Green Marketing: Proactive & Innovative Tool of CSR to gain Competitive Excellence Abstract: Purpose– In the recent times the business marketplace is moving closer towards being a comprehensive social experience, the onus falls upon brands to be more defined in terms of what they stand for, their core values and how they communicate them to their community of customers. Not only this, stakeholders demand these brands to be more eco-friendly even if they are higher in price. Thus the businesses operate in ever-changing environment be it economically or ecologically, the purpose of this paper would be to investigate how green marketing strategies is being used as an effective tool of corporate social responsibility in order to get economic, social as well as ecological sustainability. Design– This conceptual paper has been designed to discuss about the concept of green marketing strategies, and how it could be used as an effective tool for CSR to gain the competitive advantage. It also includes that how diffusion of innovation theory can be related to green marketing in a new way. This paper begins with the literature review of corporate social responsibility and green marketing strategies and it also adds value to the paper by including the innovation theory to address the gap in the literature. Then the paper discusses about the various strategies which a business could employ in order to act to the changes in the external environment. The businesses can 1 | Page
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Green Marketing: Proactive & Innovative Tool of CSR to gain Competitive Excellence
Abstract:
Purpose– In the recent times the business marketplace is moving closer towards being a
comprehensive social experience, the onus falls upon brands to be more defined in terms of what
they stand for, their core values and how they communicate them to their community of
customers. Not only this, stakeholders demand these brands to be more eco-friendly even if they
are higher in price. Thus the businesses operate in ever-changing environment be it economically
or ecologically, the purpose of this paper would be to investigate how green marketing strategies
is being used as an effective tool of corporate social responsibility in order to get economic,
social as well as ecological sustainability.
Design– This conceptual paper has been designed to discuss about the concept of green
marketing strategies, and how it could be used as an effective tool for CSR to gain the
competitive advantage. It also includes that how diffusion of innovation theory can be related to
green marketing in a new way. This paper begins with the literature review of corporate social
responsibility and green marketing strategies and it also adds value to the paper by including the
innovation theory to address the gap in the literature. Then the paper discusses about the various
strategies which a business could employ in order to act to the changes in the external
environment. The businesses can use both reactive as well as proactive approach in order to
addresses the external demands. This paper is then discussing about the degrees of innovation
required while employing the different strategies and also throws light on the diffusion theory
and develops the propositions. Then, a new model is presented on green marketing innovation
strategies and competitive advantage. Next, a conceptual analysis is presented using a diffusion
of innovation characteristics framework to show relationships of the innovation characteristics
with proactive green marketing strategies and competitive advantage.
Findings – This paper has developed a total of six propositions which are developed to reflect
the relationship of green marketing strategies with types of innovations and competitive
advantage. In addition, a conceptual analysis found seven areas of proactive green marketing
strategies related to the diffusion of innovation characteristics. Also this paper has proven that
green marketing strategies can be used as an effective tool for CSR due to the concerns of
enhanced corporate reputation; higher R&D support; and more ecological sustainability for the
common good.
(Note: P5 is related to the Model in Figure 2 and Table II shown later in the paper.)
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Diffusion of innovation theory research:
Most technological advancements are irregular innovations which require supplier organizations
to be proactive in their strategies. Frambach (1993) declared that technology can be implemented
as a tool to add competitive edge. It is one of the main concerns of this learning to explore how
green marketing strategies of Corporate Social responsibility are related to competitive
advantage in the present world where sustainability is the main focus of most companies.
