close to them or even their family members.

8. Growing role of money and muscle power in parties: (a) The parties tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money.

In some cases parties support criminals. (b) The fourth challenge is that very often parties do not seem to offer a meaningful

choice. In order to offer meaningful choice, parties must be significantly different. (c) There has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties. (d) The difference among all the major parties on the economic policies have reduced. (e) Those who want really different policies have no option available to them. (f ) Lack of good leaders. 9. (a) Political parties reduce a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which

it support. The government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the ruling party.

(b) The parties that lose the elections play role of the opposition. They voice different views and criticise government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government.

(c) Political parties shape public opinion by raising and highlighting issues. The political parties put before various problems of the country and try to explain them in an easy way through magazines, booklets and meetings.


WORKSHEET–101

A. 1. India 2. role of opposition 3. 70 4. two-party system 5. an alliance or front

6. multiparty system 7. 1964 8. representative democracies 9. Election Commission

10. regional parties

WORKSHEET–102 A. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (e) B. 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (e)

WORKSHEET–103 A. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. T



OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY


WORKSHEET–105

1. (a) it promotes equality among citizens. (b) it allows room to correct mistakes. (c) it improves the quality of decision-making. 2. It is a good form of government because it respects the freedom and dignity of individuals. 3. India 4. Democracy is formed by two Greek words ’demos’ and ‘kratia’. ‘Demos’ means people

and “kratia” means the government. Democracy, thus, means ‘rule by the people’. In a democratic set-up, every citizen has the right to take a part in the decision making process.

It is a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.

5. (a) Population size (b) Global situation (c) Economic priorities adopted by the country. (any two) 6. In a democratic set up there are regular, free and fair elections. There is open debate on

major policies. A democracy is attentive to the needs of people. Democratic governments are legitimate governments. They are people’s own governments. Women and weaker sections have a better status in a democracy.

WORKSHEET–106

1. (a) Democracy promotes equality among citizens. (b) It enhances the dignity of the individual. (c) It improves the quality of decision making. (d) It provides a method to resolve conflicts. (e) It allows room to correct mistakes. Hence, it is a better form of government. 2. Evidence shows that the back record of economic growth in democracies between

1950-2000 is not impressive. Economic development depends on several factors like population size, global situation, cooperation from other countries, economic priorities adopted by the country, etc. But, the difference in the rates of economic development between dictatorships and democracies is not much.

3. In a democracy, all people enjoy equal political rights but a small number of people remain ultra rich and the majority remain poor. However, the problem of poverty is not looked into seriously by democratic regimes. The poor sections are not provided equal opportunities in education, nutrition, health care etc.

4. Democracies generally develop a procedure to conduct competition and reduce tensions between diverse groups. They can handle social differences, divisions and conflicts better than non-democratic regimes. Democracies are accommodative to the needs of minorities, weaker and discriminated sections of people.


WORKSHEET–107 1. A democratic government is one in which people have rights. Political parties and

leaders represent their interests. Elections are held regularly and people elect their representatives to form a government.

In a non-democratic government, people have no rights or participation in the decisions made by the government.

2. Characteristics of democracy: (a) It promotes equality among citizens. (b) It looks after the interest of the people. (c) It allows room to correct mistakes. 3. (a) It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply a rule by majority opinion.

The majority always needs to work with the minority so that the governments could function to represent the general view. Majority and minority opinions are not permanent.

(b) It is also necessary that rule by majority does not become rule by majority community interms of religion or race or linguistic group, etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority.

(c) Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time. If someone is barred from being in majority on the basis of birth, the democratic rule ceases to be accommodative for that person or group.

4. In actual life, we find that democracy does not lead to just distribution of goods and opportunities.

Arguments: (a) Although individuals have political equality, we find growing economic inequalities. (b) A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate show of wealth and

incomes. (c) The income of those at the bottom of the society is declining so much so that it

becomes difficult to meet their basic needs, such as food, clothing, housing etc. (d) Although the poor constitute a large proportion of voters, yet democratically elected

governments do not provide them opportunities on equal footing. (Any three points)

WORKSHEET–108 1. Democracy supports dignity and freedom of the citizens. Every man wants to get respect

from fellow persons in the society. A lot of conflicts take place among human beings because some feel they are not treated with due respect. The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity. As democracy passes one test, it produces another test. As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more and want to make democracy even better. That is why, when we ask people about the way democracy functions, they always come up with more expectations, and many complaints. The fact that people are complaining is itself a testimony to the success of democracy.

2. In matters of economic development, not all the democracies get developed because of various factors like population, lack of basic infrastructure, etc. If you consider all democracies and all dictatorships for the fifty years between 1950 and 2000, dictatorships have slightly higher rate of economic growth. The inability of democracy to achieve


higher economic development worries us. However, the difference in the rates of economic development between less developed countries with dictatorships and democracies is negligible. Overall, we cannot say that democracy is a guarantee of economic development.

Economic development depends on several factors: (a) Country’s population size. (b) Global situation. (c) Cooperation from other countries. (d) Economic priorities adopted by the country. Democracy does not appear to be successful in reducing economic inequalities. A small

number of ultra rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and income. Their share in total income is increasing. People at the bottom of society have very little to depend on.

3. Democracy supports dignity and freedom of the citizens. Every person wants to get respect from his/her fellow persons in the society. A lot of conflicts take place among human beings because some feel they are not treated with due respect. The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy. Democracies throughout the world have recognised this, at least in principle. This has been achieved in various degrees in various democracies. We can take the case of dignity of women. Most societies across the world were historically male dominated. Long struggles by women have created some sensitivity today that respect to and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society. The same is true about caste inequalities. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opportunity.

Democratic government is a legitimate government. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean. But a democratic government is people’s own government. That is why there is an overwhelming support for the idea of democracy all over the world.

4. (a) Rich are powerful and they have money power. (b) Poor can have a better share only by participating in election process and electing

the right representatives to run the government.

WORKSHEET–109 1. Imagine a government that may take decisions very fast. But it may take decisions

that are not accepted by the people and may, therefore, face problems. In contrast, the democratic government will take more time to follow procedure before arriving at adecision. However, because it has followed procedure, its decisions may be both more acceptable to the people and more effective. So, the cost of time that democracy pays is perhaps worth it.

2. Democratic governments are expected to be attentive to the needs of people and less corrupt. But in reality, it does not happen so. Democracies often frustrate the needs of the people and often ignore the demands of a majority of its population. Democracy is also not free of corruption. Our politicians indulge in money making. Our top officials are also doing the same.

3. (a) In a democracy, we are most concerned with ensuring that people will have the right to choose their rulers and people will have control over the rulers. If they do not work properly, people can overthrow them. Whenever possible and necessary, citizens should be able to participate in decision-making, that affects them all. Thus, democracy produces an accountable government.


(b) Democracy is a government that is attentive to the needs and demands of the people and is largely free of corruption. Democracies should not frustrate the needs of the people and ignore the demands of a majority of its population. Thus, it a responsive government.

(c) Democratic government is a legitimate government. It is people’s own government. people elect the rulers. The party that gets majority seat in the legislature forms the government. If they lose the majority, they have to resign.

4. (a) Economic inequality and poverty are the twin problems of India. Different political parties are committed to remove these since it is included in their election manifesto.They are responsive to the needs of the people. The elected government from time to time started a number of poverty alleviation programmes to reduce poverty in India.

(b) Moreover many employment schemes like Rural Works Programme, National Rural Employment Programme, etc. are started by democratic government in India.

Chapter Test 1. In dictatorships 2. Its examination never gets over. 3. We give respect to democratic government because it is a legitimate government. This

is the government which is elected by the people. 4. Highly wealthy 5. Bangladesh 6. Democracies are expected to be attentive to the needs of people and be free from corruption.

However, this is not always so. However, democracies are people’s own government and hence better than its alternatives.

7. Democracies are people’s own government run by their elected representatives. They feel that democracies can address all social, economic and political problems. When people get some benefits, they want more and they complain and express dissatisfaction in many ways.

8. The back record of democracies in reducing economic inequality and poverty is not good in developing countries. The small group of ultra rich sections are becoming richer and the poor are becoming poorer. The elected governments are not addressing to the question of poverty seriously especially in South Asian countries. It may be due to corruption and inefficient systems of governance.


WORKSHEET–110

A. 1. accountable 2. deliberation; negotiation

3. Decision-making 4. share information

5. legitimate 6. Bangladesh

7. harmonious 8. respect

9. disadvantaged; underpriviledged 10. free and fair


WORKSHEET–111

Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–112

Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–113

Do it yourself.

CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRACY


WORKSHEET–114

1. A ‘Challenge’ refers to a difficulty which carries within it an opportunity for progress, to overcome it.

2. Chile 3. Poland 4. Myanmar 5. All the suggestions and proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are

called political reform. 6. It is a challenge to make transition to democracy and instituting a democratic government.

WORKSHEET–115

1. (a) Good democracy is a mode of governance in which rulers elected by the people make all decisions.

(b) Elections give an opportunity and choice to the people to change the current rulers. (c) All the citizens of the country should have the choice and opportunity to participate

in the elections. (d) It is a system wherein citizens are ensured their basic rights by the Constitution. 2. In a democratic system, people have extensive rights from right to vote, to participate in and

contest elections or form a political organisation. They also have socio-economic rights. Democracy ensures that views of the people, who are in the minority, are respected. In a democracy, caste, religion and gender based discriminations are eliminated over a

period of time. 3. (a) Poverty is a major challenge. When people, are poor, they are mainly, concerned about

their basic needs and the political parties exploit these weaknesses and corrupt practices start playing a role in elections.

(b) Casteism and Communalism pose serious challenges to democracy. Casteism and communal politics are dangerous to democracy. They cut the roots of democratic values and ethos and give a totally different direction to democracy when sectional interests predominate.


4. Various aspects of democratic government and politics: (a) Democratic rights are not limited to right to vote, contest elections or forming

organisations. Democracy should also offer some social and economic rights to its citizens.

(b) Power sharing (how it is being shared between governments and social groups) is necessary in a democracy.

(c) Democracy cannot be a brute rule of majority and that respect for minority voice is necessary for democracy.

(d) Eliminating discrimination on the basis of caste, religion and gender is important in democracy.

WORKSHEET–116

1. (a) The government should make it compulsory for the doctors to live in the village where they are posted; otherwise their service should be terminated.

(b) Surprise raids to check the attendance of the doctors by district administration and police should be carried out.

(c) Village panchayat should be given the power to write the annual report of the doctor which should be read out in the gram sabha meeting.

(d) Uttar Pradesh should be split into several smaller states which can be administered more efficiently.

2. (a) Casteism. People from different castes form different communities and they have different interests. Under the caste system, work is divided on the basis of the caste of the person. The high-paying and respectable jobs are usually given to the higher caste groups and low-paying jobs are given to the low caste groups. Castes have led to caste discrimination in the country.

(b) Communalism. It means promoting the ideas of a particular religion with a view to divide the society on religious grounds. It believes that people belonging to one religion belong to one community. The British followed the policy of ‘divide and rule’ and created differences in two major communities, the Hindus and the Muslims. This sowed the seeds of communalism in the society.

3. Countries already having the democratic set-up face the challenge of expanding it to various social groups and various institutions. Such countries need to ensure that more and more social groups, regions and institutions follow democracy in their functioning. This involves:

(a) Ensuring greater power to local government. (b) Extension of federal principle to all the units of the federations. (c) Inclusion of women and minority groups, etc. (d) It also means that less and less decision should remain outside the domain of

democratic control. (e) Most of the countries including India and the US face this kind of challenge. 4. Broad Guidelines: (a) The changes in laws should be carefully devised. (b) Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. (c) Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practices. (d) Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is good solution

but also about who will implement it and how? (Any three points)


WORKSHEET–117

1. An ordinary citizen can play a very constructive role in the deepening of democracy. (a) No democracy can function in the absence of enlightened citizens because they are

the pillars of democracy. Citizens maintain a balance between government and public issues.

(b) Well informed and enlightened citizens form a healthy public opinion which puts a check on an unresponsive government and its policies.

(c) Socially responsible citizens also help in the regulation of social reforms and can put a check on rash and unsocial conduct.

(d) Hence, the strength of democracy lies in respecting thought of its citizens and in creating an atmosphere of fair and frank interaction of thought, approaches and perspectives for solving collective problems and building a polity of free and equal beings.

2. Communalism is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community. It can take various forms in a democracy.

(a) Religious Form. The most formidable form of communalism is in everyday religious ideas of people. The followers of one religion believe it to be superior to other all relgions. There is blind faith in one and contempt for all others.

(b) Political Form. Actually people of a particular religion often want maximum representation of their religion in politics and seek to achieve political and social dominance over the minority. This results into a majoritarian dominance. In this form they often demand a separate state for themselves.

