Consultant & Faculty, Department of Community & Family Medicine, Far Eastern University –NRMF, Philippines E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]@yahoo.com.

Consultant & Faculty, Department of Consultant & Faculty, Department of Community & Family Medicine, Far Community & Family Medicine, Far Eastern University –NRMF, PhilippinesEastern University –NRMF, Philippines

E-mail: E-mail: [email protected]

CORRELATES OF WIFE ABUSE AMONG MARRIED MEN

Maria Fidelis C. Manalo, MD, MSc

CORRELATES OF WIFE ABUSE AMONG MARRIED MEN

Maria Fidelis C. Manalo, MD, MSc

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING

OBJECTIVES

To list the correlates of wife abuse among To list the correlates of wife abuse among married men married men

To understand the mechanism behind To understand the mechanism behind identified correlates of wife abuse identified correlates of wife abuse

To enumerate the results of the To enumerate the results of the Reproductive Health Survey 2000 done by Reproductive Health Survey 2000 done by the UNFPA and Department of Health, the UNFPA and Department of Health, Philippines Philippines

PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVESPERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES

Understand the problem of Understand the problem of domestic violence domestic violence

Know the profile of men who beat Know the profile of men who beat or hit their intimate partners or hit their intimate partners

Develop preventive, therapeutic Develop preventive, therapeutic and rehabilitative strategies---on and rehabilitative strategies---on the individual, family and societal the individual, family and societal levelslevels

DOMESTIC VIOLENCEDOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Any coercive behavior Any coercive behavior perpetrated by someone who perpetrated by someone who is or was involved in an is or was involved in an intimate relationship with the intimate relationship with the victim victim

A potentially fatal problem A potentially fatal problem from which no woman is from which no woman is immuneimmune

Intimate Violence Theory: Broad Categories & Risk Factors Intimate Violence Theory: Broad Categories & Risk Factors

INTRAINDIVIDUALINTRAINDIVIDUAL

Excessive drinking,Excessive drinking, Personality disordersPersonality disorders Biological or Biological or

Neurophysiological Neurophysiological disordersdisorders


SOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICALSOCIAL-PSYCHOLOGICAL

Social learning: exposure to Social learning: exposure to violence in the family ones violence in the family ones grows up ingrows up in

SOCIOCULTURALSOCIOCULTURAL Social location: social Social location: social

class, education, income, class, education, income, employment statusemployment status

Socio-structural & family Socio-structural & family processes: traditional processes: traditional gender roles in familiesgender roles in families


History of Violence in the Family of OriginHistory of Violence in the Family of Origin

Most widely accepted risk factorMost widely accepted risk factor The family is the training The family is the training

ground for violence.ground for violence. The use of ordinary physical The use of ordinary physical

punishment such as spanking is punishment such as spanking is associated with child abuse and associated with child abuse and wife beating.wife beating.

Straus, Straus, et alet al

Intergenerational Transmission of Violence: Mechanism

Intergenerational Transmission of Violence: Mechanism

Modeling the parental behaviors Modeling the parental behaviors observed.observed.

Observation of parental violence Observation of parental violence in childhood diminishes men’s in childhood diminishes men’s self-esteem. (self-esteem. (Stith and FarleyStith and Farley) )

In turn, lowered self-esteem In turn, lowered self-esteem increases marital stress, increases marital stress, alcoholism, and approval of alcoholism, and approval of marital violence.marital violence.

Normative approval of marital Normative approval of marital violence was also directly violence was also directly influenced by the process of influenced by the process of social learning social learning

The development of attitudes The development of attitudes towards women is also affected towards women is also affected by having witnessed parental by having witnessed parental marital violence. marital violence.

--Alexander, Moore and AlexanderAlexander, Moore and Alexander

Intergenerational Transmission of Violence: MechanismIntergenerational Transmission of Violence: Mechanism

Emotional Emotional dependencedependence

InsecurityInsecurity Low self-esteemLow self-esteem Low empathyLow empathy Low impulse Low impulse

controlcontrol Poor Poor

communication & communication & social skillssocial skills

Aggressive & Aggressive & hostile hostile personality stylespersonality styles

Antisocial Antisocial personalitypersonality

NarcissismNarcissism AnxietyAnxiety DepressionDepression

Personality Risk Factors in Male BatterersPersonality Risk Factors in Male Batterers

Alcohol Abuse as a Risk FactorAlcohol Abuse as a Risk Factor

Disrupts cognitive functioning Disrupts cognitive functioning

Impairs judgement & memoryImpairs judgement & memory

Distorts perceptionsDistorts perceptions

Educational Attainment and Partner ViolenceEducational Attainment and Partner Violence

Hotaling and Sugarman’s review Hotaling and Sugarman’s review found that higher educational level found that higher educational level was associated with less violence.was associated with less violence.