Diffusion of innovation theory has been applied to technological innovations in many researches
done by Robertson and Gatignon (1986) and Frambach (1993). High JSIT technology is used to
formulate various green marketing innovations; therefore, this paper is a subject of investigating
the function of diffusion of innovation to green marketing strategies. Diffusion of innovation
theory (Rogers, 1995) is applicable in different disciplines, from sociology to business. From
1970’s, diffusion theory has been efficiently utilized in marketing products and services to
personal consumers. Technological advancements and innovations has been concentrated as the
main focus by the most organizations which has entitled massive amount of researches to apply
diffusion theory of marketing in the territory of businesses
Studies have looked at the implementation of: technology by US non-profit hospitals, approval
of an ecologically related regulatory alternative by organizational trade centre members
(Apaiwongse, 1991), and building of successful new products with a completely new technology
(Woodside and Biemans, 2005). Furthermore, the recent trend has showed the research among
the businesses to study the adoption of technology related to the internet: online trading
interactions by small organizations (Quaddus and Hofmeyer, 2007), Technologies to improve
securities within the business to business dealing (Carayannis and Turner, 2006), influence of
supplier on buyers’ online purchasing (Deeter-Schmelz et al., 2001), different e-services from
primary generation to multi-channel solutions (Legner, 2008), online reverse auctions for
business amongst suppliers for dissimilar adopter categories (Schoenherr, 2008), regional e-
market places for small and medium enterprises which are government-supported (Gengatharen
and Standing, 2005), and internet markets where business buyers and sellers perform marketing
and logistics activities (Woodside et al., 2004).
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Elements of Diffusion of innovation theory:
Diffusion of innovation theory in a social system includes the following elements: an innovation,
communicating the innovation, over a period of time, towards social system members. Diffusion
theory includes:
The implementation process: It involves an organization’s buying centre to make a
decision whether to adopt or reject an improvement;
Distinctiveness of the adopter: It may involve the size of the organization, its
arrangement or structure, the level of professionalism in it, the corporate culture among
its members, etc;
Knowhow of the innovation i.e. marketing communications;
The environment in which the organization operates e.g. competition; and
The characteristics of the Diffusion of innovation (Frambach, 1993).
This part of the study in this paper primarily focuses on diffusion of innovation characteristics,
such that their relationship with the aspect of green marketing strategies can be outlined.
Previous research included diffusion characteristics related to the adoption of innovations by
personal consumers (Vaccaro and Cohn, 2007; Vaccaro, 2008). The diffusion of innovation has
five characteristics that influence whether an innovation must be implemented or not in a social
system: relative advantage; observability; compatibility; complexity; and trialability
The degree to which a modernization is alleged as being better than the idea it communicates is
called relative advantage. However, in this paper, relative advantage is defined more generally to
exist when an innovation provides better benefits than the existing products offered by that firm
or the competition. More the relative advantage, the quicker the new innovation will be adopted.
The ease by which the benefits by a product and its attributes are visible and can be
communicated represents the obsevability of a new product or service. Therefore, the new
products or services with higher social visibility diffuse more rapidly. Compatibility represents
the degree of the consistency of a new product or service with the existing customer values and
practices or in other words their tradition (i.e. the more the degree of compatibility, the faster the
adoption). Complexity is defined as the degree of difficulty a new product or a service has to use
it or to understand it. It has an indirect relation with the adoption, i.e., the more complexity
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carried by a product, more time the innovation will take to get adopted. Trialability is the ability
of a new product or service to be tested on a limited basis. The greater the trialability, the faster a
new product or service will be adopted and thus has a direct relationship with the adoption.
P6. Proactive green marketing strategies are most effective when they are related to diffusion of
innovation characteristics in the direction that leads to faster rates of diffusion and adoption.
A number of conceptual models have been proposed on the Green marketing and the competitive
advantage which it provides like Menon andMenon, 1997; Bansal and Roth, 2000 and Menon et
al., 1999. However, on the basis of our study and discussion on reactive and proactive strategies,
this paper frames out a diagrammatic representation of a new model of green marketing
innovation strategies and the competitive advantage that it provides. The studies have been done
on the reactive and proactive strategies earlier under the literature of Green Marketing by various
researchers like Peattie and Crane in 2005 and Miles and Covin in 2000, but this paper reflects
the competitive advantage associated with them and is given a tabular shape of green marketing
model. In addition to this, the model reflects the short term results associated with the reactive
strategies and how proactive strategies afford a competitive advantage through long term benefits
which include more sustainable competitive advantage and environmental sustainability.
