1 Concentrating Power Technologies Solar Presentation By – Swapnil Gore MS Student Stony Brook University swapnil.energy9@gmail. 5/16/ 2011
Concentrated Solar Power Technologies (CSP)
Nov 19, 2014
Analysis of Concentrated solar power (CSP) or Solar Thermal (STH) technologies with focus on its technology assessment, financials, challenge areas and solar market scenario
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1
Concentrating Power
Technologies
Solar
Presentation By – Swapnil GoreMS StudentStony Brook University, [email protected]
5/16/2011
Overview
Principle: Sunlight – Heat – Electricity
Sunlight is concentrated, using mirrors or
directly, on to receivers heating the
circulating fluid which further generates
steam &/or electricity.
Solar Radiation Components:
Direct, Diffuse & Global
CSP uses- Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI)
Measuring Instrument: Pyrheliometer
5/16/[email protected]
US:
NREL analysis- ‘If only best suited sites are selected, CSP can generate about 26,400,000 GWh/year’
(It is many times more than total US consumption of 3,741,000 GWh)
5/16/[email protected]
Concentrating Solar Technologies
Low Temperature (<100°C)
Flat Plate Collectors
Solar Chimney
Solar Pond
High Temperature- Point Focusing
(>400°C)
Central Tower
Parabolic Dish
Medium Temperature – Line Focusing (≈ 400°C)
Parabolic Trough
Fresnel Collectors
5/16/[email protected]
Commercial CSP
Parabolic Trough
Central Tower
Dish Stirling Fresnel Collector
• Temp~400°C
• Line Focusing
• Linear Receiver tube
• Water consuming
• Conc.: Parabolic Mirrors
• Heat Storage feasible
• Most Commercialized
• Good for Hybrid option
• Requires flat land
• Good receiver η but low
turbine η5/16/[email protected]
Commercial CSP
Parabolic Trough
Central Tower
Dish Stirling Fresnel Collector
• Temp~600-800°C
• Point Focusing
• Flat Conc. Mirrors
• Commercially proven
• Central Receiver
• Water consuming
• Heat Storage capability
• Feasible on Non Flat sites
• Good performance for large
capacity & temperatures
• Low receiver η but good
turbine η 5/16/[email protected]
Commercial CSP
Parabolic Trough
Central Tower
Dish Stirling Fresnel Collector
• Temp~700-800°C
• Point Focusing
• Uses Dish concentrator
• Stirling Engine
• Generally 25 kW units
• High Efficiency ~ 30%
• Dry cooling
• No water requirement
• Heat storage difficult
• Commercially under
development
• Dual Axis Tracking 5/16/[email protected]
Commercial CSP
Parabolic Trough
Central Tower
Dish Stirling
Fresnel Collector
• Temp~400°C
• Line Focusing type
• Linear receiver
• Fixed absorber row
shared among
mirrors
• Flat or curved conc.
mirrors
• Commercially under
development
• Less Structures
• 5 MW operational in
CA
5/16/2011
CSP Power - Brief Good DNI range ≥ 5-6 kWh/sq.m/day
Capital Cost: $ 4-8 Million / MW (Increases with Heat Storage)
Land Required: ~ 6-10 acres / MW
Generation Potential: 25-35 MW / sq.km
Units Generated: 1.81 Million Units / year (Increases with Heat Storage)
Capacity Factor: 20 – 25% (Can be increased to 40% using Heat storage)
COGN: $ 0.10 - 0.20 / kWh
Lifespan: ~ 40 years, PPA’s are generally for 20-25 years
Pay back Period: 5-12 years (Depends on the Tariff, subsidies, incentives)
Installation Period: ~ 2-3 years (Capacity dependent)
Working Cycle:
Rankine Cycle,
Brayton cycle,
Stirling cycle
5/16/[email protected]
Existing and In-pipeline capacity
5/16/[email protected]
Source: Estela 2010 (Figures subject to 2009-10 scenario)
Current Status:
• Operational- ~1.2 GW; Spain 732.4 MW, US 507.5 MW, Iran 17.3 MW, etc.
• Under Construction- ~2.2 GW; Spain 1.4 GW, US 650 MW, India 28.5 MW, etc.
Commercialized Project Analysis
Andasol 1, 2 & 3Andasol 1- First Project in EuropeCapacity: 50 MWLat- 37°13’ N, Long.- 3°4’ W, 1100m above sea levelLocation: Granada Province, Southern Spain
Andasol 3Under Const. - Mid-2011
Andasol 1Nov. 2008
Andasol 2June 2009
5/16/[email protected]
Andasol 1- Specifications
Annual DNI: 2,136 kWh / sq.m. A
Technology Used: Parabolic Trough – Skal-ET 150
Land Utilization: ~ 195 Hectares (9.6 Acres/MW)
Construction Period: July 2006 – October 2008
Estimated Lifespan: 40 years
Entire Efficiency: ~28% peak, ~ 15% annual avg.
Capacity Factor: 20%
Units Generated: upto 180 GWh / Year
Uses Heat storage and Wet Cooling systems
Developers:
ACS Group (75%) Solar Millennium (25%)
5/16/[email protected]
Major Component- Specifications
Solar Field: Area: 510,120 m2
209,664 mirrors – 580, 500 sq.m.
~ 90 km receiver pipes (Schott Solar & Solel Solar)
Field η = ~ 70% peak, 50% annual avg.