(c) Form of Political Mobilisation. Communalism in politics sometime takes the shape of political mobilisation on communal lines. It involves the use of sacred religious symbols and religious leaders to appeal to the people of a particular religion.

(d) Form of Riots and Violence. The most adverse form of communalism is that it leads to riots and violence. The people from various religions are in opposition to one another and use violence to show dominance of their religion. In this way it disturbs the social peace and cause social turmoil.

Thus we can safely say, that in its extreme form communalism leads to the belief that people belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens within a country.

3. A challenge is not just a problem. It is a difficulty that carries within an opportunity for progress. Once we overcome a challenge we go up to a higher level than before. The serious challenges that democracy faces in different countries of the world for smooth running of government are called challenges to democracy.

A few challenges faced by democracy in several parts of the world are: (a) Foundational Challenge. At least one-fourth of the globe is still not under democratic

governments. Countries that do not have democratic set-up face the foundational challenge of making a transition to the democratic style of government. They need to lay the foundation in terms of laws and policies that would be followed under the democratic set-up. This involves:

(i) bringing down the existing non-democratic regime. (ii) keeping military away from controlling the govvernment. (iii) establishing a sovereign and functional state.


(b) Challenge of Expansion. Countries already having the democratic set-up face the challenge of expanding it to various social groups and various institutions. Such countries need to ensure that more and more social groups, regions and institutions follow democracy in their functioning. This involves:

(i) ensuring greater power to local governments. (ii) extension of federal principle to all the units of the federations. (iii) inclusion of women and minority groups, etc. (iv) it also means that less and less decision should remain outside the domain of

democratic control. Most of the countries including India and US face this kind of challenge. (c) Challenge of deepening. This challenge is faced by every democracy in one form

or other. Every democratic country needs to strengthen the institutions that ensure democracy. This should happen in such a way that people can realise their expectations of democracy. This involves:

(i) strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy. (ii) bringing down the control and influence of rich and powerful people in the

making of governmental decision.

WORKSHEET–118 1. (a) No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups.

However, we can certainly learn to respect these differences and we can also evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences. Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome.

(b) Non-democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences. Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point of a democratic government.

(c) Social diversities can be accommodated by deliberation, negotiation, and mutual understanding.

(d) It can be accommodated by power sharing as in the case of Belgium. 2. (a) As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more and want to make

democracy even better. That is why when we ask people about the way democracy functions, they always come up with more expectations, and many complaints.

(b) The fact that people are complaining itself is a testimony to the success of democracy: it shows that people have developed awareness and the ability to expect and to look critically at power holders and the high and the mighty.

(c) A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the democratic project: it transforms people from the status of a subject under a King into that of a citizen. Most individuals today believe that their vote makes a difference to the way the government is run and to their own self-interest.

3. Non-democratic countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. This involves bringing down the existing non-democratic rule, keeping military away from controlling the government and establishing a sovereign and functional state.

4. (a) People think of legal ways of reforming politics, think of new laws to ban undesirable things. But this temptation needs to be resisted. Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage the good ones. But legal-constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to democracy. Democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens.


(b) Any legal change must carefully be looked at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes the results may be counter-productive. Generally, laws that seek to ban something are not very successful in politics. Laws that give political actors incentives to do good things have more chances of working. The best laws are those, which empower people to carry out democratic reforms.

(c) Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice. Therefore, the main focus of political reforms should be on ways to strengthen democratic practice. The most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizens.

(d) Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is a good solution but also about who will implement it and how. It is not very wise to think that the legislatures will pass legislations that go against the interest of all the political parties and MPs. But measures that rely on democratic movements, citizens’ organizations and the media are likely to succeed.

Chapter Test 1. Making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic government. 2. Foundational challenge 3. One-fourth countries in the world. 4. Uttar Pradesh 5. India and USA 6. (a) At least one-fourth of world is still not under democratic government. (b) The challenge for democracy in these parts of the world is very stark. (c) These countries face the foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy

and then instituting democratic government. 7. Most of the established democracies face the challenge of expression. This involves

applying the basic principles of democratic government across all the region, different social groups and various institutions.

Challenge of deepening of democracy is faced by every democracy in one form or another. This involves strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy. They should happen in such a way that people can realise their expectations of democracy.

Elections are very expensive. The only rich persons can contest elections. The common man cannot stand in elections. The government should minimise the election expenditure. The government should prepare budget for elections.

8. All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called democratic reforms or political reform.

(a) Reforming politics by making new laws. (b) Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and

encourage good ones. (c) Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes

the results may be counter productive. For example, many states have banned people who have more than two children from contesting panchayat elections. This has resulted in denial of democratic opportunity to many poor people and women.

(d) The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. (e) The Right to Information Act is a good example of a law that empowers the people

to find out what is happening in government. (f) Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice. (g) Any proposal for political reform should think not only about what is a good solution

but also about who will implement it and how.



WORKSHEET–119

A. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. T

WORKSHEET–120

A. 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (e) 5. (b) B. 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (e) 4. (b) 5. (c)

WORKSHEET–121

A. 1. but it faces many challenges.

3. the overthrown of existing non-democratic government, military should not be involved in controlling the government and establishing a sovereign state.

4. applying democratic principles to all regions, social groups and various institutions. 5. the institutions and practices of democracy. 6. political reforms in a democracy. 7. are to be informed and carried out by political parties, movement and political activist. 8. not only what is good but who will implement it and how. 9. acts as a watchdog of democracy in India. 10. to increase and improve the quality of participation by the citizens.



ECONOMICS

MONEY AND CREDIT


WORKSHEET–123

1. A bank is an organisation which deals with the transaction of money and credit. 2. It is a paper that instructs the bank to pay a specified amount from the person’s account

to the person to whom it is issued. 3. By Reserve Bank of India 4. Because it controls and supervises the banking operations in the country. 5. These are groups of rural poor who work together in the credit sector. 6. Banks make use of the deposits by giving loans to people. Banks charge a higher rate of

interest on loans than what they offer on deposits. The difference between what is charged from the borrowers and what is paid to the depositors is their main source of income.

7. In the barter system, goods are exchanged without use of money. In such a situation, double coincidence of wants has to be there which means, in exchange

of goods both parties have to agree to sell and buy each others commodities. In this system, double coincidence of wants is an essential feature. 8. Loan activities of banks: Banks in India these days hold about 15% of their deposits as

cash kept as provision to pay the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day. Bank use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans. Difference between the interest rates is the main source of income for banks.

WORKSHEET–124

1. In the barter system, goods are exchanged without use of money. In such a situation, double coincidence of wants has to be there which means, in exchange

of goods both parties have to agree to sell and buy each others commodities. In this system, double coincidence of wants is an essential feature. 2. Loan activities of banks: Banks in India these days hold about 15% of their deposits as

cash kept as provision to pay the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day. Bank use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans. Difference between the interest rates is the main source of income for banks.

3. Functions of Reserve Bank: (a) Issues currency notes on behalf of the central government. (b) Monitors the banks in actually maintaining cash balance. (c) Collects information from banks like how much they are lending to whom at what

interest rate etc. 4. When goods are exchanged for goods, it is called ‘barter system’. In this situation, what

a person desires to sell is what the other wishes to buy, it is called ‘double coincidence of wants’. It will not happen all the time. When money is used to buy goods, the above mentioned condition is not necessary.


5. Terms of credit: (a) Interest rate (b) Collateral (c) Documentation requirement. (d) The mode of repayment. (e) The varying terms of credit in different credit arrangements.

WORKSHEET–125

1. An agricultural cooperative is a self-help group. The people are organised into groups and pool is created with their savings. Members are allowed to take small loans from the cooperative society to meet their needs. It charges a reasonable rate of interest within a short time. The cooperative society becomes eligible for taking loans from banks and it can create employment opportunities for the group.

2. People who have surplus money deposit it in the banks. They get an interest on the deposits. The deposit money remains safe in a bank. People can withdraw cash whenever they need. Demand deposits can be used as money

as cheques can be issued against deposits. 3. Working people receive their salaries every month and they deposit the extra cash in

bank accounts opened in their names. Banks accept the deposits and pay an interest on it. People withdraw the money or issue cheques to make payments as and when they require. Banks on the other hand, keep 15% of the deposit money for day-to-day transactions and the rest is given as loans to borrowers at a higher rate of interest than what they give for the deposits. This is their main source of income and this is the basis of the modern banking system.

4. In India, the Reserve of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central government. As per Indian law, no other individual or organisation is allowed to issue currency. Moreover, the law legalises the use of rupee as a medium of payment that cannot be refused in settling transaction in India. No individual in India can legally refuse a payment made in rupees. Hence, the rupee is widely accepted as a medium of exchange.

WORKSHEET–126

1. Advantages of Self-Help Groups: (a) They help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral. (b) They can get timely loans for variety of purposes and at a reasonable interest rate. (c) They are building blocks of the organisation of the rural poor. (d) It helps women to become self-reliant. (e) The regular meetings of the group provide a platform to discuss and act on various

social issues such as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc. 2. People deposit extra cash with the bank by opening a bank accounts in their name.

Banks accept the deposits and also pay an amount as interest on the deposits. In this way people’s money is safe with the banks and it earns an amount of interest. People also have the provision to withdraw the money as and when they require. Since the deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand, these deposits are called demand deposits.


3. Everyone prefers to receive payments in money and then exchange the money for things they want. For example, take the case of a blacksmith. He wants to sell tools in the market and buy rice. The blacksmith will first exchange tools that he has produced for money and then exchange the money for rice.

The transactions are made in money because a person holding money can easily exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she wants.

4. (a) Moneylenders and cooperative societies are the two major sources of credit for rural households in India.

(b) Moneylenders are the most dominant sources of credit for rural households because. (i) Rural households need not to produce certificate of their earning or documents

of their employment while borrowing money from the moneylenders. (ii) Neither they have to show any property or assets as collateral (security or

guarantee).

WORKSHEET–127

1. Money means wealth around which the whole economic activities of every country move. Money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process and, therefore, it is called a medium of exchange.

Role of money in an economy: (a) In our day to day transactions, goods are being bought and sold with the use of money. (b) At times we do exchange services with money. (c) Use of money has made things easier to exchange as we can exchange it for any

commodity we need. (d) The transactions are made in money because a person holding money can easily

exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she wants. (e) The main function of money in an economic system is to facilitate the exchange of

goods and services. (f) Without exchange of money nobody can fulfil his all needs and requirements. 2. The banks play an important role in an economy of a country. (a) They give interest on the money deposited by the people. Thus, they add to the income

of the family. Many families survive on the bank interest. (b) The banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money. (c) Banks provide cheap loans to a large number of people. (d) Banks boost the industry also by providing cheap loans to industrialists. (e) Banks are the backbone of the country’s trade. Banks employ a large number of people and as such they solve the problem of

unemployment to a great extent. 3. Formal credit sector is known as organised sector. This sector provides loan at low rate

of interest. This sector is supervised and controlled by Reserve Bank of India. It mainly includes:

(a) Commercial Banks. Banks accept deposits from the public. Banks maintain minimum cash balance out of the deposits they receive. The balance of cash is used by banks to give loans.


(b) Cooperative Societies. This is another form of formal credit in India. They accept deposits from their members and provide loans to them.

Informal credit sectors in India include credit given by unorgainsed sectors. These sectors meet the credit needs of poor households. They charge high interest rates. There is no organisation which supervises and controls the lending activities of informal sector.

The main informal credit sources are:

(i) Local money lenders

(ii) Traders

(iii) Employers

(iv) Relatives and friends, etc.

(Any two points for each)

4. (a) High rate of interests and undue conditions may find borrowers difficult to repay the loan taken and it push them to debt trap.

(b) In an unexpected situation like a natural calamity and a crop failure, a borrower may find it difficult to repay the loan taken and some times, he will be forced sell a portion of the land or other property to repay the loan.

5. (a) The risk involved in their activities like a crop failure, which may lead to non-repayment of loans.

(b) Banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers who fails to provide collateral security to the loan.

(c) The state has the responsibility of looking after the interests of the poor and under- privileged sections. It is unfair on humanitarian grounds.

Chapter Test

1. National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development

2. Banks and cooperatives

3. Members of group

4. Money is called the medium of exchange because it acts as an intermediate in the exchange process.

5. Loan is an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or services in return for the promise of future payment.

6. Banks are not available everywhere in rural areas. To get a loan from the banks is difficult for a poor person because proper documents and collateral are required. Banks require loan repayment on time. All these detract the poor from taking loans.

7. People who have surplus money deposit it in the banks.

They get an interest on the deposits.

The deposit money remains safe in a bank.

