ECE 333 GREEN ELECTRIC ENERGY Concentrated Solar … 17...Concentrated Solar Power Plants ... Specifically, CSP plant uses mirrors with tracking ... Dish Stirling CSP technology uses

ECE 333 © 2002 – 2019 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 1

ECE 333 – GREEN ELECTRIC ENERGY

17. Concentrated Solar Power Plants

George Gross

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign


CONCENTRATED SOLAR POWER (CSP)

Many conventional power plants use heat to boil

water to produce high–pressure steam, which

expands through the turbine to spin the generator

rotor and results in the production of electricity

CSP technology extracts the heat from the solar

irradiation and its operation resembles the steam

generation plants that burn fossil fuels or use

uranium to produce electricity


REVIEW OF INSOLATION COMPONENTS

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reflected radiation diffused radiation

direct beam radiation


CSP

PV technology is able to collect and deploy all the

3 insolation components for electricity production

Unlike PV, CSP can concentrate only the direct

beam radiation – also referred to as direct normal

irradiation (DNI) – to generate electricity


CSP

Specifically, CSP plant uses mirrors with tracking

systems to focus DNI to collect the solar energy

The solar energy is used to heat up the heat transfer

fluid (HTF ) and to convert HTF into thermal energy

Subsequently, the absorbed thermal energy is

utilized to generate steam which drives a steam

turbine to produce electricity

Some CSP plants incorporate thermal storage devices


KEY COMPONENTS OF A CSP PLANT

A typical CSP plant set–up includes

collectors that reflect solar rays to a receiver

a receiver that converts solar energy into

thermal energy

a power block that converts thermal energy

into electricity

The collector configurations are used to classify

CSP plants into 4 distinct categories

parabolic trough Fresnel reflector

solar tower dish Stirling


PARABOLIC TROUGH CSPTECHNOLOGY

Parabolic trough CSP technology uses parabolic

mirrors to concentrate DNI onto the receivers

positioned along each mirror’s focal line

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CALIFORNIA 354 – MW SOLAR ELECTRIC GENERATION SYSTEMS

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SOLAR TOWER CSP TECHNOLOGY

Solar tower CSP technology employs heliostats –

collectors with dual–axis trackers – to concentrate

DNI onto a central receiver – the solar tower

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heliostats

solar tower


SPAIN 20 – MW GEMASOLAR THERMOSOLAR PLANT

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FRESNEL REFLECTOR CSPTECHNOLOGY

Fresnel reflector CSP utilizes the independently

controlled, long and flat mirrors placed along a

horizontal axis for solar energy collection

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SPAIN 30 – MW PUERTO ERRADO 2PLANT

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DISH STIRLING CSP TECHNOLOGY

Dish Stirling CSP technology uses mirrors to

approximate a parabolic dish to effectively reflect

DNI onto the receiver

The absorbed thermal energy is used to power a

special type of heat engine, called a Stirling engine


1.5 – MW MARICOPA SOLAR PROJECT

Source: http://www.solarserver.com/uploads/pics/ses_suncatchers.jpg

Stirling engine


CSP TECHNOLOGY DIFFERENCES

The four CSP plant categories differ significantly

from one another in terms of technical features,

economics, technology maturity and operational

performance in utility–scale applications

Parabolic trough CSP plants are commercially widely

deployed in many CSP projects

More recently, solar tower CSP plants are being

implemented commercially on a wider scale


CSP TECHNOLOGY DIFFERENCES

There is increasing interest in solar tower CSP

using high–temperature molten salt for the HTF –

a technology with good potential for marked cost

reductions and major efficiency improvements

We summarize the key attributes of the four

categories in a tabular format


COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT CSPTECHNOLOGIES

attributeparabolic

trough

solar

tower

Fresnel

collector

dish

Stirling

capacity range

(MW)10 – 400 10 – 400 10 – 200 < 2

collector

concentration

(suns)

70 – 80 > 1,000 > 60 > 1,300

efficiency

range (%)11 – 16 7 – 20 10 – 15 12 – 25

HTF temperature

(°C)350 – 550 250 – 566 390 – 500 550 – 750


COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT CSPTECHNOLOGIES

metricparabolic

trough

solar

tower

Fresnel

collector

dish

Stirling

c.f.