Sustains wind speed of 13.6 m/s
Heat Storage:
• Nitrate Molten Salt type (60% NaNO3 + 40% kNO3)
• Two Tank Indirect: Cold- 292°C, Hot- 386°C
• Storage: 28,000t
• Back up: 7.5 Hours
Water Cooling Systems:
• 870,000 cu.m./year
• 1.2 gal/kWh
5/16/[email protected]
Key Points
Capital Cost: $ 380 Million
Financing: Equity- 20%, Debt- 80%
Carbon Emission reduction: 150,000 tonnes/year
Electricity Supply Contract: Endesa
Feed In Tariff: EUR 0.27 / kWh ($ 0.38 /kWh)
PPA: Date- Sept. 15 / 2008, Tenure- 25 years
Electricity to 200,000 people
Annual O & M jobs: 40
5/16/[email protected]
Generalized Cost Breakup (Source: NREL Report)
Considerations:
103 MW Parabolic trough plant with 6.3 hrs. of thermal storage with wet cooling
Particular Total Cost (Including Material & labor cost)
~ Percent
Site Improvements $ 32,171,000 3%
Solar Field (Includes Mirrors, Support structures, etc.)
$ 456,202,000 45%
HTF system $ 103,454,000 10%
Thermal Energy storage $ 197,236,000 20%
Power Block (Turbine, alternator, etc.)
$ 121,006,000 12%
EPCM Costs (Includes professional services)
$ 29,001,000 3%
Contingency $ 74,591,000 7%
Total Estimate $ 1,015,661,000
Cost per kW $ 9,861 5/16/[email protected]
Challenges & Alternatives
Heat Storage
Options developed
• Molten Salt- Most Accepted; research going for single tank storage with two sections
• Phase Change Materials- Research stage
• Steam Accumulator- Less Duration; large area
• Concrete Materials- Research stage
Receiver Heat losses-• Linear Receivers- Developed with 90%+ η• Central Tower receivers- Currently used- Receivers with
multiple metallic tubes, Metallic Wire Mesh type, with a coating
technology (Pyromark High Temperature paint) which has a
solar absorptance in excess of 0.95 but a thermal emittance greater than 0.8. Research
going on in thermal spray & chemical vapor deposition
Working Fluids- For High Temperature circulation (Higher operating temperatures result in high turbine efficiency)
• Synthetic aromatic fluid (SAF)- Currently used; Organic benzene based (400°C)
• Molten Salt- Developing (550°C); Eliminates HE for storage; In use for solar tower 5/16/[email protected]
Challenges & Alternatives
Water Consumption- Cooling Towers, Steam cycle
make-up & Mirror cleaning
• Wet cooling: ~ 865gal/MWh; Currently used; Water consumption
• Dry cooling: ~78gal/MWh; Developing stage, Costlier, low thermal η
• Hybrid cooling: ~338gal/MWh; Developing stage
NREL Findings for southwest US: Switching from 100% wet to 100% dry cooling will result in levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) increase of approximately 3% to 8% for parabolic trough plants, but reduces water consumption by 90 %
Receiver Materials- For Sustaining High Temp and
pressure; Research going on for developing high nickel alloy materials
High Capital Costs
Low Capacity Factors 5/16/[email protected]
Heat Storage option – Electricity Supply after Sunset
Process Heat Generation
Hybrid Option
Good for High temperature regions
Predictable and reliable power (less variable)
Water desalination along with electricity generation (Adv. In Middle east & N.
Africa)
Advantages over Competitive Technologies (Eg. PV & Wind)
Other Benefits:
Carbon Emission Reduction- CDM benefits Each square meter of CSP can avoid annual emissions of 200 to 300 kilograms (kg) of carbon dioxide, depending on its configuration.
No Fuel or its transportation cost - Substitutes Fossil Fuel use
Energy Security
High share of local contents
Employment Generation 5/16/[email protected]
Feasible ApplicationsUtility / Commercial
scale Domestic/small Scale
Electricity Generation
• Stand alone
• Grid projects
• Hybrid projects
Industrial Process
Heat
• Boiling
• Melting
• Sterilizing
Cooling systems
Water Desalination
Hot Water collectors
Solar HVAC
Solar steam Cooking
Solar Ovens/cookers
Solar Food dryers
SOPOGYMicro-CSP: SopoFlare
5/16/[email protected]
Development Measures
Attractive FiT, SREC and Policy Mechanisms; Eg: SREC Mechanism in NJ, CA
Tax credits /Rebates; Like: ITC of 30% in US
Grid Interconnection with HVDC; Eg: DESERTEC project
Low Interest Loans, RPS and long tenure PPA’s
On-site Resource Assessment Stations- Reliable resource Database
Setting up Demonstration Projects on Emerging Technologies
Combining CSP with existing conventional projects
R & D in major challenge areas; Eg: R&D in NREL, Sandia National Laboratories
Promote Domestic manufacturing - Cheaper equipment costs for developers
Government Land allotments; Forming SEZ’s, Solar farms for large scale
installations
5/16/[email protected]
Thank You
Earth receives around 174 Petawatts of energy from sun and only a small part of it is sufficient to meet the annual world electricity consumption of 20 Trillion kWh
We Just need to tap this potential
Thank You
5/16/2011
Presentation By – Swapnil GoreMS StudentStony Brook University, [email protected]
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