People can withdraw cash whenever they need. Demand deposits can be used as money as cheques can be issued against deposits.


8.


WORKSHEET–128

A. 1. paper notes; currency 2. Reserve Bank of India 3. banks; cooperatives 4. demand deposits 5. loans 6. cooperatives 7. informational sources of credit 8. Reserve Bank of India 9. SHG 10. Collateral

WORKSHEET–129 A. Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–130 A. 1. Account number 2. Bank branch code 3. Cheque number 4. Coding used by banks

B. Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–131 A. Do it yourself.

Formal sector

(a) Provides loans at xed rates and terms.

(b) Supervised by the RBI. (c) They have a ‘social responsibility’ to

give loans to the poor, small-scale industries, etc.

Informal sector

(a) No xed rates of interest and terms and conditions.

(b) No supervision. (c) No such social responsibility for the

moneylender who exploit the poor.


GLOBALISATION AND INDIAN ECONOMY


WORKSHEET–132

1. The process of rapid integration between the countries is called globalisation.

2. Globalisation results in greater competition between producers.

3. World Trade Organisation. It was set up in 1995.

4. It was set up to promote trade among different countries. WTO formulates rules and regulations which all the member countries have to adopt for the betterment of trade.

5. WTO is dominated by the countries like USA and UK.

6. Globalisation results in improving the living condition of common people in developing countries.

7. The most common way is by buying existing local companies.

8. To attract foreign companies to invest in India.

9. The Indian government decided to open the Indian economy to global competition. It would improve the performance of producers within the country. Thus, barriers to foreign trade and investments were removed.

WORKSHEET–133

1. Telecommunications, computers, internet have been rapidly changing the world. They have made contacts between the countries easier. Information can be shared between countries using satellite communication, e-mails, etc. at low costs. This has greatly reduced barriers in the communication.

2. Refer Ans. 5 below.

3. (a) Foreign trade connects markets of different countries.

Foreign investment is made with intention of making profits using cheap raw materials and labour.

(b) Foreign trade improves the quality of products available in the world market.

Foreign investment is aimed at buying local companies and expand production.

4. (a) There is a greater choice available to the consumer in goods.

(b) The quality of goods has improved.

(c) Prices are lower.

5. The MNCs are working all over the world by investing and producing goods. This has increased global trade. MNC controls foreign trade as well. This has resulted in a greater integration of production and markets across the world. There are more and more goods, services and investments moving across the globe.

This process is called globalisation.


WORKSHEET–134

1. SEZs or Special Economic Zones are set-up to attract foreign companies to invest in India. They are provided with world class facilities like water, electricity, roads, transport, storage, etc. The companies which set up production units in these places get a tax exemption for 5 years. The government has introduced flexible labour laws in order to attract foreign investment.

2. The MNCs not only sell finished products made by companies globally but also they produce goods and services globally. The production process is divided into parts and spread across the globe especially in a cheap manufacturing location. In countries like India and China, they find cheap labour, raw materials and tax rules. In India, there is a large English-speaking population which can be trained and employed in service industry.

3. Trade barriers like import tax were set by governments to regulate foreign trade and to decide what kinds of goods should come into India and in how much quantity.

Such barriers were introduced in order to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition. This was done to protect the upcoming industries which could not have withstood foreign competition at that early stage of industrialisation after independence. Later, the government discarded it because it (government) felt that Indian producers should face competition and improve quality of products in comparison to the producers around the globe.

4. (a) Impact on producers: (i) There is increased competition because new technology and production methods used by MNCs have raised the quality of production and products made, (ii) The companies, now have new opportunities to provide services in various fields.

(b) Impact on workers: (i) Many small producers have been hard hit and closed down while the workers have lost their jobs. (ii) Flexible labour laws have made jobs insecure, (iii) The workers work for long hours. (iv) Their employment is temporary and hence, their wages remain low.

5. Various ways in which MNCs control production in other countries: (a) By setting up partnerships with local companies. (b) By closely competing with local companies or buying them up. The most common

route for MNC investments is to buy up local companies and to expand production. With their huge wealth they can easily do so.

(c) By using local companies for supply—Large MNCs in developed countries place orders for production with small producers, for example, garments, footwear, sports item, etc. The products are supplied to MNCs which then sell these under their own brand names to the customers. These large MNCs have great power to determine price, quality, delivery and labour conditions for these distant producers.

WORKSHEET–135

1. Due to globalisation there is greater choice before the people belonging to well-off sections. They now enjoy improved quality and lower prices for several products. As a result, these people today, enjoy much higher standards of living than was possible earlier.

2. World Trade Organisation (WTO) is an organisation whose aim is to liberalise international trade. It was set up in early 1995. It helps to remove trade barriers and create a free environment for foreign trade. It establishes rules regarding international trade and sees that these rules are obeyed. 149 countries are at present members of the WTO.


Though WTO is supposed to allow free trade for all, in practice, it is seen that the developed nations have unfairly retained trade barriers. On the other hand, WTO rules have forced the developing countries to remove trade barriers.

3. Flexibility in labour laws has badly affected the workers. MNCs employ them on a temporary basis in order to cut costs. They do not pay throughout the year. During peak seasons, workers are made to work for long hours and in night shifts. They are also not given fair wages. This forces them to lead a very hard and highly insecured life.

4. One good effect of globalisation on India: Globalisation has resulted in greater competition among producers—both local and

foreign. As a result quality of the products has been improved. At the same time prices of goods have been lowered.

One bad effect of globalisation on India: For a large number of small producers and workers globalisation has posed a great

problem. The small producers failed to compete and got perished. Several units have shut down rendering many workers jobless.

5. (a) An MNC operates in more than one nation. (b) They bring latest technology. (c) MNCs have huge financial resources. (d) The most common route for MNC investment is to buy up local companies and then

to expand production. (e) MNCs have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery and labour

conditions for these distant producers. Any other relevant point. (Any three points to be highlighted)

WORKSHEET–136

1. (a) Foreign trade is exchange of goods – purchase and sale – across geographical boundaries of countries.

(b) Goods travel from one market to another. (c) Choice of goods available in the market increases. (d) Prices of similar goods in different markets tend to become equal. (e) Producers in two countries closely compete against each other even though they are

separated by geographical distances. Thus foreign trade results in connecting markets or integration of markets in different countries.

2. Trade barrier means restrictions imposed on import and export of goods. It is called so because some restrictions have been put up. The trade barriers provide protection to domestic goods from foreign competition. The government can use barriers to increase or decrease (regulate) foreign trade and to decide what kind of goods and services and how much of each should come into the country.

Reasons for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by the Indian Government were:

(a) To protect the domestic producers within the country from foreign competition (b) The competition from importers would have crippled the new-born industries of India.

In such a situation, imports of only such commodities were allowed which were quite necessary such as machinery, fertilisers, petroleum etc.

(c) During 1950s and 1960s, competition from imports was giving a death blow to growing industries in India. Hence, India allowed imports of only essential goods.


3. The government can play a major role in ensuring a fair globalisation in India: (a) Its policies must protect the interests, not only of the rich and the powerful, but all

the people in the country. (b) The government can ensure that labour laws are properly implemented and workers

get their rights. (c) It can support small producers to improve their performance till the time they become

strong enough to compete. (d) If necessary, the government can use trade and investment barriers. (e) It can negotiate at the WTO for ‘fairer rules’. (f) It can also align with other developing countries with similar interests to fight against

the domination of developed countries in the WTO. 4. Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the

globalisation process. For instances, the past fifty years have seen several improvements in transportation technology. This has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs.

Even more remarkable have been the developments in information and communication technology. In the recent times, technology in the areas of tele-communication, computers, Internet has been changing rapidly. Telecommunication facilities (Telegraph, telephone including mobile phones, fax) are used to contact one another around the world, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas. This has been facilitated by satellite communication devices. Computers have now entered almost every field of activity. Internet allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voice-mail) across the world at negligible costs.

WORKSHEET–137

1. MNC is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation. Ways in which MNCs control production in other countries:

(a) Buy up local companies and then expand production, e.g., Cargill Foods, a very large American MNC, has brought over smaller Indian companies such as Parakh Foods.

(b) Place orders for production with small producers of the countries, e.g., garments, footwear, etc.

(c) Set up production jointly with some of the local companies of these countries, e.g., Ford Motors, an American company, manufactures automobiles in Chennai, India in collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of Jeeps and Trucks.

2. Information and communication technology is closely connected with globalisation. In recent times, technology in the areas of telecommunications, computers, internet has been changing rapidly.

(a) Telecommunications facilities such as telegraph, telephone including mobiles, fax have brought the world closer. Now people can contact around the world easily. These developments are used to access the information instantly and communicate in the remote areas.

(b) Computer and internet have entered in almost all the fields. Internet allows one to share information on almost everything. We can send instant e-mail and talk through voice-mail across the world at almost negligible cost.

3. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary. Mostly, they are imposed on imported commodities.

Tariffs are imposed on goods


To protect infant industries of the home country. To prevent the dumping of foreign countries. A source of revenue.

WORKSHEET–138

1. The Indian government, after Independence, had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment. This was considered necessary to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition. Industries were just coming up in the 1950s and 1960s, and competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to come up. Thus, India allowed imports of only essential items such as machinery, fertilizers, petroleum, etc. All developed countries, during the early stages of development, have given protection to domestic producers through a variety of means.

2. (a) Competition helped to survive good quality products only in the market at reasonable price, which helped consumers. It provided them a lot of choice in purchasing.

(b) It helped to absorb advanced technology at work and made our labour force competent. 3. (a) Developed countries want to interfere in the internal matters of developing countries.

They want to dominate these poor countries in the form of neo-colonialism. (b) The developed countries want to control international trade and get market for their

products. They even want safe places to invest their capital to maximize the profit. Therefore the developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment.

(c) Developing countries should demand advanced technology, financial assistance with low rate of interest and liberalization of their immigration laws to absorb skilled labourers.

4. (a) Globalisation and greater competition among producers have been advantageous to consumers particularly the well off sections in the urban area. Now a variety of goods at reasonable price is available to them.

(b) There is a greater choice to consumers now with improved quality of products. As result, these people today enjoy higher standards of living than before.

Chapter Test 1. Privatisation. It means allowing the private sector to set up more and more of such

industries as were previously reserved for public sector. Liberalisation. It means reducing government interference in economic activities and

encouraging privatisation. 2. World Trade Organisation. 3. The most important factor is rapid improvement in technology. 4. Fair globalisation creates opportunities for all and ensures that its benefits are better

shared. 5. Investment means money spent on buying land, building and machines. 6. It gives opportunity for the production to reach beyond the domestic market. 7. (a) Rapid integration between countries. (b) More goods and services moving between countries (c) Movement of people between countries for jobs and education 8. The new ‘global’ employers want flexibility in employing workers. The jobs are available

on a contract basis and hence jobs are no longer secure. They do not want to employ


workers throughout the year and thereby cut labour cost. They pay low wages and force them to work for long hours.

9. The MNCs work all over the world by controlling production of goods in many parts of the world. They buy products from small-scale producers and sell them under their own brand name. They bene t by determining the prices and the quality of goods. They ensure delivery of goods in time. They also determine labour conditions.

10. The liberalisation process from 1991 has made changes in the economy of India. It marked the beginning of global competition for the Indian economy.

Trade barriers were removed. These measures have been supported by WTO. This has resulted in competition for the local producers as they have to compete with

globally made products. This has improved the quality of goods made in India.


WORKSHEET–139 A. 1. Foreign Direction Investment 2. Value of trade 3. foreign investment 4. local company 5. beyond foreign markets 6. globalisation 7. American; automobile 8. Trade barriers 9. World Trade Organisation 10. 1991

WORKSHEET–140 A. 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. False 6. True 7. True 8. False 9. True 10. True

Projects: Do it yourself.

CONSUMER RIGHTS


WORKSHEET–141 1. 15th March is celebrated as World Consumer Rights Day. 2. On 24th December every year. 3. Bureau of Indian Standards 4. (a) Right to be choose (b) Right to seek redressal


(c) Right to be informed (d) Right to represent 5. Hallmark refers to a certi cation on the quality of precious metals like gold and silver. 6. BIS. 7. The consumer movement started in India in the 1960s to promote the interests of

consumers against unethical and unfair practices, rampant food shortages, hoarding, blackmarketing, adulteration of food, etc.

8. Exploitation in the market place happens in various ways. Traders, sometimes, indulge in unfair trade practices like when shopkeepers weigh less than what they should etc. Thus, there is a need for rules and regulations to ensure protection for consumers.