Downs Downs et alet al, however, found that , however, found that absence of a college education is absence of a college education is associated with a high frequency of associated with a high frequency of both moderate and severe violence.both moderate and severe violence.

Straus Straus et al et al found that partner found that partner violence was most common violence was most common among individuals with at least among individuals with at least some high school education.some high school education.

Martin Martin et al et al however reported however reported greater proportions of abusive greater proportions of abusive men than nonabusive men men than nonabusive men having low levels of having low levels of education(<5 yrs).education(<5 yrs).

Educational Attainment and Partner Violence


Rollins and Oheneba-Sakyi’s Rollins and Oheneba-Sakyi’s research on Utah households, research on Utah households, however, found no differences however, found no differences between violent and nonviolent between violent and nonviolent families on the basis of families on the basis of education.education.



Employment as Risk FactorEmployment as Risk Factor

Households in which the husband is Households in which the husband is unemployed or employed only part-unemployed or employed only part-time have increased rates of violence.time have increased rates of violence.

Unemployment or part-time work with Unemployment or part-time work with few, if any, benefits is very stressful few, if any, benefits is very stressful economically for families.economically for families.

Other researches however, have Other researches however, have found no relationship between found no relationship between employment status and violence employment status and violence among intimates.among intimates.

Hotaling & Sugarman, 1990Hotaling & Sugarman, 1990

Rollins & Oheneba-Sakyi, 1990Rollins & Oheneba-Sakyi, 1990

Employment as Risk FactorEmployment as Risk Factor

Rates of violence between Rates of violence between husbands and wives have husbands and wives have been found to be twice as been found to be twice as high in families of blue-collar high in families of blue-collar workers than in families of workers than in families of

white collar workers.white collar workers.

Employment Status as Risk Factor


McLaughlin McLaughlin et al et al also found also found that rates of moderate that rates of moderate aggression were twice as high aggression were twice as high among working- and middle-among working- and middle-class husbands, compared class husbands, compared with upper-class husbands.with upper-class husbands.



Smith found that households in Smith found that households in which the wife works, or works which the wife works, or works more than her male partner, more than her male partner, may be at greater risk for may be at greater risk for spousal violence. spousal violence.

Men may use physical violence Men may use physical violence to compensate for their inability to compensate for their inability to be the primary breadwinner to be the primary breadwinner in the family.in the family.

Occupational Status Discrepancy as Risk FactorOccupational Status Discrepancy as Risk Factor

Some evidence suggests, Some evidence suggests, however, that violence is more however, that violence is more likely to occur in couples in likely to occur in couples in which the husband has a much which the husband has a much higher occupational status than higher occupational status than his wife.his wife.

Hornung et al, 1981Hornung et al, 1981

Occupational Status Discrepancy as Risk Factor

Occupational Status Discrepancy as Risk Factor

Yllo and Straus have suggested Yllo and Straus have suggested that, on the one hand, in a that, on the one hand, in a couple in which the wife has the couple in which the wife has the higher statushigher status, the husband may , the husband may feel threatened by this and use feel threatened by this and use violence to restore his authority.violence to restore his authority.

Social Status Discrepancy as Risk Factor


In a couple in which the wife In a couple in which the wife has a much has a much lower status lower status than than that of her husband , on the that of her husband , on the other hand, he may use other hand, he may use violence as a mechanism of violence as a mechanism of control and dominance.control and dominance.



Families living in poverty may Families living in poverty may suffer from stress because of suffer from stress because of their inability to meet their their inability to meet their needs with the resources needs with the resources available to them.available to them.

This stress may lead to This stress may lead to frustration and possibly frustration and possibly aggression. aggression.