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A new model of green marketing innovation and competitive advantage:
Analysis and discussion
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Green Marketing Innovation Strategies Competitive Advantage
Reactive Strategies
-Fulfill Environmental Regulations. Decrease resource outlay and lacking organizational commitment towards environment.
-Continuously developing innovative products that are easily initiated.
-Tactical Green Marketing- e.g. price premiums which may not be perceived as worth the cost to customers; misleading advertisement claims.
-Reactive strategies lead to short term increase in the financial performance;
-Involves risk of criticism from media about green washing;
-Sustainability in the environment and competition can be short-term.
Proactive Strategies
-Make regulations the bench-mark and performing activities beyond them; environment should be related to the corporate mission, objectives, policies, organizational structure, and resources; Top management must be involved in the environmental commitments and the inputs must be imported from the external shareholders.-Continuous innovations must be made which are dynamic and thus stretching the boundaries of the product and the organization.
-Use diffusion of innovation characteristics to help design more effective green marketing strategies in the direction of faster diffusion and adoption.
-Proactive strategies lead to Long term increase in financial performance and allows sustainable advantage;
-Enhances the reputation of an organization; Lower costs; Differentiation and brand loyalty; satisfied stakeholders; environmental sustainability for common good.
Diffusion of innovation characteristics and Proactive green marketing strategies:
Marketing research
Must do an in-depth research on sustainability and obtain the necessary information from the stakeholders on products, communications, pricing, and distribution strategies.Diffusion characteristics: relative advantage, observability, compatibility, complexity, trialability.
Production Need to change production processes in order to be greener and environment friendly.Diffusion characteristics: relative advantage, observability, compatibility and trialability.
Product (a) Products must be recyclable, biodegradable, and are based on sustainable development and also extending these product lines. It will be a competitive advantage.Diffusion characteristics: relative advantage, observability, compatibility, complexity, and trialability.(b) Substitute product rentals instead of ownership of physical goods.
Distribution/ markets
(a) Using different ways of distribution like internet.(b) Creating more circular markets werein products are recycled.(c) Using green products to create new markets or market niches.Diffusion characteristics: relative advantage, observability, complexity, and trialability.
Price (a) Long-term costs of ownership must be considered and short term price like energy efficiency should be used rather.(b) Price incentives like coupons should be offered.(c) The prices of the green innovations should be set lower.Diffusion characteristics: relative advantage, observability, and trialability.
Promotion Green values and benefits must be used to promote the new product by using that media of promotion which is environment friendly like internet, and mobile marketing to increase the compatibility between organizational sellers and buyers.Providing sales incentives to customers and rewarding repeat purchases must be used.Education of green policies and strategies should be communicated to various Stakeholders.Diffusion characteristics: related mainly to observability, but also related to compatibility, complexity, and trialability and relative advantage.
Partnerships ‘‘Eco-alliances’’ should be created with stakeholders for inputs, strategies, and implementation.Diffusion characteristics: relative advantage, observability, and compatibility.
Table 1. Relationship between proactive strategies and the diffusion of innovation characteristics
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Table 1 reflects the relationship between the seven explicit areas of proactive green marketing
strategy and the diffusion of innovation characteristics which depicts the acceptance and
adapting the new innovations like products, services, or processes.
