Contents CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 3 Welcome to Our World 3 Sensation and Perception 3 Thresholds and the Dawn of Psychophysics 5 Psychophysical Methods 8 Scaling Methods 9 Signal Detection Theory 12 Fourier Analysis 15 Sensory Neuroscience and the Biology of Perception 18 Neuronal Connections 21 Neural Firing: The Action Potential 22 Neuroimaging 24 Summary 29 The First Steps in Vision: From Light to Neural Signals 31 A Little Light Physics 31 Eyes That Capture Light 32 Focusing Light onto the Retina 33 The Retina 35 What the Doctor Saw 36 Retinal Geography and Function 38 Retinal Information Processing 40 Light Transduction by Rod and Cone Photoreceptors 40 Lateral Inhibition through Horizontal and Amacrine Cells 42 Convergence and Divergence of Information via Bipolar Cells 42 Communicating to the Brain via Ganglion Cells 43 Dark and Light Adaptation 47 Pupil Size 48 Photopigment Regeneration 48 The Duplex Retina 49 Neural Circuitry 49 Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: When Good Retina Goes Bad 50 Summary 51 © 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.
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Contents
chapter 2
chapter 1
Introduction 3Welcome to Our World 3Sensation and Perception 3
Thresholds and the Dawn of Psychophysics 5Psychophysical Methods 8Scaling Methods 9
Signal Detection Theory 12Fourier Analysis 15
Sensory Neuroscience and the Biology of Perception 18Neuronal Connections 21Neural Firing: The Action Potential 22Neuroimaging 24
Summary 29
The First Steps in Vision: From Light to Neural Signals 31A Little Light Physics 31
Eyes That Capture Light 32Focusing Light onto the Retina 33The Retina 35What the Doctor Saw 36Retinal Geography and Function 38
Retinal Information Processing 40Light Transduction by Rod and Cone
Photoreceptors 40Lateral Inhibition through Horizontal and
Amacrine Cells 42
Convergence and Divergence of Information via Bipolar Cells 42
Communicating to the Brain via Ganglion Cells 43
Dark and Light Adaptation 47Pupil Size 48Photopigment Regeneration 48The Duplex Retina 49Neural Circuitry 49
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: When Good Retina Goes Bad 50
Summary 51
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© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.
contents ix
Spatial Vision: From Spots to Stripes 53Visual Acuity: Oh Say, Can You See? 53A Visit to the Eye Doctor 57Types of Visual Acuity 57Acuity for Low-Contrast Stripes 59Why Sine Wave Gratings? 61
Retinal Ganglion Cells and Stripes 62
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus 64
The Striate Cortex 65The Topography of the Human Cortex 67Some Perceptual Consequences of Cortical
Magnification 68
Receptive Fields in Striate Cortex 70Orientation Selectivity 71Other Receptive-Field Properties 72
Simple and Complex Cells 72Further Complications 73
Columns and Hypercolumns 74
Selective Adaptation: The Psychologist’s Electrode 77The Site of Selective Adaptation Effects 80Spatial Frequency–Tuned Pattern Analyzers in
Human Vision 81
The Development of Spatial Vision 83Development of the Contrast Sensitivity
Function 84
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: The Girl Who Almost Couldn’t See Stripes 85
Summary 87
chapter 3
chapter 4
Perceiving and Recognizing Objects 89What and Where Pathways 89
The Problems of Perceiving and Recognizing Objects 95
Middle Vision 97Finding Edges 97Texture Segmentation and Grouping 101Perceptual Committees Revisited 104Figure and Ground 106Dealing with Occlusion 108Parts and Wholes 109Summarizing Middle Vision 109From Metaphor to Formal Model 110
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Material Perception: The Everyday Problem of Knowing What It Is Made Of 111
Object Recognition 112Templates versus Structural Descriptions 114Problems with Structural-Description
Theories 115Multiple Recognition Committees? 116Faces: An Illustrative Special Case 117The Pathway Runs in Both Directions:
Feedback and Reentrant Processing 118
Summary 119
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© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.