WORKSHEET–142 1. (a) The consumers may go to local consumer forums which are voluntary organisations

for guidance on how to file a case in the consumer court. (b) There are Consumer Courts at three levels to deal with cases under the COPRA. (c) There is a separate department of consumer affairs in the state and central

governments which spread information about this to people. 2. (a) The consumer movement arose out of dissatisfaction of the consumers as many unfair

practices were being indulged in by the sellers. (b) There was no legal system to protect them from exploitation in the market place. (c) The consumer awareness was necessary to protect and promote the interests of the

consumer against malpractices by traders. 3. Many companies which produce and sell goods are wealthy, powerful and can manipulate

the market in many ways. They may use advertisements and media to mislead people and attract consumers. For

example, a milk powder company advertised that their product is better than mother’s milk.

4. Right of Consumers which are provided by law: (a) Right to safety (b) Right to be informed – Right to choose (c) Right to be heard – Right to seek redressal (d) Right to consumer education. 5. Factors causing exploitation of Consumers: (a) Limited information (b) Limited supplies (c) Limited competition (d) Low literacy 6. Duties of Consumers: (a) To purchase quality marked products such as ISI, AGMARK, etc. (b) To ask for cash memo for the items purchased whenever possible. (c) To make complaint for genuine grievances consumers must know their rights and

must exercise them. 7. Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (COPRA) was enacted to protect and promote the interest

of consumers. (a) Under COPRA a three-tier quasi-judicial machinery at the district, state and national

levels is set-up for redressal of consumer disputes. (b) The district level court deals with the cases involving claims upto ` 20 lakhs; (c) The State level courts between ` 20 lakhs and ` 1 crore and the national court deals

with cases involving claims exceeding ` 1 crore.


WORKSHEET–143 1. Under COPRA, a three-tier quasi-judicial machinery at district, state and national levels

has been setup for redressal of consumer disputes. (a) The district level court deals with the cases involving claims up to ` 20 lakhs. (b) The state level courts take cases between ` 20 lakhs to ` 1 crore. (c) The national level court deals with the cases involving claims exceeding ` 1 crore. (d) If the case is dismissed at district level court, the consumer can also appeal in state

and then in national level courts. 2. The consumer redressal process is becoming burdensome because (a) Many times consumers are required to engage lawyers. (b) These cases require time for filing and attending the court proceedings, etc. (c) In most purchases cash memos are not issued hence evidence is not easy to gather.

Most purchases in the market are small retail sales. (d) The existing laws are also not very clear on the issue of compensation to consumers

injured by defective products. (e) Filing cases, attending court proceedings, hiring lawyers, and other procedures make

it cumbersome. 3. (a) The need for consumer awareness was felt when traders and manufacturers began to

indulge in unfair practices such as they began to charge high prices, sell adulterated goods, weight less than what they should, etc. For example, in 1999, their lust for money led to an enormous rise in the price of onions.

(b) The need for consumer awareness was felt with high intensity when some corrupt traders began to play with the health to the people by indulging in adulteration of edible oils, milk, butter, ghee, etc. For example, even spurious medicines were introduced. It was beyond the patience of the nation.

4. Consumer is exploited when traders : (a) charge higher prices. (b) follow unfair trade practices. (c) weigh less than they should. (d) sell adulterated goods. (e) sell defective goods.

(Any three points to be explained)

WORKSHEET–144 1. In India, the consumer movement originated as a social force with the necessity of

protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices. Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration of edible oil gave birth to the consumer movement in an organised form in 1960s. Till the 1970s, consumer organisations were largely engaged in writing articles and holding exhibitions. They formed consumer groups to look into the malpractices in ration shops and over-crowding in the road passenger transport. This movement succeeded in bringing pressure on business firms as well as government to correct business conduct. Finally, a major step was taken by the Indian government in the form of enactment of COPRA in 1986. India has been observing 24 December as National Consumers’ Day as it was on this day that COPRA was enacted in 1986.

2. The consumer movement in India has made some progress in terms of numbers of organised groups and their activities. There are today more than 700 consumer groups in the country of which, unfortunately only about 20-25 are well organised and recognised for


their work. However, the consumer redressal process is becoming cumbersome, expensive and time consuming because

(a) Many a time, consumers are required to engage lawyers. (b) These cases require time for filing and attending the court proceedings, etc. (c) In most purchases cash memos are not issued hence evidence is not easy to gather.

Moreover most purchases in the market are small retail sales. (d) The existing laws are also not very clear on the issue of compensation to consumers

injured by defective products. (e) Filing cases, attending court proceedings, hiring lawyers, and other procedures make

it cumbersome. 3. Right to information about the details of the goods and services that consumers purchase

is essential in order to protect their interest or save them from exploitation in the marketplace. Every product must carry certain details on the packing such as date of manufacture, expiry date, address of the manufacturer, etc. If any product proves to be defective in any manner, consumers can complain and ask for compensation or replacement of it.

4. These are logos and certifications which help consumers get assured of quality while purchasing goods and services.

(a) The organisations that monitor and issue these certificates allow producers to use their logos provided they follow certain quality standards.

(b) It is not compulsory for all producers to follow standards. However, the products that affect health and safety of consumers or the products of mass consumption such as LPG cylinders, food colours and additives, drinking water, it is mandatory on the part of the producers to get certified by these organisations.

WORKSHEET–145 1. (a) Consumers are exploited in a number of ways in the market. Individual consumers

often find themselves difficult to protect their interests. Therefore, rules and regulations are required to protect the interest of consumers.

(b) Sometimes traders indulge in unfair trade practices such asunder weight and under measurement, adulteration, hoarding etc.

(c) Whenever a complaint regarding goods or service is made, the seller tries to shift all the responsibility on to the buyer.

(d) Certain rules and regulations are required for the markets to work in a fair manner when producers are few and powerful whereas consumers purchase in small amounts and are scattered.

2. (a) Since most of the consumers are illiterate and ignorant, trades find it easy to exploit them. With the greed of making enormous profit they manufacture and sell such goods.

(b) We do find bad quality products in the market because the supervision of the rules and regulations is weak and the consumer movement is not strong enough. There are loopholes in the laws to protect them.

3. (a) It helps consumers to choose the best product after knowing the information given by different products. It helps the consumers to use the product effectively.

(b) It comply the right of the consumers to be informed and to seek remedy through courts.

4. (a) It is the right of the consumer to get information about ingredients used, price, batch number, date of manufacture, expiry date and the address of the manufacturer, after sales service, etc. of a product.


(b) When we buy medicines, on the packets, we find ‘directions for proper use’ and information relating to side effects and risks associated with usage of that medicine. When we buy garments, we find information on ‘ instructions for washing’.

(c) It helps consumers to choose the best product after knowing the information given by different products. It helps the consumers to use the product effectively.

(d) It comply the right of the consumers to be informed and to seek remedy through courts. Rules are made because it is the right of consumers to be informed. Consumers can complain and ask for compensation or replacement of the product proves defective.

(e) Similarly consumers can protest and complain if someone sells goods at more than the MRP (Maximum Retail Price).

Chapter Test 1. The most important factor is rapid improvement in technology. 2. Fair globalisation creates opportunities for all and ensures that its benefits are better shared. 3. Investment means money spent on buying land, building and machines. 4. It gives opportunity for the production to reach beyond the domestic market. 5. (a) Rapid integration between countries. (b) More goods and services moving between countries (c) Movement of people between countries for jobs and education 6. These details are given because the consumer has a ‘right to be informed’ about the

products and services that he uses and ask for redressal, compensation and replacement if the product is defective. One can protest if the price charged is more than MRP, etc.

7. (a) The need for consumer awarness was felt when traders and manufacturers began to indulge in unfair practices such as they began to charge high prices, sell adulterated goods, weight less than what they should, etc. For example, in 1999, their lust for money led to an enormous rise in the price of onions.

(b) The need for consumer awareness was felt with high intensity when some corrupt traders began to play with the health to the people by indulging in adulteration of edible oils, milk, butter, ghee, etc. For example, even spurious medicines were introduced. It was beyond the patience of the nation.

8. Demerits of Consumer Redressal Process: (a) The consumer redressal process is a cumbersome, expensive and time-consuming. (b) Consumers are required to engage lawyers. The cases require time for filling and

attending the court proceedings, etc. (c) When purchases are made, cash memos are not issued and there is no evidence of

purchases made. Most purchases in the market are small retail sales. (d) The enforcement of laws that protect workers, especially in the unorganised sectors

is weak. (e) Rules and regulations for working of markets are often not followed.


WORKSHEET–146

Do it yourself.

WORKSHEET–147

Do it yourself.


DISASTER MANAGEMENT


TSUNAMI–THE KILLER SEA WAVES

WORKSHEET–148 A. 1. Do it yourself. B. 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (c) C. Do it yourself D. Do it yourself E. Do it yourself

SAFER CONSTRUCTION PRACTICESWORKSHEET–149

A. Do it yourself B. Do it yourself C. Do it yourself D. Do it yourself

SURVIVAL SKILLS

WORKSHEET–150

A. 1. Search and rescue 2. Infra-red cameras 3. Acoustic devices 4. Bio radars 5. First aid 6. Ingested poison 7. Inhaled poisons 8. Absorbed poisons 9. DRABC 10. Dog bite B. Do it yourself C. Do it yourself D. Do it yourself E. Do it yourself F. Do it yourself

ALTERNATE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS DURING DISASTERS

WORKSHEET–151

A. 1. Public Switched Telephone Network 2. National Information Centre 3. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited 4. International Telecommunication Union 5. Communication Satellites 6. Satellite Communication 7. Satellite Phone Terminal 8. Amateur Station Operators Licence 9. Indian National Satellite 10. Indian Remote Sensing B. 1. Public wired telephone 2. Radio waves 3. Walky talky 4. Amateur radio 5. Amateurs or Hams 6. Satellite based communication systems 7. COMSATs 8. SATCOMs 9. SATCOMs 10. Transponder C. Do it yourself D. Do it yourself

SHARING RESPONSIBILITY

WORKSHEET–152

Do it yourself.


PRACTICE PAPER 1

1. 1834 2. Agro based industry 3. CPI-M 4. India 5. Liberalisation and Privatisation contributes to the economic development of a country 6. Banks and cooperatives 7. Globalisation 8. It is a certification to assure the quality of the agro products e.g., juice, sauce, pickles,

etc. marked by it. 9. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-82) was a famous Italian freedom fighter. He managed a large

number of volunteers apart from regular troops. In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. He supported Victor Emmanuel II in his efforts to unify the Italian states and in 1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

Or French colonisation adopted the idea of a ‘civilising mission’. They wanted to educate the

‘native’ to civilise them. They were also doing so because they required educated local labour force. But they feared that education might create problems.

(a) Educated Vietnamese may question colonial domination. (b) French citizens living in Vietnam (called colons) also developed fear of losing their

jobs as teachers, shopkeepers, policemen to the educated Vietnamese. So they opposed policies that would give the Vietnamese full access to French education.

10. After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi organised several satyagraha movements in various places:

(a) In 1917, he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle against the exploitative plantation system.

(b) In 1917, he organised a satyagraha movement is support of the Kheda peasants in Gujarat. These peasants were very much worried due to crop failure and a plague epidemic. Since they could not pay the revenue, they demanded relaxation in revenue collection.

(c) In 1918, he went to Ahmedabad to organise satyagraha movement among the workers of cotton mills.

Or Germany was divided in many states. In 1848, the German confederation and Prussia

tried organising themselves into a German state. Three wars – Danish War in 1864, Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and Franco-Prussian War in 1870-71 were fought which ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification.

11. In the areas conquered by Napoleon, the reactions of the local populations to French rule were mixed.

In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in certain cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies had been welcomed as champions of liberty. But the enthusiasm became hostility, when it became clear that the new administrative arrangements conflicted with political freedom. The new regulations led to increased taxes, censorship of the press, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe etc. These harsh laws were unpopular.


12. Manufacturing industries are considered as the backbone of development in general and economic development in particular mainly because –

(a) Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy. They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

(b) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from our country. It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.

(c) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.

13. The most important Information Technology centres in India are Bengaluru, Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.

A major impact of this industry has been on employment generation. Upto 31 March 2005, the IT industry employed over one million persons. This number is expected to increase eight-fold in the next 3 to 4 years. It is encouraging to know that 30 per cent of the people employed in this sector are women.

14. The importance of roadways over railways: (a) Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines. (b) Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography. (c) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains

such as the Himalayas. (d) Road transport is economical in transportation of a few persons and relatively smaller

amount of goods over short distances. (e) It also provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of loading and unloading is much

lower. (f) Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport such as they

provide a link between railway stations, air and seaports. 15. FEDECOR was the organisation that led the Water War in Bolivia. They organised a

four-day strike in January, 2000 and forced the government to negotiate the price of water which was prescribed by the MNC. The government agreed and the strike was called off in hope of positive results. But nothing happened. Then FEDECOR organised another strike in April 2000. It forced the MNC to flee and finally the government conceded to its demands.