Analysis and Discussion:
This table and the following discussion is according to the various researchers such as Robertson
and Gatignon (1986), Gatignon and Robertson (1991), Rogers (1995), Menon andMenon (1997),
Peattie and Crane (2005) and Miles and Covin (2000). The nalysis and discussion of the afore-
mentioned table according to this research is as follows:
1. Marketing research strategies: The studies must be conducted to obtain inputs on the
strategies of the company and its environmental sustainability issues from outside
stakeholders and it must be related with the diffusion characteristics which are: relative
advantage, observability, compatibility, complexity, and trialability. These researches would
help a company to determine the optimum way of reaching its specific target markets and
would also determine the most effective way of communicating the information about the
green efforts taken or to be taken by the organization to its stakeholders. Therefore, the
researches would help them to educate their stakeholders about greening efforts while
identifying their target markets (Ka rna et al., 2003). In addition to this, it could also be used
to identify customers’ needs before designing new products, and to determine optimum price
and distribution strategies that a company needs to decide upon.
2. Production strategies: Changing all production processes and other activities such that they
will be more environmentally sensitive and will affect the following diffusion characteristics:
relative advantage, observability, compatibility, and trialability. Organizations must involve
green innovations to include in the resources of manufacturing where they need to
concentrate on the production process of a product or a service and the way it is consumed so
as to formulate the processes in an environmentally sustainable way. This could be ensured
by associating through suppliers, manufacturers, retailers, and consumers’ compatible green
values foundation for buying organic food, fair trade materials, parts, and products. On the
other hand, to ensure observability, the potential customers, stakeholders and other external
bodies like media must be involved through factory tours that will help the organization to
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obtain the general awareness in the society and promotional efforts could be taken to attain
media coverage about the new green production strategies undertaken by the organization.
3. Product strategies:
The green products must be created which have a diverse set of advantages and are
recyclable, biodegradable, and based on sustainable development. The product lines can
be extended which will be related to the following diffusion characteristics: relative
advantage, observability, compatibility, complexity, and trialability. Such type of
perception should be developed wherein the green innovations are given the higher
preference in terms of value and acceptance to the existing products which is related to
differential advantage and is known as a ‘‘unique selling proposition’’ in advertising.
Once the consumers try the product or service, the degree of technical performance and
the workmanship must be up-to the mark. In addition to this, the new product or service
should be designed in such a way that it is easier to understand or in other words
possesses as low complexity as possible, is also observed simply by the consumers and
the stakeholders as well and should be easier to consume like sample products should be
available for trial basis or should provide some sort of assurance to the customer like
warranty or guarantee. The innovation should also be compatible with customers’ needs
and values that will in turn increase the value of the company in the society.
Companies should create easy-to-try substitute products or services which are cheaper
than ownership of physical goods This is another green marketing strategy wherein
substitute services or product rentals instead of ownership of physical goods can be
introduced; this strategy will be related to: relative advantage, observability, complexity,
and trialability.
4. Distribution or market strategies:
To create more circular markets wherein materials can flow through product take-back
and recycling,
Using different channels of distribution like internet distribution to make the product
easily findable, simpler to comprehend, and readily available so that the new green
product or service could be tried easily, and
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Green technology transfer can be used to create new market places or niches which will
be related to the following diffusion characteristics: relative advantage, observability,
complexity, and trialability.
5. Price strategies: Use of long term costs of ownership should be emphasized rather than
short-term price e.g. energy efficiency. Price incentives such as quantity and frequency
discounts, coupons, and rebates to increase interest can be offered and it can act as a
promotion. Proactive organizations can use prices of the innovative product or service for
organizational customers to gain the competitive advantage by setting it lower than the
competition and this way their trialability will increase. These price strategies will be related
to the following diffusion characteristics: relative advantage, observability, and trialability.
6. Promotion strategies: whatever businesses do in order to become more environmentally
friendly needs to be addressed to its stakeholders. Here promotional strategies play an
important role, because one needs to choose among the various promotional ways be it print
or electronic media - email, e-newsletters, print materials, webinars, and mobile marketing.