range (%)25 – 28 27 – 35 22 – 24 25 – 28

land

requirementslarge medium medium small

maturity of

technology

commercial

projects

pilot

commercial

projects

pilot

projects

demonstra-

tion

projects


TES

A key advantage of CSP technology is the ability

to deploy thermal energy storage (TES) to store

excess thermal energy for its use later

A TES provides flexibility in CSP energy production

TES enables a CSP plant to produce electricity

outside the sunrise–sunset periods and also

provides smoothing of the CSP power output in

cases of cloud cover


TES

The storage of energy during the lower demand

periods and its later use for generation in higher–

demand periods increase the economic value of

the CSP–TES–produced energy and may offset the

additional TES investment costs incurred

The theoretical range of c.f.s of CSP–TES plants is

[35, 90] % – a major increase in effective utilization


EXPLANATION OF TES CAPABILITY

The TES capability can be expressed in terms of

either physical or storage capability in MWh t or in

hours

the physical capability refers to the maximum

amount of stored thermal energy

the storage capability is the ratio of the physical

capability in MWh t to the largest input from

the power block expressed in MW t units


EXAMPLE: TES IMPACTS

CSP capacity (MW) 60

maximum input of power block (MW t ) 140

TES

physical capability (MWh t ) 140

storage capability (h) 1


TES SCHEDULER

To optimize the contribution from the CSP, the TES

requires the use of an efficient scheduler

The TES schedule optimization problem has the

specific objective to maximize the CSP energy value

with the consideration of the following factors:

the impacts of charge/discharge on the

thermal energy stored in the TES

the charge/discharge limits

the TES physical capability

the power block capacity


0

20

40

0

300

600

1

DAILY CSP POWER OUTPUT WITHOUT TES

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t (M

W)

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/m2)

hour6 10 14 18 22

40

20

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600

300

0


0

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600

1

DAILY CSP POWER OUTPUT WITH TES

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hour6 10 14 18 22

40

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600

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0

5

10

15

20

25

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

DAILY POWER OUTPUT OF A 20-MWCSP WITH A 12-HOUR TES

MW

t

one winter day

one summer day


0.8

1.15

1.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

MEAN ANNUAL ENERGY GENERATION BY A 120 – MW CSP PLANT

GW

h

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

400

200

300

TES ( h )

no TESnote: diminishing

returns for each added

hour of storage

capability


2018 WORLD CSP STATUS

The 2018 global CSP capacity increased 550 MW to

reach 5,460 MW – 11.2 % above the 2017 figure

Spain and US accounted for around 75 % of the

total CSP capacity in operation at the end of 2018,

but no new capacity has entered commercial

operation in Spain since 2013 and in US since 2015

In addition, Morocco, China, South Africa and Saudi

Arabia also have actively implemented CSP

resource installations


2006 – 2018 GLOBAL CUMULATIVE CSP CAPACITY

year

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

added CSP capacity

installed CSP

capacity from the

preceding year

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2018 CSP CAPACITY BY COUNTRY

rest of the world (26 % ) Spain (42 % )

US ( 32 % )

global CSP

capacity

5,460 MW

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2018 WORLD CSP STATUS

Spain has the largest CSP capacity at 2,304 MW

followed by US – 1738 MW, South Africa – 400 MW,

Morocco – 366 MW, India – 225 MW, China – 220 MW

and UAR – 100 MW

South Africa, Morocco, Dubai and Lybia are actively

pursuing larger CSP projects

Dubai has broken ground to build the largest CSP

project in the world at 700 MW


THE CRESCENT DUNES SOLAR PROJECT IN NEVADA

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CERRO DOMINADOR SOLAR PROJECT

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THE TOP 5 STATES IN CUMULATIVE CSP CAPACITY: END OF 2018

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US CSP CUMULATIVE INSTALLED CAPACITY AND ANNUAL GENERATION

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

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1600

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2005

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2012

2013

2014

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20

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gen

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GLOBAL CSP CUMULATIVE CAPACITY 2008 – 2018

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GLOBAL CSP THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE CAPABILITY 2008 – 2018

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IVANPAH SOLAR ENERGY GENERATION PLANT

http://graphics.latimes.com/media/flatgraphics/towercard/15/la-me-solar-desert-tower1