Low Income as Risk FactorLow Income as Risk Factor

A Philippine study found that A Philippine study found that prevalence of domestic violence is prevalence of domestic violence is not correlated with the 1994 not correlated with the 1994 poverty incidence using poverty incidence using Spearman’s rank correlation Spearman’s rank correlation across regions (rs=0.14).across regions (rs=0.14).

Bascos-Deveza, 2001Bascos-Deveza, 2001

Social Status Discrepancy as Risk FactorSocial Status Discrepancy as Risk Factor

Age When Entering Marriage as a Risk Factor

Age When Entering Marriage as a Risk Factor

McLaughlin McLaughlin et al et al found that the found that the highest rates of partner violence highest rates of partner violence were among those 30 yrs old were among those 30 yrs old and younger (average:18-24 yrs).and younger (average:18-24 yrs).

Martin Martin et al et al alsoalso reported that reported that abusive men were more likely abusive men were more likely than nonabusive men to cohabit than nonabusive men to cohabit with their wives at a younger age with their wives at a younger age (<20 yrs).(<20 yrs).

Early Stage of Marriage as a Risk Factor

Early Stage of Marriage as a Risk Factor

O’Leary and associates found O’Leary and associates found that 27% of men and 36% of that 27% of men and 36% of women indicated that they women indicated that they had engaged in aggression had engaged in aggression one and a half (1 1/2) years one and a half (1 1/2) years after their marriage.after their marriage.

Male Dominance vs. Equality Between PartnersMale Dominance vs. Equality Between Partners

Wife beating is more common Wife beating is more common in households where power is in households where power is concentrated in the hands of concentrated in the hands of the husband or male partner. the husband or male partner. Coleman & Straus, 1990; Levinson, Coleman & Straus, 1990; Levinson,

1989; Straus1989; Straus et al, 1980; Yllo & et al, 1980; Yllo & Straus, 1990Straus, 1990

Correlates of Wife Abuse (Reproductive Health Survey 2000

Philippine data)


Philippine data)

8.4% of 5,507 married men in 8.4% of 5,507 married men in our sample reported wife our sample reported wife abuse. abuse.

Men who married young (24 yrs Men who married young (24 yrs or younger), were more likely to or younger), were more likely to beat their wife than men who beat their wife than men who married at an older age, if they married at an older age, if they themselves have experienced themselves have experienced parental abuse parental abuse (OR=10.78, 95%CI: 4.21-27.59(OR=10.78, 95%CI: 4.21-27.59).).


Philippine data)


Philippine data)

Men who had a history of Men who had a history of violence were more likely to violence were more likely to beat or hit their wife, than men beat or hit their wife, than men who did not have a history of who did not have a history of parental abuse, if married at 24 parental abuse, if married at 24 years of age or younger. (OR= years of age or younger. (OR= 13.08, 95%CI: 1.47-116.14)13.08, 95%CI: 1.47-116.14)


Philippine data)


Philippine data)

Lower levels of education in Lower levels of education in women are associated with a women are associated with a higher likelihood of wife abuse. higher likelihood of wife abuse.

The odds of wife abuse was The odds of wife abuse was 1.59 times (1.21-2.11) in men 1.59 times (1.21-2.11) in men whose wives had reached high whose wives had reached high school while it was 1.61 times school while it was 1.61 times (1.23-2.13) in men whose wives (1.23-2.13) in men whose wives had no education or had had no education or had primary education. primary education.

Men who object to their partner Men who object to their partner wanting to improve her wanting to improve her education or visit her friends education or visit her friends without them and who get their without them and who get their way during disagreements, are way during disagreements, are more likely to use physical more likely to use physical violence. violence.


Philippine data)


Philippine data)

Men who, jointly with their wives Men who, jointly with their wives or by themselves, usually decide or by themselves, usually decide on food matters, are also more on food matters, are also more likely to give in to wife abuse. likely to give in to wife abuse.

Men who predominantly handle Men who predominantly handle the household budget are more the household budget are more likely as well to beat their wives, likely as well to beat their wives, though the association is not though the association is not significant. significant.


Philippine data)


Philippine data)

Consultant & Faculty, Department of Community & Family Medicine, Far Eastern University –NRMF, Philippines E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]@yahoo.com.

Documents

history of violence

severe violence

mechanism slide

parental marital violence

msc slide

philippines slide

immune slide

problem of domestic