16. Political parties have three components; namely, (a) Leaders, who play an important role in popularising the ideology of the party. (b) Active members, who look after the party organisation. (c) Followers from the grassroot workers, who mobilise people for public meetings,


17. (a) Political parties reduce a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic positions which it support. The government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the ruling party.

(b) The parties that lose the elections play role of the opposition. They voice different views and criticise government for its failures or wrong policies. Opposition parties also mobilise opposition to the government.

(c) Political parties shape public opinion by raising and highlighting issues. The political parties put before various problems of the country and try to explain them in easy way through magazines, booklets and meetings.


18. The banks play an important role in an economy of a country. (a) They give interest on the money deposited by the people. Thus they add to the income

of the family. Many families survive on the bank interest. (b) The banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need

money. (c) Banks provide cheap loans to a large number of people. (d) Banks boost the industry also by providing cheap loans to industrialists. (e) Banks are the backbone of the country’s trade. Banks employ a large number of people and as such they solve the problem of

unemployment to a great extent. 19. World Trade Organisation (WTO) is an organisation whose aim is to liberalise international

trade. It was set up in early 1995. It helps to remove trade barriers and create a free environment for foreign trade. It establishes rules regarding international trade and sees that these rules are obeyed. 149 countries are at present members of the WTO.

Though WTO is supposed to allow free trade for all, in practice, it is seen that the developed nations have unfairly retained trade barriers. On the other hand, WTO rules have forced the developing countries to remove trade barriers.

20. Legal measures taken by the government to empower consumers in India are plenty. First and foremost is the COPRA that came into existence in 1986. Then, in October 2005, the Right to Information Act was passed, ensuring citizens all information about the functioning of government departments. Also, under COPRA, a consumer can appeal in state and national courts, if his case has been dismissed at the district level. Thus, consumers have the right to represent themselves in consumer courts now.




22. The Satyagraha had a deep impact on the political situation in India. In 1919, Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against Rowlatt Act

(1919). This Act had been passed by the Imperial Legislative Council despite unanimous opposition by the Indian members. This Act gave the government a lot of powers to repress political activities, and imprison political prisoners without trial for two years. Mahatma Gandhi started a non-violent civil disobedience against this Act on 6 April.

During the Satyagraha, people organized hartals in cities, railway workers went on strike, and shops were closed down. The British administration started repression. Local leaders like Dr Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu were arrested from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.

On 10 April, the police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession and people reacted by attacking banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed by General Dyer.


On 13 April the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre took place. General Dyer’s aim was to ‘produce a moral effect’, so that no one would dare to oppose the British rule.

People were shocked at the incident. They gathered on the streets to protest. The government reacted by humiliating and terrorising people. Mahatma Gandhi called off the movement as it was turning violent.

Or The French revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French

nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism. Jacobin clubs were set up by students and other members of educated middle classes in Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. Napoleon introduced a number of rational and efficient reforms in the administrative field in the areas conquered by him.



In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, in cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were seen as champions of liberty. But the enthusiasm became hostility, when it became clear that the new administrative arrangements conflicted with political freedom. The new regulations led to increased taxes, censorship of the press, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe, etc. These harsh laws were unpopular.

The French Revolution stood for liberal democracy. However, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men and under the Jacobins all adult males enjoyed suffrage. However, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights.


23. (a) Coal is an important fossil fuel of India. (b) It is the most abundantly available fossil fuel. (c) It provides about 80% of the nation’s energy needs. (d) India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial energy requirements. (e) In India, coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages—Gondwana and tertiary

deposits. While Gondwana coal is about 200 million years old, tertiary deposits are approximately 55 million years old. The major resources of Gondwana (metallurgical) coal are located in the Damodar valley (West Bengal, Jharkhand), Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro are important coalfields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits, Tertiary coals occur in the north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.

24. Manufacturing means producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. Manufacturing helps transforming the raw materials into finished goods on a large scale and thus helps earning profit as finished goods are costlier than raw materials. For instance paper is manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane, iron and steel from iron ore, clothes from yarn and aluminium from bauxite.


Importance of manufacturing industries. Manufacturing sector is the backbone of economic development. The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries in it.

(a) Agricultural development. Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture, which forms the backbone of our economy. It also helps people providing jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

(b) Industrial development. It helps reducing unemployment and poverty from our country. It reduces regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.

(c) Export of manufactured goods helps earning foreign exchange. (d) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of finished goods

of higher value are prosperous. India’s prosperity lies in increasing and diversifying its manufacturing industries as quickly as possible.

25. Similarities: (a) The popular struggles of Nepal and Bolivia are instances of political conflict led to

the popular struggles. In both the cases the struggle involved mass mobilisation. (b) Both the instances involved critical role of political organisations. Differences: (a) The movement in Nepal was to establish democracy while in Bolivia the struggle

involved claims on an elected democratic government. (b) In Bolivia, the struggle was about one specific policy, while struggle in Nepal was

about the foundations of the country’s politics. (c) Both these struggles were successful but their impact was at different levels. 26. We cannot think modern democracies without political parties. In case there are no

political parties every candidate in the elections will be independent, no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes. The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain. Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituencies for what they do in their localies. But, no one will be responsible for how the country will run.

Just look at the non-party based elections to the Panchayats in many states. Although, the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed the village gets split into more than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This is why we find political parties in almost all countries of the world.

They agree on policies and programmes to promote collective good and influence people to know why their policies are better than those of others. They try to implement the policies by winning popular support through elections. They reflect fundamental division in a society.

The absense of political parties would affect a democracy badly. The interest of all the people would not reach the Parliament and, therefore, some sections of people would remain behind the main stream. They won’t get all the welfare measures.

27. An agricultural cooperative is a self-help group. The people are organised into groups and pool is created with their savings. Members are allowed to take small loans from the cooperative society to meet their needs. It charges a reasonable rate of interest within a short time. The cooperative society becomes eligible for taking loans from banks and it can create employment opportunities for the group.

28. Various ways in which MNCs control production in other countries: (a) By setting up partnerships with local companies. (b) By closely competing with local companies or buying them up. The most common

route for MNC investments is to buy up local companies and to expand production. With their huge wealth they can easily do so.


(c) By using local companies for supply—Large MNCs in developed countries place orders for production with small producers, e.g. garments, footwear, sports item etc. The products are supplied to MNCs which then sell these under their own brand names to the customers. These large MNCs have great power to determine price, quality, delivery and labour conditions for these distant producers.

29.

Lahore

Delhi

Chauri Chaura


30.

Ankleshwar

Ramagundam

Kudramukh


PRACTICE PAPER 2

1. England, Russia, Prussia and Austria 2. Iron 3. Bolivia’s Water war 4. Integral Humanism 5. It encourages and promotes equality and enhances the dignity and quality of life of its

citizens. 6. It is called the medium of exchange as it enables one to purchase goods and services on

demand without going into the intricacies of exchange of goods. 7. Improved travel links and communications have stimulated globalisation. 8. International organisation of standardisation. 9. The Hoa Hao movement contained religious fervour. It began in 1939 and was popular

in the Mekong delta area, region of Vietnam. The founder of Hoa Hao movement was a man called Huynh Phu So. He performed

miracles and helped the poor. He criticized useless expenditure and opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium. Thus, he inspired movements against colonial rule.

The French tried to suppress the movement. They declared him mad, and put him in a mental asylum. But the doctors declared him sane in the last. The French authorities then exiled him to Laos and sent many of his followers to concentration camps.

Or After arriving in India, Mahatma Gandhi organised several satyagraha movements in

various places: (a) In 1917, he travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle

against the exploitative plantation system. (b) In 1917, he organised a satyagraha movement is support of the Kheda peasants in

Gujarat. These peasants were very much worried due to crop failure and a plague epidemic. Since they could not pay the revenue, they demanded relaxation in revenue collection.

(c) In 1918, he went to Ahmedabad to organise satyagraha movement among the workers of cotton mills.

10. In Western and many parts of Central Europe, the growth of industrial production and trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of economic commercial classes. England was industrialised from the second half of the eighteenth century and in France and parts of the German states, this took shape only in the nineteenth century. New social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals. In Central and Eastern Europe, these groups were smaller in number till late nineteenth century. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.

Or Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mixture of Buddhism, Confucianism and local practices.

Christianity, introduced by French missionaries, was intolerant of this easygoing attitude towards religion and viewed the Vietnamese tendency to worship the supernatural as


something to be corrected. Thus, from the eighteenth century, many religious movements came into existence which were hostile to the Western presence. The Scholars Revolt in 1868 was an example of such a movement. This movement was against French control and the spread of Christianity.

11. Colonies were organised with two objectives in mind: Firstly, colonies supplied natural resources and other essential goods to the mother

country. Secondly, France thought it was the mission of the ‘advanced’ European countries to bring the benefits of civilization to backward peoples.

The French built canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation. It was built with forced labour. As a result, rice production increased and it began to be exported to international markets.

This was followed by infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move military garrison and control the entire region. They constructed trans-Indo-China rail network that linked the northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China by 1910. The second line, linking Vietnam to Siam (old name of present day Thailand), via the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh was built.

12. The factors affecting the location of industries are: (a) Availability of raw material (b) Availability of cheap labour (c) Availability of easy capital (d) Availability of cheap and abundant power supply (e) Nearness to the market (f) Government policies 13. Ways for the judicious use of energy resources: (a) using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles. (b) switching off electricity when not in use. (c) using power-saving devices and using non-conventional sources of energy. 14. Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. For instance, the agro-industries in India

have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. They depend on the latter for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, plastic and PVC pipes, machines and tools, etc. to the farmers. Thus, development and competitiveness of manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturists in increasing their production but also made the production processes very efficient.

15. Indian democracy needs many reforms: (a) New laws can be introduced to ban undesirable things. (b) It is important to improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizens. (c) Reforms in the administration that will reduce corruption in the political circles and

the bureaucracy. 16. In a democracy, all people enjoy equal political rights but a small number of people

remain ultra rich and the majority remain poor. However, the problem of poverty is not looked into seriously by democratic regimes. The poor sections are not provided equal opportunities in education, nutrition, health care etc.

17. The ruling parties are those which have formed the government after winning the majority seats in the Legislature/Parliament. They run government. They make policy decisions. They recruit leaders, trains them and then make them masters to run the government.

18. (a) To develop saving habit among its members. (b) To help each other at times of need for credit.


(c) To save them from the moneylenders and the debt trap. (d) To overcome the problem of collateral for loans and to become financially self-reliant. 19. It was considered necessary to protect native producers of goods from foreign competition.

The industries were new and coming up and they needed protection from the government. Thus, there were restrictions on the import of certain goods like machinery, fertiliser petroleum etc.

20. (a) Consumers are exploited in a number of ways in the market. Individual consumers often find themselves difficult to protect their interests. Therefore, rules and regulations are required to protect the interest of consumers.

(b) Sometimes traders indulge in unfair trade practices such asunder weight and under measurement, adulteration, hoarding etc.

(c) Whenever a complaint regarding goods or service is made, the seller tries to shift all the responsibility on to the buyer.

(d) Certain rules and regulations are required for the markets to work in a fair manner when producers are few and powerful whereas consumers purchase in small amounts and are scattered.

21. (a) In 1845, the Silesian weavers revolted against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.

(b) Dissatisfied and resented weavers emerged from their homes on 4 June and marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.

(c) When the contractor showed reluctance, a group of them forced their way into the house, smashed its elegant window panes, furniture, porcelain, etc. Another group broke into the store house and plundered it of supplies of cloth which they tore to shreds.

(d) The contractor fled with his family to a neighbouring village which ultimately refused to shelter such a person. He returned 24 hours later having requisitioned the army. In the exchange that followed, eleven weavers were shot.

22. The French revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and the destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from despotism. Jacobin clubs were set up by students and other members of educated middle classes in Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and much of Italy in the 1790s. Napoleon introduced a number of rational and efficient reforms in the administrative field in the areas conquered by him.



In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, in cities like Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were seen as champions of liberty. But the enthusiasm became hostility, when it became clear that the new administrative arrangements


conflicted with political freedom. The new regulations led to increased taxes, censorship of the press, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of Europe, etc. These harsh laws were unpopular.

The French Revolution stood for liberal democracy. However, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to property-owning men and under the Jacobins all adult males enjoyed suffrage. However, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal political rights.


Or Mahatma Gandhi started his famous Salt March (Dandi March) accompanied by 78 of his

trusted volunteers. The march was over 240 miles, from Gandhiji’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi.