IVANPAH SOLAR ENERGY GENERATING SYSTEM

The Ivanpah Solar Energy Generating System – owned

by NRG Energy, Google and BrightSource Energy – is

the largest CSP development in the world with a

total capacity of 395 MW

Located near Ivanpah Dry Lake, California, the 3 –

unit plant is built on approximately 14,164,000 m 2 or

3,500 acres of desert public land


THE IVANPAH SOLAR ENERGY GENERATING SYSTEM

The plant uses the BrightSource Energy solar tower

technology to produce about 1,080 GWh annually

to serve the consumption of over 140,000 homes

Ivanpah Solar Energy Generating System is estimated

to reduce CO 2 emissions by over 13.5 million tons

over its 30 – year life time


IVANPAH SOLAR ENERGY GENERATING SYSTEM

Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxCUYPzHsug


ANDASOL SOLAR POWER STATION

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ANDASOL SOLAR POWER STATION

The 150 – MW Andasol solar power station is Europe's

first commercial parabolic trough CSP, located in

Andalucia, Spain

Equipped with a 7.5 – h TES, Andasol solar power

station produces around 495 GWh annually with an

annual c.f. of 0.41


THE MOROCCAN SOLAR PLANT

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THE MOROCCAN SOLAR PLANT

The Moroccan solar thermal plant is located at

Ouarzazate, in the central southern Morocco and is

designed to supply power 20 hours each day

The thermal plant harnesses solar heat to melt

salt with energy stored in its TES

The plants’ huge parabolic mirrors are moveable

so as to track the sun from sunrise to sunset and

occupy an area as large as Rabat, the capital

The solar plant is part of the country’s vision to

get 42 % of its electricity from renewables by 2020


CSP INSTALLATION COSTS

The current investment costs for parabolic trough

and solar tower CSP technology without TES range

from 3.6 to 8.8 $/kW

CSP plants with TES tend to be more expensive

with costs ranging from 5 to 10.5 $/kW and have

higher c.f.s, with the important capability to shift

generation outside the sunrise–sunset periods


2012 PARABOLIC TROUGH CSP COST BREAKDOWN WITHOUT TES

collectors

and receivers

40 %

power block 17 %

engineering

and

site preparation

16 %

HTF

and

system 11 %

BOS 9 %

owner costs 7 %

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2012 PARABOLIC TROUGH CSP COST BREAKDOWN WITH A 6 - h TES

collectors

and receivers

34 %

power block 15 %

TES 14 %

engineering

and site

preparation

14 %

HTF and system

9 %

BOS 8 % owner costs 6 %

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2012 SOLAR TOWER CSP COST BREAKDOWN WITHOUT TES

collectors

and receivers

54 %

power block 14 %

engineering

and

site preparation

11 %

HTF

and system 10 %

BOS 6 %owner costs 5 %

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2012 SOLAR TOWER CSP COST BREAKDOWN WITH A 6 - h TES

collectors

and receivers

48 %

power block 12 %

TES 12 %

engineering and

site preparation

10 %

HTF and system 9 %

BOS 5 %owner costs 4 %

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CSP COST REDUCTION POTENTIAL

There are multiple approaches under study to

lower the investment costs of CSP plants

The key areas of cost reduction focus on:

collectors and receivers through mass

production and cheaper components;

plant design improvements to reduce

parasitic loss and increase efficiency; and,


CSP COST REDUCTION POSSIBILITIES

the deployment of new HTFs capable to be

heated up to reach higher temperatures so as

to help increase energy conversion efficiency

to reduce costs

The advances in these areas are expected to

reduce substantially the CSP LCOE


CSP LCOE

The CSP LCOE varies significantly with the specific

technology deployed

CSP with TES decreases the range of CSP LCOE

from 0.20 to 0.36 $/kWh for parabolic trough CSP

and from 0.16 to $ 0.30 $/kWh for solar tower CSP

The US Department of Energy Sunshot Initiative aim is

to reduce the CSP LCOE by 2020 to 0.06 $/kWh


PV AND CSP

Unlike PV , CSP technology can make use of only

the direct component of the insolation

However, the utilization of TES , to allow CSP to

produce electricity outside the sunrise–to–sunset

periods, is a major advantage of CSP deployment

over the nondispatchable PV

We summarize some key comparative aspects of

PV and CSP technologies in the table below


PV AND CSP COMPARISON

attribute PV CSP

capacity range

(MW)0.1 – 400 0.1 – 400

c.f. range (%) 5 – 2522 – 35 (without TES)

30 – 90 (with TES)

investment cost

range ($/W )1.98 – 4.01 3.84 – 14.54

average project

implementation

duration (y)

2 – 4 3 – 5

LCOE range

($/kWh )0.11 – 0.29 0.16 – 0.36


PV AND CSP

CSP with the additional benefits from TES is a

promising technology to harness solar energy but

as PV prices continue to drop drastically, its

economic competitiveness becomes problematic

Instead of direct PV and CSP competition, the two

technologies may work symbiotically to deepen

solar penetration in future grids


CSP PLANT TOTAL INSTALLED COSTS

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CSP PLANT CAPACITY FACTOR TRENDS

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CSP PROJECT LCOE: 2010 – 2018

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ECE 333 GREEN ELECTRIC ENERGY Concentrated Solar … 17...Concentrated Solar Power Plants ... Specifically, CSP plant uses mirrors with tracking ... Dish Stirling CSP technology uses

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