Computers Generations

7/25/2019 Computers Generations

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Computer

Generations lax kd

larfr

B

y:Rahul alik

January, 2016



Computer = Compute= Calculate

Thirteen century Abacus believes to be the first

ever computer

Computers Generations



Computer = An electronic device that performsarithmetical & logical tasks with speed & accuracy

without interruption




Characteristics of Computer

Speed

Accuracy

VersatilityPower of Memory




Characteristics of Computer

Diligence

No IQ !

No Feelings


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Generation of Computer

First Generation (before 1955)

Vacuum Tube Technology






Vacuum tubes were the only electronic

components available during those days

The technology made possible the advent

of digital computers

Fastest calculating device of that era

Could compute in milliseconds

Characteristics










Too bulky in size

Unreliable

Emitted large amount of heat thus prone to

burnt out

Prone to frequent hardware failure

Non-portable

Constant maintenance required

Limited commercial use

Disadvantages





Second Generation (1955 - 1964)

Transistors based system

Smaller is size and more reliable than

vacuum tube

Less heat generated

Computational time reduced to milliseconds

to microseconds

Less prone to hardware failure

Better portability

Wider commercial use

Characteristics




Second generation computers




Second Generation (1955 - 1964)

Frequent maintenance required

Manual assembly of individual components

into functioning unit was required

Air-conditioning required

Commercial production was difficult and

expensive

Disadvantages





Third Generation (1964 - 1975)

Based on Integrated Circuit (IC)

Frequent maintenance required

Manual assembly of individual components

into functioning unit was required

Air-conditioning required

Commercial production was difficult and

expensive

Characteristics






Smaller in size as compared to previous

generation computer

More reliable than 2nd generation computer

Lower heat generated than 2nd gen

Computational time reduced from

microseconds to nanoseconds

Characteristics






Less power required as compared

Hardware failure are rare thus maintenance

cost is low

Easily portable

Widely used for various commercial

applications

Commercial production was

easier and cheaper

Characteristics






Air-conditioning

required in many cases

Highly sophisticated

technology required for

the manufacturing of IC

chips

Disadvantages





Fourth Generation (1975 onwards)

Initially ICs were to house 10-20 individual

components (SSI technology)

Then with the advent of technology MSI &

LSI came into the picture

Very small & powerful chips developed

through VLSI

Charecteristics





Fourth Generation (1975 onwrds)

Computer giant IBM tried to develop

micro computer called PC (Personal

Computer)

Intel Corp developed Micro chip code named

80286, 80386, 80486

Technology made it possible PC to reach

home

Charecteristics





Fourth Generation (1975 onwrds)

Computer giant IBM tried to develop

micro computer called PC (Personal

Computer)

Intel Corp developed Micro chip code named

80286, 80386, 80486

Technology made it possible PC to reach

home

Charecteristics





Forth Generation (1995 onwrds)

Software companies joined hand in

developing new kind of OS & Application

Software

Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), leading CPU

manufacturing company introduced

equivalent processors

Sun Micro Systems also came up with the

Same idea

Charecteristics






Computer became a tool for entertainment

with the development with newer technology

The term MULTIMEDIA came along with the

advent of CD ROMs, Sound cards & Speakers

New OSs supporting GUI and other graphical

& gaming/entertainment software introduced

Charecteristics






Smallest in size because of high component

density

Fast, accurate and reliable in performance

Less power consumption and heat

generation

Super portability

Hardware failure is minimal thusalmost maintenance free

Cheapest among its predecessor

Advantages


C G




Fifth Generation (2000 onwrds)

Technology became more sophisticated

More number of transistors making it more

complex in CPU architecture

More speed and accuracy needed for

demanding tasks

Developers introduced Pentium I, P II, P III &

P IV category of job intensives CPUs

Charecteristics




Fifth generation computers

C G




Fifth Generation (2000 onwrds)

Many changes took place over the time in

these generation of CPUs

Both Intel & AMD introduced slot & sockettype CPUs

Almost in every quarter there was a new

entrant with higher speed and better quality

of computing

Charecteristics


C G




Sixth/Seventh Generation (Till date)

Looks and basic technology remain same

More processing power & data bandwidth

Enhanced L1, L2 & L3 CACHE memory

Better data handling capacity

Improved CPU intensive tasks (high-end

graphics, animation, video editing,

Audio encoding etc.