x contents
chapter 6
chapter 5
The Perception of Color 123Basic Principles of Color Perception 123Three Steps to Color Perception 123
Step 1: Color Detection 124
Step 2: Color Discrimination 124The Principle of Univariance 124The Trichromatic Solution 126Metamers 127The History of Trichromatic Theory 128A Brief Digression into Lights, Filters, and Finger
Paints 129From Retina to Brain: Repackaging the
Information 130Cone-Opponent Cells in the Retina and
LGN 131A Different Ganglion Cell Helps to Keep Track of
Day and Night 131
Step 3: Color Appearance 132Three Numbers, Many Colors 132
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Picking Colors 133
The Limits of the Rainbow 134Opponent Colors 135Color in the Visual Cortex 138
Individual Differences in Color Perception 140Philosophical Problem of “Inverted Qualia” 140Language and Color 141Genetic Differences in Color Vision 143
From the Color of Lights to a World of Color 145Adaptation and Afterimages 146Color Constancy 147The Problem with the Illuminant 149Physical Constraints Make Constancy
Possible 149
What Is Color Vision Good For? 151
Summary 155
Space Perception and Binocular Vision 157Monocular Cues to Three-Dimensional Space 160Occlusion 161Size and Position Cues 161Aerial Perspective 165Linear Perspective 166Pictorial Depth Cues and Pictures 167Motion Cues 169Accommodation and Convergence 171
Binocular Vision and Stereopsis 172Stereoscopes and Stereograms 175
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Recovering Stereo Vision 178
Random Dot Stereograms 179Stereo Movies, TV, and Video Games 180Using Binocular Stereopsis 181Stereoscopic Correspondence 182The Physiological Basis of Stereopsis and Depth
Perception 184
Combining Depth Cues 186The Bayesian Approach Revisited 186Illusions and the Construction of Space 188Binocular Rivalry and Suppression 190
Development of Binocular Vision and Stereopsis 192Abnormal Visual Experience Can Disrupt
Binocular Vision 195
Summary 197
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© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.
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chapter 7
chapter 8
Attention and Scene Perception 201Selection in Space 203The “Spotlight” of Attention 205
Visual Search 205Feature Searches Are Efficient 207Many Searches Are Inefficient 208In Real-World Searches, Basic Features Guide
Visual Search 209In Real-World Searches, Properties of Scenes
Guide Visual Search 210The Binding Problem in Visual Search 211
Attending in Time: RSVP and the Attentional Blink 212
The Physiological Basis of Attention 215Attention Could Enhance Neural Activity 215Attention Could Enhance the Processing of a
Specific Type of Stimulus 215Attention Could Coordinate the Activity of
Different Brain Areas 217
Attention and Single Cells 217
Disorders of Visual Attention 219Neglect 219Extinction 220
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Selective Attention and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 221
Perceiving and Understanding Scenes 222Two Pathways to Scene Perception 222The Nonselective Pathway Computes Ensemble
Statistics 222The Nonselective Pathway Computes Scene
Gist and Layout—Very Quickly 223Memory for Objects and Scenes Is Amazingly
Good 226But, Memory for Objects and Scenes Can Be
Amazingly Bad: Change Blindness 227What Do We Actually See? 229
Summary 233
Visual Motion Perception 237Computation of Visual Motion 238Apparent Motion 240The Correspondence Problem 241The Aperture Problem 242Detection of Global Motion in Area MT 243Motion Aftereffects Revisited 245Second-Order Motion 246
Using Motion Information 247Going with the Flow: Using Motion Information
to Navigate 247Something in the Way You Move: Using Motion
Information to Identify Objects 248
Avoiding Imminent Collision: The Tao of Tau 250
Eye Movements 250Physiology and Types of Eye Movements 252Eye Movements and Reading 254Saccadic Suppression and the
Comparator 254Updating the Neural Mechanisms for Eye
Movement Compensation 256
Development of Motion Perception 257Sensation & Perception in Every-day Life: The Man Who Couldn’t See Motion 257
Summary 258
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© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.