Using marketing communication strategies that rely more on environmentally-friendly new
media will be related to the diffusion characteristic mainly of observability, but also to
compatibility, complexity, and trialability, and relative advantage. After the firms have
taken any eco-friendly initiation, it needs to be observable, i.e. it needs to be promoted
among your stake holders. Promotion not only helps in creating credibility among your
stakeholders but it also helps to create awareness and educate them. With the use of new
technology like internet, it is easy to follow up your customers in most inexpensive and less
time consuming manner. Firms can also use e-CRM and other information systems to
support relationship marketing and loyalty/reward programs in the supply chain. In
designing promotional messages for personal selling and other marketing communications,
firms should demonstrate and clearly explain the reasons and benefits of buying and using
the green innovation, describe how the product is compatible with the customers’ green
values, and market needs, and how it offers a differential advantage to the competition.
Firms can also create easy to use websites so as to create communication sources. They can
also create among the society by organizing events in schools and arrange some debates and
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conferences. Further, if the price of the product or service is initially high, promotional
messages might need to emphasize long-term costs associated with ownership and use rather
than short-term price (e.g. energy efficiency).
7. Partnerships/strategic alliances: Other green marketing strategies could be to create
partnerships (e.g. ‘‘eco-alliances’’) with multiple stakeholders with similar ‘‘green values’’
for input, strategy, and implementation will be related mainly to the following diffusion of
innovation characteristics: relative advantage, observability, and compatibility. One way to
make eco-alliance is that a business can work with its suppliers and channel. They could
involve with them in environmental programs, initiate a awareness campaign among the
society or gaining product endorsements and corporate sponsorships from environmental
groups. This will not only fulfill your obligation but it will also enhance your credibility
among stakeholders. (Stafford and Hartman, 1998; Ka¨rna¨ et al., 2003).
Diffusion characteristics and related competitive advantage in proactive green marketing:
This particular section of the research is related to the final half of the previously presented new
model in Figure 2, and the aforementioned benefits of competitive advantage.
As far as our research is concerned there are four major elements that affect the success or failure
of an innovative idea, which are; the innovation, time, communication channel, and a social
system Diffusion is the process by which an organization/individual's innovation is
communicated through specific channels over a period of time among the members of its overall
social system. If we look at table 2, it shows us the relationship of diffusion of innovation
characteristics to the potential benefits that we are most likely to get as a competitive advantage,
resulting from various proactive green marketing strategies.
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8.
As we have already discussed above in our previous sections, in order for us to speed up our
diffusion process and adoption of our green innovation, we need to follow standardized strategies
and related diffusion characteristics, already discussed above. Applying strategies like Changing
production and processes to be more environmentally sensitive( e.g. observability) or even
obtaining feedback/ inputs from stakeholders on ones product, communication channels,
promotion, and distribution strategies(e.g. trialability), compatibility of our green innovation
with environmental values(e.g. compatibility) as well as having an innovation that is very easy to
general, studies and experiences have concluded that higher environmental performance leads to
higher business performance. Not only this, Successful green marketing can also lead to
increased revenues and profits, higher market share and ROI as these are few of many benefits
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that an organization gets by going green. Studies that have been done on business-green
relationship, have shown that resource-based environmental strategies with top management and
corporate cultural commitment, which are difficult to imitate helped companies achieve long-
term, more sustainable competitive advantage. Environmental programs can enhance operational
efficiencies, develop new technologies, achieve first-mover competitive advantages, and increase
profits. Companies that implement environment favoring strategy report considerable benefit.
Human resource employees see improved morale in all the employees and a stronger public
image that are the top benefits to an organization. Companies can gain first-mover advantage, in
part by helping shape future regulations. Research has also found higher benefits that an
organization gets in terms of cost savings and market gains due to differential advantage. Other
benefits that follow a successful green marketing strategy can be to help the firm generate
increased support for research and development, and overall, will help the firm to reach to its
mission. The ultimate benefit in implementing a green marketing strategy is environmental
sustainability for the common good of society. This particular benefit can be achieved by an
organization by having proactive green marketing strategies that are maximized in effectiveness
in relation to the diffusion of innovation characteristics to produce the other aforementioned
benefits of competitive advantage.