The volunteers walked for 24 days, about 10 miles a day. Thousands came to hear Mahatma Gandhi wherever he stopped, and he told them what he meant by swaraj and urged them to peacefully defy the British.

On 6 April, he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.

This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. 23. We need to conserve energy resources because of the following reasons: Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Every sector of national

economy–agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic–needs inputs of energy, There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development. India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world. We have to adopt a cautious approach for judicious use of our limited energy resources.

Various development plans require increasing amount of energy to remain operational. The success of economic development plans depends on energy resources. Consumption of energy in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country. Therefore,

it is necessary to minimise its consumption. We must keep it in mind that our energy resources are limited.

There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development. We should promote energy conservation and use of renewable energy resources.

24. Factors that control industrial location are: (a) Availability of Raw Material The industries are largely located at the places where the raw material is available

in abundance and at cheaper rates in close proximity. (b) Favourable Climate The industries are densely found in the regions where the climate is favourable for its

growth and functioning. For instance in Maharashtra, due to the presence of humid climate all the year around the thread does not break frequently. And this type of climate is favourable for the cotton textile industries.


(c) Market Market in the nearby areas is also an important requirement for the location of

industries for selling of goods manufactured. The regions having market in the adjoining regions to selloff the finished goods are likely to have more industries.

25. Democracies generally develop a procedure to conduct competition and reduce tensions between diverse groups. They can handle social differences, divisions and conflicts better than non-democratic regimes. Democracies are accommodative to the needs of minorities, weaker and discriminated sections of people.

26. All the suggestions or proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy are called democratic reforms or political reform.

(a) Reforming politics by making new laws. (b) Carefully devised changes in law can help to discourage wrong political practices and

encourage good ones. (c) Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes

the results may be counter productive. For example, many states have banned people who have more than two children from contesting panchayat elections. This has resulted in denial of democratic opportunity to many poor people and women.

(d) The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. (e) The Right to Information Act is a good example of a law that empowers the people

to find out what is happening in government. (f) Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice. (g) Any proposal for political reform should think not only about what is a good solution

but also about who will implement it and how. 27. Demerits of Consumer Redressal Process: (a) The consumer redressal process is a cumbersome, expensive and time-consuming. (b) Consumers are required to engage lawyers. The cases require time for filling and

attending the court proceedings etc. (c) When purchases are made, cash memos are not issued and there is no evidence of

purchases made. Most purchases in the market are small retail sales. (d) The enforcement of laws that protect workers, especially in the unorganised sectors

is weak. (e) Rules and regulations for working of markets are often not followed. 28. Formal sources of credit: (a) The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of credit. (b) The RBI monitors the banks and cooperatives in actually maintaining cash balance.

Similarly, the RBI sees that these banks give loans not just to profit-making businesses and traders but also to small cultivators, small-scale industries, small borrowers, etc.

(c) Periodically banks have to submit information to the RBI on how much they are lending and to whom, at what interest rate, etc.

Informal sources of credit: (a) It includes moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends, etc. (b) There is no one to supervise their credit activities. Therefore, it can charge whatever

interest rate they choose. (c) There is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their money back.


29.

(a) Amritsar

Calcutta

Tiruchirapalli

1


30.

Bihar

(a) Mumbai

Kaiga atomic power plant


PRACTICE PAPER 3

1. Civil Disobedience Movement was started by Gandhiji in 1930 to boycott foreign cloth and to defy colonial government by breaking salt law which prohibited Indians from making salt from the sea water.

2. On the basis of ownership the industries are classified as–Public sector, Private sector and Joint sector industries.

3. Democracy is a better government as it guarantees rule of law. 4. Foundational challenge 5. SPA Seven Party Alliance, Nepalese Communist Party (Maoist); All major labour unions

and their federations. 6. Major reasons are lack of proper documents and collateral security. 7. RBI 8. The most common way is by buying existing local companies. 9. The Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary, for example, was a patchwork

of many different regions and peoples. It included the Alpine regions – the Tyrol, Austria and the Sudetenland – as well as Bohemia. The aristocracy in these areas was German-speaking. It included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. In Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other spoke a variety of dialects. In Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish. The empire also included the peasants from Bohemia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia and Rumania etc. The differences were wide ranging and they were a hurdle in promoting a sense of political unity. The only factor that bound these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor.

Or The Vietminh forces fought the Japanese occupation and recaptured Hanoi in September

1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed of which Ho Chi Minh became Chairman.

The French tried to regain control over Vietnam by using the puppet emperor, Bao Dai. War started once again between Vietminh forces and the French and it continued for the next eight years. The French were finally defeated in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.

Peace negotiations were held in Geneva following the French defeat and the Vietnamese were persuaded to accept the division of Vietnam. As a result, north and south Vietnam were separated. Ho Chi Minh and the communists took power in the north while Bao Dai’s regime was put in power in south Vietnam.

10. Gandhiji proposed that the Non-Cooperation movement should unfold itself in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods. Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.

Or In revolutionary France, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to

property-owning men. Men without property and all women were excluded from political rights. However, under the Jacobins all adult males enjoyed suffrage and subsequently, the Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and husbands.

11. Swaraj means self-government. Complete Indepenence means purna swaraj. Dominion status within the commonwealth was no longer acceptable. The Lahore session of 1929 formalised the demand of Purna Swaraj.


12. Four major forms of coal are: (a) Peat. It is produced through decaying plants in swamps. It has a low carbon and

high moisture contents and low heating capacity. (b) Lignite. It is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The

principal lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for generation of electricity.

(c) Bituminous. Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is bituminous coal. It is the most popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces.

(d) Anthracite. It is the highest quality hard coal. 13. India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic

and socio-cultural plurality. Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet, etc. have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways. The trades from local to international levels have added to the vitality of its economy. It has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comforts of life. Modern means of transport and communication serve as lifelines of our nation and its modern economy. It is, thus, evident that a dense and efficient network of transport and communication is a pre-requisite for local, national and global trade of today.

14. (a) Importance of Aluminium. Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and great malleability.

(b) Distribution of bauxite deposits in India. India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni. Odisha is the largest bauxite producing state in India. Panchpatmali deposits in Koraput district are the most important bauxite deposits in the state.

15. Political parties have three components; namely, (a) Leaders, who play an important role in popularising the ideology of the party. (b) Active members, who look after the party organisation. (c) Followers from the grassroot workers, who mobilise people for public meetings,


16. Defection in politics means moving of a person from one party to another party for some personal benefit. It means changing party allegiance from the party on which a person got elected to a different party. It happens when a legislature, after having been elected from a particular party leaves it and joins in other party. The Constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing parties. This was done because many elected representatives were indulging in defection, in order to become ministers or for cash rewards. Now, the law says that if any MLA or MP changes parties, he or she will lose seat in the legislature. The new law has brought defection down and has made dissent even more difficult. Now MLAs MPs have to accept whatever party leaders say.

17. In a democracy, social diversity is accommodated and accepted. Any problems arising from it are resolved through negotiations.

Even though, democracy does not guarantee economic development, it does not lag behind dictatorships in this respect.

18. Functions of Reserve Bank of India: (a) Issues currency notes on behalf of the central government. (b) Monitors the banks are actually maintaining cash balance.


(c) Collects information from banks like how much they are lending to whom at what interest rate etc.

19. According to WTO, all trade barriers are harmful. Trade between countries should be free. There should be no barriers. All countries in the world should liberalise their policies.

20. Any consumer who receives a service in whatever capacity, regardless of age, gender and nature of service has the ‘right to choose’ whether to continue to receive the service.

Example: Suppose we want to buy soap and the shop owner says that he can sell the soap only if we buy a shampoo. If we are not interested in buying the shampoo, our right to choose is denied.

The consumer has every right to purchase only those things that he wants to purchase. 21. Process of Italian unification: (a) Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation. (b) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national

Habsburg Empire. (c) During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states of

which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. (d) The unification process was led by three revolutionaries—Guiseppe Mazzini, Count

Camillo de Cavour and Guiseppe Garibaldi. (e) Guiseppe Mazzini during the 1830s sought to put together a coherent programme

for a unitary Italian Republic. (f) He organised a new political society called Young Italy. (g) The failure of revolutionary uprisings both in 1831 and 1848 meant that the

responsibility now fell on Sardinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war.

(h) Count de Cavour now led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France engineered by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont became successful in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859.

(i) Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Guiseppe Garibaldi joined the fray.

(j) In 1860, they marched into South Italy and the kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.

(k) In 1861, the process of the unification of Italy was completed and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of the united Italy.

22. On 13 April, the infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. On that day a large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh. Some came to protest against the government’s new repressive measures. Others had come to attend the annual Baisakhi fair.

Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. General Dyer entered that area, declared the exit points and opened fire on the crowds, killing hundreds.

His objective, as he declared later, was to ‘produce a moral effect’ to create in the minds of satyagraha a feeling of terror and awe.

As the news of Jallianwala Bagh spread, crowds took to the streets. There were strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings.

The government responded with brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorise people. Satyagrahis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on to the streets and do salaam to all sahibs, people were flogged and villages were bombed.

The Indians were treated as unequal, their right to live with dignity was violated. Their basic freedoms were under threat.


Or (a) Culture played a vital role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories

and music helped express and arouse nationalist feelings. Romantic artists and poets made deliberate efforts to create a sense of shared collective heritage, a common cultural past as the basis of a nation.

(b) The German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder stated that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of nation was popularised. So collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the project of nation-building.

The French painter Delacroix depicted an incident through his painting in which 20,000 Greeks were assumed to have been killed by Turks. By dramatising the incident and focusing on the suffering of women and children Delacroix wanted to appeal to the emotions of the spectators, and create sympathy for the Greeks.

Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through his operas and music, turning folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbols.

(c) Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments. Regional languages had always been an obstacle in the unification of a country. To overcome it a common national language was adopted. The Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was made obligatory everywhere.

After the failure of rebellion against Russian rule in1831, members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish became a common language in Church gatherings and all religious instruction. As a result, several priests and bishops were put in jail by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

23. Undoubtedly, the rapid growth in industries has led to considerable economic growth but it has also led to the increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise eventually resulting in degradation of environment.

Industries are responsible for four types of pollution: (a) Air (b) Water (c) Land (d) Noise Air and water pollution is the prominent of them all. (a) Air Pollution — Presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and

carbon monoxide. — Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and

smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.

— Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with long-term effects. — Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the

atmosphere as a whole. (b) Water Pollution — Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents are discharged into rivers. — The main industries that are responsible for it includes paper, pulp, chemical,

textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like lead and mercury pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc. into the water bodies.

— Rain water takes the pollutants deep to the ground thus contaminating the ground water also.


24. Various kinds of roads in India are: (a) Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways The government has launched a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-

Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi and six-lane super Highways. The North-South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir) and Kanniyakumari

(Tamil Nadu). East-West Corridor linking Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat). (b) National Highways National highways link extreme parts of the country. These are primary road systems

and laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). The historical Sher Shah Suri Marg is called National Highway No.1, between Delhi and Amritsar. The National Highway 7 between Varanasi and Kanniyakumari is the longest highway of India. The national highway 2 is between Delhi and Kolkata. The national highway 3 is between Agra and Mumbai. The national highway 8 is between Delhi and Mumbai. The national highway 15 passes from Rajasthan.

(c) State Highways Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State

Highways. State highways are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD).

(d) District Roads Roads which connect the district headquarters with other places of the district are

called district roads. These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad. (e) Other Roads Roads which link rural areas and villages with towns are classified as rural roads.

Under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana scheme special provisions are made so that every village in the country is linked to a major town in the country by an all season motorable road.

(f) Border Roads Strategically important roads in the bordering areas of the country are called

border roads. Border Roads Organisation (BRO), a government of India undertaking constructs and maintains border roads. This organisation was established in 1960 for the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and northeastern border areas.

25. (a) Poverty is a major challenge. When people, are poor, they are mainly, concerned about their basic needs and the political parties exploit these weaknesses and corrupt practices start playing a role in elections.

(b) Casteism and Communalism pose serious challenges to democracy. Casteism and communal politics are dangerous to democracy. They cut the roots of democratic values and ethos and give a totally different direction to democracy when sectional interests predominate.

26. Some broad guidelines that can be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in India are:

(a) Legal ways of reforming politics. Carefully devised changes in laws can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. But, legal-constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to the democracy. Democratic reforms are to be carried out mainly by the political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens.

(b) Careful study of consequences should be done. If there is any legal change, it must carefully look at what results it will have on politics. Sometimes the results


may be counter-productive. For example, many states have banned people who have more than two children from contesting Panchayat elections. This has resulted in denial of political opportunity to many poor and women, which was not intended.

— Generally laws that seek to ban something are not successful in politics, instead laws that give political actors incentives to do good things are more successful.