Better multitasking

Charecteristics


C G





Very stiff competition among the major

players

Concept of putting 2 different core in asingle chip introduced

2 core working at same speed made

multitasking buttery

Charecteristics


C G





Even quad core in a single chip both from

AMD & rival Intel released

Processing speed is skyrocketing day by day

AMD even developed 5 core in a single chip

codenamed VENOM

Charecteristics


C G i





Today’s modern computer is much more

superior than its predecessors in terms of

looks, performance and portability

Other components have been tremendously

changed and improved to match the pace

with CPU technology

Software are also compensating the

Changes at per with thedevelopment

Charecteristics


C G i



Inside of a computer

Mother board that houses all major components


C G i




CPU placed on its designated slot in Mother board


C t G ti




Hard Disk is connected as permanent storage medium


C t G ti




RAM as primary storage medium placed on MB


C t G ti




Graphic card is placed on MB and rear point connects

the monitor


C t G ti




A Floppy Disk Drive may be connected with MB


C t G ti




A CD/DVD ROM/Writer may be connected with MB


C t G ti




A Sound card (optional) may be installed on MB


C t G ti




A monitor is connected with GFX card installed on MB


C t G ti




Power Supply (SMPS) fitted inside the cabinet pumps

power to the MB


C t G ti




Key board & mouse are connected at the rear of the cabinet





Computer assembly is done!

Computer from outside either in tower or laptop form





Computer Organization Basics

All computer systems performs the following five basic operations:

Input (Wheat)

Storing (Wheat)

ControllingProcessing

Output (Atta)





Computer Organization Basics

Block Diagram: How computer functions

Storage Unit

Control Unit

Input Unit Output Unit

Arithmetic

Logic Unit





Number System

Inside a computer system, data is stored in a format

which is not easily read by human being

That is why in computer system input & output (I/O)

interface is needed

Every computer stores numbers, letters and other

special characters as number codes which is called

machine language

So, number system is important for computers





Number System

Non Positional Number System

In early days, human being used to count on fingers

When that was not adequate, stone, pebbles, logs &

sticks were used to indicate values





Number System

Positional Number System: Binary Number System3 bit numbers & their Decimal values

BINARY DECIMAL EQUIVALENT

000 0

001 1

010 2

011 3

100 4

101 5





Operating System: MS DOS

Developed by Micro Soft Inc.

Introduced in 1980’s

Initially it was named as QDOS (Quick & Dirty Operating System)

Based on X386 type Microprocessor based System

IBM requested Micro Soft for a version exclusively for its PC

Version of DOS introduced on IBM PC named as PC DOS






Features of DOS

Networking was not possible

No Multi User capabilities

Did not support Multitasking

No Multi threading






Some useful internal DOS Commands

del, erase - delete files

rd, rmdir - delete directories

dir - show content of directories

cd, chdir - change current directory

cls - clear the screen






Some useful internal DOS Commands

md, mkdir - create a directory

copy - copy of one or several files

ren, rename - rename of files or directories

type - shows the content of text files

ver - shows the DOS version number

vol - shows the name of the storage drive






Some external DOS Commands

attrib - shows the attributes of files or set one of those

Chkdsk –

checks the disk status

fdisk - partitioning or modify of the hard disk






Some external DOS Commands

move - move of files

mem - shows the occupancy of working memory

tree - shows the directory structure

format - format of storage drives




Rahul Malik

hank you

Computers Generations

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