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Limitations, implications, and future research:
This paper was mainly concerned with introducing green marketing as an effective tool of CSR
to gain competitive advantage. However this study was limited to one main aspect of diffusion
theory: diffusion of innovation characteristics. Future research could expand the application of
other elements of diffusion theory. Also, this study generated six key propositions related to
innovation and green marketing strategies. These propositions, along with the new Model, and
the relationships referred to in Tables I and II, can be tested in future research with Business
firms in case studies and empirical research. There are additional tools of CSR other than green
marketing that can be used by a company to gain competitive advantage which can be stated in
future. This research used only the main characteristics of diffusion theory and in future these
characteristics can be determined and used according to the various environmental traits that will
confine the research to smaller groups and will help to develop strategies to be used according to
these targeted groups. This study found seven areas of green marketing strategies related to five
diffusion of innovation characteristics, which can ultimately produce 11 different benefits of
competitive advantage. In future, other aspects of diffusion theory can also be used to uncover
the areas of innovation and the degree of innovation required to increase the participation of a
company towards society so as to ensure the long term benefits and competitive edge provided
by it.
As the green marketing has gained lot of impetus due to the growing concerns for environment,
so it opens a space for further research in this field. Future research can find some other ways or
more green marketing strategies which can not only fulfill the obligations of businesses but also
make them profitable in the long run. One such research can test other diffusion characteristics
suggested by Gatignon and Robertson (1985, 1991), Frambach (1993), and Robertson and
Gatignon (1986), as well as variables such as organisational psychographics (Robertson and
Wind, 1980). Also, research by Wind et al. (1982) found separate diffusion patterns among
different target markets adopting an industrial innovation. Future research might also test for
differences between market segments with diffusion characteristics and green marketing
strategies. Further, research can also test diffusion characteristics with green marketing strategies
targeting personal consumers with variables such as global consumer values, consumer trust of
marketers, and consumer perceived risk of products and services.
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Conclusion:
Businesses in today's world operate in ever-changing environment be it economically or
ecologically. Nowadays, competition with others firms is not the only purpose, it's also about
surviving in the ever changing market, dynamic environment. Businesses nowadays use green
marketing strategies that they use as an effective tool of corporate social responsibility in order
to get economic, social as well as ecological sustainability. The purpose of this research was to
find out major concepts of green marketing strategies, and how they could be used as an
effective tool for CSR to gain the competitive advantage. The strategies will not only help the
corporations to become greener but it will also meet there bottom line of becoming
economically, socially as well as ecologically sustainable. This research primarily focuses on
diffusion of innovation characteristics, such that their relationship with the aspect of green
marketing strategies. Diffusion theory explains; how businesses can use their resources in an
efficient and desired manner so that they can innovate freely, this theory also explains on how to
use the different innovative strategies under given circumstances. In addition, the study
demonstrates the value of applying diffusion of innovation theory in achieving our green
marketing objectives. We classify these strategies into two major categories – reactive and
proactive – which are part of a continuum that can be related to degrees of innovation. Whenever
a business responds to any changes; be it external or internal environment, it often uses the
reactive strategy. On the other hand Proactive strategy is being implemented by the businesses
before they are forced to respond to any changes in the external environment, thus creating new
opportunities in the environment. Further, a unique model was developed of Business green
marketing innovation strategies and competitive advantage. In the research we found that
organizations which prefer and utilize proactive green marketing strategies related to the
diffusion of innovation characteristics rather than being reactive in approach are more likely to
achieve long-term competitive advantage and produce ecological sustainable goods or provide
services. Proactive green marketing strategies that we will opt for in order to fulfill our goal
should effectively increase the rate of adoption of new products, and services, and processes, so
as to achieve competitive advantage, stakeholders’ satisfaction, and also help the world but
making it a better place to live in.
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