— The best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. The Right to Information Act is a good example of law that empowers people to find out what is happening in the government and act as watchdogs of the democracy.

— Such a law helps to control corruption and supplements the existing laws that banned corruption and imposed strict penalties.

(c) Ways to strengthen the democratic practice. Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice. Therefore, the main focus of the reforms should be on ways to strengthen the democratic practice. The most important concern should be to increase and improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizens.

(d) Any proposal of political reform should think not only about what is a good solution but also consider about who will implement it and how. It is not wise to think that legislatures will pass legislations that will go against the interest of all political parties and MPs. But, measures that rely on democratic movements, citizens, organisations and the media are likely to succeed.

27. Money means wealth around which the whole economic activities of every country move. Money acts as an intermediate in the exchange process and, therefore, it is called a medium of exchange.

Role of money in an economy: (a) In our day to day transactions, goods are being bought and sold with the use of money. (b) At times we do exchange services with money. (c) Use of money has made things easier to exchange as we can exchange it for any

commodity we need. (d) The transactions are made in money because a person holding money can easily

exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she wants. (e) The main function of money in an economic system is to facilitate the exchange of

goods and services. (f) Without exchange of money nobody can fulfil his all needs and requirements. 28. (a) Safety is everyone’s right. While using many goods and services, we as consumers,

have the right to be protected against the marketing of commodities and delivery of services which are hazardous to life and property. Producers need to strictly follow the required rules and regulations. There are many goods and services that we purchase require special attention to safety. For example, pressure cookers have a safety valve which if defective can cause accident. LPG gas cylinder should be sealed and leak proof.

(b) Right to be informed. When we buy a commodity, we find details given on the packing. These details are about ingredients used, price, batch no., date of manufacture, expiry date and address of the manufacturer. We have right to be informed about these information, so that consumers can complain and ask for compensation or replacement in case a product proves to be defective. These days this right has been expanded to cover various services provided by the government. In October 2005, the government of India enacted RTI (Right to Information) Act, which ensures its citizens all the information about the functions of government departments.

(c) Right to choose. Any consumer who receives a service in whatever capacity, regardless of age, gender and nature of service, has a right to choose whether to continue to receive the service.


(d) Right to seek redressal. Consumers have this right against unfair trade practices and exploitation. If damage is done to the consumer, he or she has the right to get compensation depending on the degree of damage.

(e) Right to represent. COPRA has enabled us to have the right to represent in the consumer courts.

There are various organisations locally known as Consumer Forums or Consumer Protection Council. They guide consumers on how to file cases in the consumer courts. They also receive financial support from the government to create awareness.

29.

Champaran

Sabarmati Ashram

Puna(a)(b)

Nagpur


30.

Ludhiana

(a)

Korba

Indira GandhiInternational Airport


PRACTICE PAPER 4

1. By ‘Civilising Mission’ the colonizers wanted to civilise the native people whom they considered to be uncivilised.

2. Iron and steel 3. CPI (M) 4. Pakistan 5. Making the transition to democracy and then instituting democratic govts. 6. Self Help Groups 7. Foreign investment 8. National Consumer Court 9. One group emphasised the need to use the French language as the medium of instruction.

By learning the language, they felt, the Vietnamese would be introduced to the culture and civilisation of France. This would help create an ‘Asiatic France solidly tied to European France’. The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments and ideals, see the superiority of French culture and work for the French.

Other group was opposed to French being the only medium of instruction. They suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher classes.

Or When the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928, it was greeted with the slogan

‘Go back Simon’. All parties, including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

10. A National Assembly was proclaimed. A centralised administrative system was organised. Uniform laws were introduced for all citizens. Internal customs duties were abolished. A uniform system of weights and measures were introduced. French became a common language.

Or (a) The French built canals and drained lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation.

The vast system of irrigation works—canals and earthworks—built with forced labour, increased rice production and allowed the export of rice to the international market.

(b) Then they started infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move military garrisons and control the entire region.

(c) Construction of a trans-Indo-China rail network that would link the northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China was begun.

11. The French started infrastructure projects to help transport goods for trade, move military garrison. They also intended to control the entire region. For this construction of trans-Indo China rail network was started to link northern and southern parts of Vietnam and China. The project was completed in the year 1910. A second line was also constructed to link Vietnam to Siam via Cambodia. This enabled the French to control vast areas of the land. In this pursuit French business interest pressurised the government to take large infrastructure projects.

12. The cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat because of the following factors:

(a) Availability of raw cotton (b) Market (c) Transport including accessible port facilities


(d) Cheap labour from the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and Ahmedabad (e) Moist climate. 13. India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic

and socio-cultural plurality. Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet etc. have been contributing to its socio-economic progress in many ways. The trades from local to international levels have added to the vitality of its economy. It has enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comforts of life. Modern means of transport and communication serve as lifelines of our nation and its modern economy. It is thus evident that a dense and efficient network of transport and communication is a pre-requisite for local, national and global trade of today.

14. The iron and steel Industry is the basic industry since all the other industries—heavy, medium and light, depend on it for their machinery. Iron and steel is called as a heavy industry because all the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation costs.

15. Democracy is formed by two Greek words ’demos’ and ‘kratia’. ‘Demos’ means people and ‘kratia’ means the government. Democracy, thus, means ‘rule by the people’. In a democratic set-up, every citizen has the right to take a part in the decision-making process.

It is a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.

(a) It promotes equality among citizens. (b) It looks after the interest of the people. (c) It allows room to correct mistakes. 16. (a) The Right of Equality. (b) Even after more than 60 years of independence, when such words are still used, it

looks to me a slier on the name of the country. Every citizen of India is equal in the eyes of laws which means they should be equal – politically, economically and socially.

(c) If equal opportunities are provided and availed of, it will raise and uplift the status of the people which in turn restore them the dignity and freedom. So, all out efforts should be made to bring social and economic equality.

17. In a democratic set up there are regular, free and fair elections. There is open debate on major policies. A democracy is attentive to the needs of people. Democratic governments are legitimate governments. They are people’s own governments. Women and weaker sections have a better status in a democracy.

18. Values (Any three) (a) Women empowerment (b) Team work (c) Self-sufficiency (d) Eradication of poverty 19. (a) The consumers may go to local consumer forums which are voluntary organisations

for guidance on how to file a case in the consumer court. (b) There are Consumer Courts at three levels to deal with cases under the COPRA. (c) There is a separate department of consumer affairs in the state and central

governments which spread information about this to people. 20. (a) Globalisation and greater competition among producers have been advantageous to

consumers particularly the well off sections in the urban area. Now a variety of goods at reasonable price is available to them.


(b) There is a greater choice to consumers now with improved quality of products. As result, these people today enjoy higher standards of living than before.

21. (a) Phan Boi Chau (1867–1940) was a nationalist. He was educated in the Confucian tradition. He organized anti-colonial resistance by forming the Revolutionary Society (Duy Tan Hoi) in 1903, with Prince Cuong De as the head.

(b) They shared a common point which was independence of Vietnam from colonial occupation.

(c) Trinh wished to overthrow the monarchy in order to create a basis for the promotion of popular rights; Phan Boi Chau, on the contrary, maintained that first the foreign enemy should be driven out.

He wanted to make use of the monarchy, which was opposed absolutely by Trinh, who planned to raise up the people to abolish the monarchy.




Or The Great Depression of the 1930s had a strong effect on Vietnam. The prices of rubber and rice fell, resulting in rising rural debts, unemployment and rural

uprising in the poorest provinces of Nghe An and Ha Tinh. These provinces were quick to react and protest. The French suppressed these uprisings by bombing demonstrators through planes.

To organise the protest, in February 1930, Ho Chi Minh brought together competing nationalist groups to establish the Vietnamese Communist (Vietnam Cong San Dang) Party, which was later renamed the Indo-Chinese Communist Party. He was inspired by the militant demonstrations of the European communist parties.

In 1940 Japan occupied Vietnam. The nationalists had to fight against the Japanese as well as the French. The League for the Independence of Vietnam (Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh), which came to be known as the Vietminh, fought against the Japanese occupation of Vietnam and recaptured Hanoi in September 1945. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam was formed of which Ho Chi Minh became Chairman.

23. Mass communication is a communication in which masses are communicated at the same time by one source. Mass communication provides entertainment and creates awareness among people about various national programmes and policies. It includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films.

All India Radio (AIR) (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages for various categories of people, spread over different parts of the country.


Doordarshan. The national television channel of India is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. It broadcasts a variety of programmes from entertainment, educational to sports, etc. for people of different age groups.

Both radio and television are very effective means of communication in India because they are spread in every corner of the country. People of all classes enjoy them.

24. (a) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals

Ferrous minerals Non-ferrous minerals

1. Minerals containing iron are called 1. Minerals which do not contain iron

ferrous minerals. are called non-ferrous minerals.

2. Example – iron ore and manganese. 2. Example – bauxite, lead and gold.

(b) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy

Conventional sources Non-conventional sources

1. Conventional sources of energy are 1. The non-conventional sources are in

in use from the past. use from recent times.

2. They spread pollution. 2. These are eco-friendly.

3. Conventional sources of energy are 3. Non-conventional sources of energy

generally exhaustible. are usually inexhaustible.

4. These include rewood, cattle dung 4. These include solar, wind, tidal,

cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas and geothermal, biogas and atomic energy.

electricity (both hydel and thermal).

25. In matters of economic development, not all the democracies get developed because of various factors like population, lack of basic infrastructure, etc. If you consider all democracies and all dictatorships for the fifty years between 1950 and 2000, dictatorships have slightly higher rate of economic growth. The inability of democracy to achieve higher economic development worries us. However, the difference in the rates of economic development between less developed countries with dictatorships and democracies is negligible. Overall, we cannot say that democracy is a guarantee of economic development.

Economic development depends on several factors: (a) Country’s population size (b) Global situation (c) Cooperation from other countries (d) Economic priorities adopted by the country Democracy does not appear to be successful in reducing economic inequalities. A small

number of ultra rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share of wealth and income. Their share in total income is increasing. People at the bottom of society have very little to depend on.

26. We cannot think modern democracies without political parties. In case there are no political parties every candidate in the elections will be independent, no one will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes. The government may be formed, but its utility will remain ever uncertain. Elected representative will be accountable to their constituency for what they do in the locality. But, no one will be responsible for how the country will run.


Just look at the non-party based elections to the Panchayats in many states. Although, the parties do not contest formally, it is generally noticed the village gets split into more than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates. This is why we find political parties in almost all countries of the world. They agree on policies and programmes to promote collective good and influence people to know why their policy is better than others. They try to implement the policies by winning popular support through elections. They reflect fundamental division in a society.

The absense of political parties would affect a democracy badly. The interest of all the people would not reach the parliament and therfore some sections of people would remain behind the main stream. They won’t get all the welfare measures.

27. Consumer exploitation in the market happens in various ways– (a) Underweight and under measurement. The goods sold in the market are

sometimes not measured or weighted correctly. (b) Substandard quality. Selling defective home appliances and expired medicines are

its examples. (c) High prices. Sometimes sellers charge higher than the MRP. (d) Duplicity. Fake and duplicate items are sold in the name of genuine goods. (e) Adulteration and impurities. Adulteration is done in the costly items as in oil,

ghee, milk, spices etc. to earn higher profits. This affects consumer’s health and their money goes waste.

(f ) Lack of safety devices. Electronic goods produced locally lack the required inbuilt safeguards, which may cause accidents.

(g) Artificial scarcity or shortage. To earn more profits sellers create artificial scarcity by hoarding and sell the same at higher price.

(h) False or incomplete information. Sellers sometimes mislead people by giving wrong information about the products, price, quality, safety, expiry date, maintenance costs etc.

(i) Unsatisfactory after-sale service. Many suppliers do not provide satisfactory after-sale service in case of expensive electronic equipments, home appliances and cars etc.

(j) Rough behaviours. Consumers are often harassed in matters like LPG and telephone connections and in getting licensed items.

28. Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated the globalisation process. For instances, the past fifty years have seen several improvements in transportation technology. This has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs.

Even more remarkable have been the developments in information and communication technology. In the recent times, technology in the areas of tele-communication, computers, Internet has been changing rapidly. Telecommunication facilities (Telegraph, telephone including mobile phones, fax) are used to contact one another around the world, to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas. This has been facilitated by satellite communication devices. Computers have now entered almost every field of activity. Internet allows us to send instant electronic mail (e-mail) and talk (voice-mail) across the world at negligible costs.


29.

Sabarmati Ashram

Calcutta

Guwahati


30.