xii contents
Hearing: Physiology and Psychoacoustics 261The Function of Hearing 261
What Is Sound? 262Basic Qualities of Sound Waves: Frequency
and Amplitude 262Sine Waves and Complex Sounds 264
Basic Structure of the Mammalian Auditory System 265
Outer Ear 266Middle Ear 266Inner Ear 268
The Auditory Nerve 274Auditory Brain Structures 279
Basic Operating Characteristics of the Auditory System 281
Intensity and Loudness 282Frequency and Pitch 283
Hearing Loss 285Treating Hearing Loss 287
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Electronic Ears 288
Summary 289
Hearing in the Environment 291Sound Localization 291Interaural Time Difference 292Interaural Level Difference 295Cones of Confusion 296Pinna and Head Cues 297Auditory Distance Perception 301
Complex Sounds 303Harmonics 303Timbre 304
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Auditory “Color” Constancy 306
Attack and Decay 307
Auditory Scene Analysis 308Spatial, Spectral, and Temporal
Segregation 309Grouping by Timbre 311Grouping by Onset 312When Sounds Become Familiar 313
Continuity and Restoration Effects 314Restoration of Complex Sounds 315
Auditory Attention 317
Summary 318
chapter 9
chapter 10
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contents xiii
Music and Speech Perception 321Music 321Musical Notes 321
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Music and Emotion 325
Making Music 326
Speech 328Speech Production 328Speech Perception 333Learning to Listen 339Speech in the Brain 342
Summary 346
The Vestibular System and Our Sense of Equilibrium 349Vestibular Contributions to Equilibrium 351
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Evolution and Equilibrium 351
Modalities and Qualities of Spatial Orientation 352Sensing Angular Motion, Linear Motion,
and Tilt 352Basic Qualities of Spatial Orientation:
Amplitude and Direction 353
The Mammalian Vestibular System 356Hair Cells: Mechanical Transducers 356Semicircular Canals 358Otolith Organs 363
Spatial Orientation Perception 366Rotation Perception 367Translation Perception 368Tilt Perception 369
Sensory Integration 370Visual-Vestibular Integration 370
Active Sensing 371
Reflexive Vestibular Responses 373Vestibulo-Ocular Responses 373Vestibulo-Autonomic Responses 377Vestibulo-Spinal Responses 378
Spatial Orientation Cortex 381Vestibular Thalamocortical Pathways 381Cortical Influences 382
When the Vestibular System Goes Bad 383Mal de Debarquement Syndrome 383Ménière’s Syndrome 384
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Amusement Park Rides—Vestibular Physics Is Fun 384
Summary 386
chapter 11
chapter 12
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© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.
xiv contents
Olfaction 427Olfactory Physiology 427Odors and Odorants 427The Human Olfactory Apparatus 428
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Anosmia 432
Neurophysiology of Olfaction 433The Genetic Basis of Olfactory Receptors 436The Feel of Scent 438
From Chemicals to Smells 439Theories of Olfactory Perception 439The Importance of Patterns 441Is Odor Perception Synthetic or
Analytical? 442The Power of Sniffing 445Odor Imagery 445
Olfactory Psychophysics, Identification, and Adaptation 446
Detection, Discrimination, and Recognition 446
Psychophysical Methods for Detection and Discrimination 447
Identification 448Individual Differences 449Adaptation 450Cognitive Habituation 453
Olfactory Hedonics 454Familiarity and Intensity 454Nature or Nurture? 455An Evolutionary Argument 456Caveats 457
Associative Learning and Emotion: Neuroanatomical and Evolutionary Considerations 458The Vomeronasal Organ, Human Pheromones,
and Chemosignals 459
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Odor-Evoked Memory and the Truth behind Aromatherapy 462
Summary 464
chapter 13Touch 389Touch Physiology 390Touch Receptors in the Skin 390Kinesthetic Receptors 396From Skin to Brain 396Pain 402
Tactile Sensitivity and Acuity 405How Sensitive Are We to Mechanical
Pressure? 405How Finely Can We Resolve Spatial
Details? 407How Finely Can We Resolve Temporal
Details? 409Do People Differ in Tactile Sensitivity? 409
Haptic Perception 410Perception for Action 410Action for Perception 410Role of Fingerprints in Perception and
Action 412The What System of Touch: Perceiving Objects
and Their Properties 413The Where System of Touch: Locating
Objects 417Tactile Spatial Attention 418Social Touch 420Interactions between Touch and Other
Modalities 420
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Haptic Virtual Environments 423
Summary 424
chapter 14
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© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.
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Taste 467Taste versus Flavor 467Localizing Flavor Sensations 468
Sensation & Perception in Everyday Life: Volatile-Enhanced Taste: A New Way to Safely Alter Flavors 469
Anatomy and Physiology of the Gustatory System 470
Papillae 471Taste Buds and Taste Receptor Cells 472Taste Processing in the Central Nervous
System 474
The Four Basic Tastes 475Salty 476Sour 477Bitter 477Sweet 478
Genetic Variation in Bitter 480Supertasters 481Health Consequences of Taste Sensation 482
Wisdom of the Body: How Do We Solve the “Omnivore’s Dilemma”? 483
How Do We Regulate Nutrients? Early Belief in “Specific Hungers” Gave Way to Iden-tification of Conditioned Preferences and Aversions 485
The Special Case of Umami 487The Special Case of Fat 488Is All Olfactory Affect Learned? 488
The Nature of Taste Qualities 489Taste Adaptation and Cross-Adaptation 490Pleasure and Retronasal versus Orthonasal
Olfaction 490Chili Peppers 490
Summary 492
chapter 15
Glossary 495
References 513
Photo Credits 537
Index 539
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© 2014 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufactured or disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.
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