Haldia

Tuticorin

Bokaro


PRACTICE PAPER 5

1. Satyagraha 2. Super Highways 3. When any member of one party leaves his party to join another party, it is known as

defection. 4. Against privatisation of water 5. Pervez Musharraf 6. Consumer courts 7. For Foreign Direct Investment 8. Money is easiest way to buy or sell goods 9. In Western and many parts of Central Europe the growth of industrial production and

trade meant the growth of towns and the emergence of economic commercial classes. England was industrialised from the second half of the eighteenth century and in France and parts of the German states, this took shape only in the nineteenth century. New social groups came into being: a working-class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals. In Central and Eastern Europe these groups were smaller in number till late nineteenth century. It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the law.

Or The two broad opinions were: In Favour (a) Some policy – makers emphasized the need to use French as the medium of instruction. (b) They felt that Vietnamese by learning the language would be introduced to the culture

and civilization of France. (c) This would help in creating an ‘Asiatic France’ solidly tied to ‘European France’. (d) The educated people in Vietnam would respect French sentiments, superiority of

French and work for them. Against (a) They suggested that Vietnamese be taught in lower classes and French in the higher

classes. (b) The few who learnt French and acquired French culture were to be rewarded with

French citizenship. 10. As a woman it was a proud moment for me to participate in Gandhiji’s Civil Disobedience

Movement. It was a time when women were kept inside walls. Though I had got good education, I was not allowed to take part in social or political activities. At the call of Gandhiji, I couldn’t resist myself. Revolting against my family traditions, I became an active member of the movement. I organised the women of my locality and began the activities of the movement. I was full of nationalistic fervour. It was the most memorable and proud phase of my life.

Or Language played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments in Europe. For

example, after Russians occupied Poland, the Polish language was forced out of schools


and the Russian language was imposed. In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of national resistance. As a result, a large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the Russian authorities as punishment for their refusal to preach in Russian. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle against Russian dominance.

11. Azad Hind Fauz was a part of a political movement originating in 1940s outside of India with the purpose of allying with the Axis power to free India from British rule. It was established by Indian nationalists in exile in Singapore with the help of Japan. Netaji, after the reorganisation of Indian Independence League turned towards formation of the Provisional Government of Azad Hind (Free India) in Germany.

Immediately after the formation of the government-in-exile, Azad Hind declared war against Anglo-American allied forces on the Indo-Burmese front. Its army, Azad Hind Fauz, went into action. INA had its first major engagement at the battle of Imphal where it breached the British defence in Kohima. But in its operation Azad Hind Fauz was totally dependent on Japanese support. It was faced with a formidable challenge when the troops were left to defend Rangoon without the assistance of Japanese in the winter of 1944-45. Unfortunately Bose himself was killed in a plane crash. The provisional government of Free India ceased to exist with the death of Axis, the INA and Bose in 1945.

12. Minerals can be classified on general and commercial basis in the following way: Minerals are of three types: metallic, non-metallic and energy minerals. Metallic minerals are classified as ferrous (containing iron); e.g. iron ore, manganese,

nickel, cobalt, etc. Non-ferrous; e.g., copper, lead, tin, bauxite, etc. precious; e.g. gold, silver, platinum,

etc. Non-metallic minerals; e.g. mica, salt, potash, sulphur, granite, limestone, etc. Energy minerals are coal, petroleum, natural gas. 13. On the basis of ownership, industries are classified as: Public sector, owned and operated by government agencies—BHEL, SAIL, etc. Private sector industries owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals—

TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries. Joint sector industries which are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group

of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by public and private sector. Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers

of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala.

14. The problems faced by Indian railways are: (a) Many passengers travel without tickets. (b) Thefts and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped completely. (c) People stop the trains, pull the chain unnecessarily and this causes heavy damage

to the railway.


15. Differences between a pressure group and a political party:

Pressure Groups Political Parties

1. Pressure group is an organisation 1. A political party is a group of people formed when people with common who come together to contest elections occupation, interest, aspirations or and hold power in the government. opinions come together in order to achieve a common objective.

2. Pressure groups are not accountable 2. Political parties have to face the people to the people. in elections and therefore they are accountable to the people.

3. Pressure groups are informal, closed 3. Political parties are formal, open and and unorganised part of the political recognised part of the political system. system.

4. Pressure groups do not directly control 4. Political parties directly control or or share political power. share political power.

16. In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the government. These are called one party systems. For example, China has a single party—Commuinist Party. One-party system is not a good option because it is not a democratic option. In the countries having one party system, the liberty of the individual is lost because people are deprived of the right of electing representatives. There is one candidate in whose favour all the citizens have to vote. It cannot be called as elections in real sense.

17. (a) It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that government can function to represent the general view.

(b) It is also necessary that rule by majority does not become rule by majority in terms of religion or race or linguistic group etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority. Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time.

18. Credit refers to an agreement in which lender supplies the borrowers with money, goods and services in return for the promise of future payments.

Terms of credit includes (a) Interest rate (b) Collateral (c) Documentation requirement (d) Mode of payment. These terms of credit vary substantially from one credit arrangement to another. They may

vary depending on the nature of lender and borrower. Every loan agreement specifies an interest rate which the borrower has to pay to the lender along with the repayment of the principal. In addition to this lenders may demand collateral (security) against the loans.

19. Globalisation has been proved beneficial for the top Indian companies but so far workers are concerned, globalisation has perished them.


The top Indian companies have invested in newer technology and production methods and raised their production standards. Some have gained from successful collaborations with foreign companies. Globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals themselves. For example, Tata Motors (Automobiles), Infosys (IT), etc.

But for a large number of small producers and workers globalisation has posed great problems. They have been hit hard due to competition. Several units have shut down rendering many workers jobless.

Thus, we can say that the impact of globalisation has not been uniform. 20. Under COPRA, a three-tier quasi-judicial machinery at district, state and national levels

has been setup for redressal of consumer disputes. (a) The district level court deals with the cases involving claims up to ` 20 lakhs. (b) The state level courts take cases between ` 20 lakhs to ` 1 crore. (c) The national level court deals with the cases involving claims exceeding ` 1 crore. (d) If the case is dismissed at district level court, the consumer can also appeal in state

and then in national level courts. 21. In the economic sphere, liberalism and the emerging middle classes stood for the freedom

of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. In the first half of the nineteenth century, Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of German-speaking regions, a confederation of 39 states. Each of these had its own currency, and weights and measures.



22. French colonisation adopted the idea of a ‘civilising mission’. They wanted to educate the ‘native’ to civilise them. They were also doing so because they required educated local labour force. But they feared that education might create problems.

(a) Educated Vietnamese may question colonial domination. (b) French citizens living in Vietnam (called colons) also developed fear of losing their

jobs as teachers, shopkeepers, policemen to the educated Vietnamese. So they opposed policies that would give the Vietnamese full access to French education.

Or On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands.

Some of these were of general interest; others were specific demands of different classes, from industrialists to peasants.

The idea was to make the demands wide-ranging, so that all classes within Indian society could identify with them and everyone could be brought together in a united campaign. The most stirring of all was the demand to abolish the salt tax.


Mahatma Gandhi’s letter was, in a way, an ultimatum. If the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March, the letter stated, the Congress would launch a civil disobedience campaign. Irwin was unwilling to negotiate.

23. The Indian railways have a network of 7,031 stations spread over a route length of 63,221 km with a fleet of 7817 locomotives, 5321 passenger service vehicles, 4904 other coach vehicles and 228,170 wagons as on 31 March 2004. The Indian railways is the largest public sector undertaking of India. The first train steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km. It is organised into 16 railway zones.

Railways are the prime mode of transportation for goods and passengers in India. Railways also make it possible to conduct varied activities like business, sightseeing and pilgrimage along with transportation of goods over longer distances. They are suitable for long distance travel and play an important role in national integration. Railways in India bind the economic life of the country as well as accelerate the development of the industry and agriculture. The Indian railways is the largest public sector undertaking in the country. In recent times, the development of the Konkan railway along the west coast has simplified the movement of passengers and goods in this most important economic region of India.

Factors which influence the distribution pattern of Railway network in India: The distribution pattern of the railway network in the country has been largely influenced

by physiographic, economic and administrative factors. (a) The northern plains provide most favourable condition having high population density,

vast level land, and rich agricultural resources. (b) Rivers create problem in laying down of railway tracts because they require

construction of bridges across the wide beds of the rivers. (c) In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracts are laid through low

hills, gaps or tunnels. (d) The Himalayan mountainous regions too are unfavourable for the construction of

railway lines due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. (e) It was equally difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan,

swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand.

Today, the railways have become more important in our national economy than all other means of transport put together. However, rail transport suffers from certain problems as well.

Problems faced by the Indian railways: (a) Many passengers travel without tickets. (b) Thefts and damaging of railway property has not yet stopped completely. (c) People stop the trains, pull the chain unnecessarily and this causes heavy damage

to the railway. 24. (a) Kandla in Kuchchh, Gujarat was the first port developed soon after independence

to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port in the wake of loss of Karachi port to Pakistan after the partition. Kandla is a tidal port. It caters to the convenient


handling of exports and imports of highly productive granary and industrial belt stretching across the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.

(b) Mumbai, Maharashtra is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbour.

(c) The Jawaharlal Nehru port was planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a hub port for this region.

(d) Marmagao port, Goa is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country. This port accounts for about fifty per cent of India’s iron ore export.

(e) New Mangalore, Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore concentrates from Kudremukh mines.

(f) Kochi, Kerala is the extreme south-western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour.

25. No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among different groups. But we can certainly learn to respect these differences and we can also evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences. Democracy is best suited to produce this outcome. Non-democratic regimes often turn a blind eye to or suppress internal social differences. Ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts is thus a definite plus point of democratic regimes. Democracy continues to be democracy as long as all citizens have a chance to be part of majority at any point of time. If someone is debarred from being part of majority on the basis of birth, democracy is said to be concentrated in few hands. Example of Sri Lanka reminds us that a democracy must fulfil two conditions in order to achieve this outcome:

(a) It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that government can function to represent the opinion of common people.

(b) The rule of majority does not become rule by majority on the basis of religion or race or linguistic group, etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups may and can form a majority.

26. Sectional interest groups play a valuable role in functioning of democratic political system. Where different groups function actively no one single group can achieve dominance over society. If one group brings pressure on government to make policies in its favour, another will make counter pressure not to make the policies in the way the first group desires. For example, FEDECOR Business Association etc.

The activities of pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics and on democracy in the following ways :

(a) Gain public support. Usually pressure groups follow out information campaigns, organise meetings, file petition etc. in order to gain public support to achieve their target. Also they use media for giving more attention to their issues.

(b) Role of invisible government and unofficial government. Pressure groups are part of a under political process. They protect the collection interests of its members and try to influence those in power like the ministers, bureaucrats, politicians etc. for changing the direction of policy and not to capture power.


(c) Forms and linkage of communication. Pressure groups are a form of linkage and means of communication between the masses and the elite. They provide a scope for expending participation.

(d) Organise protest activity. Mostly, pressure groups involve protest activity like strikes, bandh to show their protest against government policies. These techniques are used by the employees associations, trade unions, students union, workers organisation to pressurise the government towards their demands.

27. Working people receive their salaries every month and they deposit the extra cash in bank accounts opened in their names. Banks accept the deposits and pay an interest on it. People withdraw the money or issue cheques to make payments as and when they require. Banks on the other hand, keep 15% of the deposit money for day-to-day transactions and the rest is given to as loans to borrowers at a higher rate of interest than what they give for the deposits. This is their main source of income and this is the basis of the modern banking system.

28. Both the arguments are right to some extent. Globalisation has hurt our country’s development as well as helped our country develop. In other words, we can say that globalisation has positive as well as negative impact on our country’s development.

Positive impact of the globalisation on India: (a) Availability of variety of products which enabled the consumers to have greater choice

and enjoy improved quality and lower prices for several products.

(b) This led to higher standard of living.

(c) Increase in foreign direct investment.

(d) Creation of new jobs in certain industries.

(e) Top Indian companies have been benefited by investing in new technology and production methods along with successful collaborations with foreign companies.

(f) Enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals.

(g) Created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving IT.

Negative impact of the globalisation on India: (a) Small producers failed to compete and got perished.

(i) Rising competition has led to shutting down of many units.

(ii) Many workers became jobless.

(iii) For instance batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, dairy products and vegetable oil are the examples of the industries which have been hit hard due to hard competition.

(b) Competition and uncertain employment.

(i) Globalisation and pressure of competition have substantially changed the lives of workers.

(ii) Faced with growing competition most employers these days prefer to employ workers ‘flexibly’. This means that workers’ jobs are no longer secure.


29.

Midnapore

Sabarmati Ashram

Meerut


30.

Nim ka Thana

Bhagalpur

1

Chennai

CONTENTS...Lifelines of National Economy ... social hierarchies, property and the family. For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of

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