Computer History Monika Gope Lecturer IICT. Evaluation of computer The development of the modern day computer was the result of advances in technologies.

Computer History

Monika Gope

LecturerIICT

Evaluation of computer

The development of the modern day computer was the result of advances in technologies and man's need to quantify.

Let us look at some of the important milestones in the evolution of computers.

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Abacus

The abacus was invented in 3000 BC in Babylonia.Beads on rods to count and calculateStill widely used in Asia!

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Slide Rule

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1612, John Napier used floating point arithmetic and invented the logarithmused until 1970s

1622,William Oughtred created the slide rule based on Napier‘s logarithms.

William Oughtred (1575–1660)

Pascal's Adding Machine

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In 1642 AD, Blaise Pascal , a French Mathematician invented a calculating machine named as Adding Machine.

This machine was capable of doing Addition and Subtraction. This device is known as the First Calculator of the world.

Blaise Pascal(1623–1662)

Leibniz’s Calculator

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Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716)

1673, Gottfried Leibnitz a German Mathematician improved the Adding machine and built a calculator which could multiply and division as well

Jacqurad Loom 1801

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Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1752–1834)

He invented an automatic loom using punched cards to control patterns in the fabrics.

First stored program - metal cardsFirst computer manufacturingStill in use today!Starting the industrial age

Babbage’s Difference Engine

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Charles Babbage (1752–1834)

1822, a British mathematician designed the Difference Engine which can compute navigational tables.

1833,He designed the Analytical Engine

1991,it is built by the Science Museum in London

He originated the concept of a programmable computer.

Considered a father of Computer

Babbage’s Difference Engine

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Lady Ada

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Lady Ada(1815-1852) 

Lord Byron's daughter, Ada, Countess of Lovelace, suggested to Babbage that he use the binary system in his machine.

She wrote programs for his analytical engine in 1840, becoming the world's first computer programmer.

Her notes on the engine include what is recognized as the first algorithm intended to be processed by a machine.

Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine

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Herman Hollerith (1860–1929)

He developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data

Founded Hollerith Tabulating Company Which became IBM in 1924This machine

was used by American Department of Census to complete their 1880 census data.

History….

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Konrad Zuse, 1935-38, He developed Z1and Z2 mechanical computers using binary arithmetic

1943 ,Alan Turing built Colossus which is used to break German codes(is encrypted by ENIGMA machine)

Mark I Computer

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Howard Aiken of Harvard University in USA joined hands with the company IBM. He developed a computer named Mark I in 1943.

It could perform mathematical operations very fast.

It could perform one operation per second.

Howard Hathaway Aiken (1900-1973)

Mark I Computer

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ENIACThe first electronic computer ENIAC was developed in 1946 by a team lead by Professor Eckert and Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania in USA.

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was very huge and very fast.

It could solve 5000 operations per second.

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ENIAC

• Used 18000 vacuum tubes• U shaped,25m long, 2.5m

high, 1.5m wide• Programmed by plugging

cables and setting switches• From 1 hourto 1 day to

programm• Von Johnvon Neumann in

1945 proposed a stored program computer called EDVAC

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History…• 1947,William Shockley, John Bardeen,

Walter Brattain invent the transistor• 1950‟s,IBM produces series of computers

(IBM 701, 702)• 1957,Fortran-the first programming

language is introduced• 1958, Integrated Circuit invented• 1965, IBM/360 Mainframe is introduced

using integrated circuits• 1965, DEC introduced PDP-8, first

minicomputer

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History…

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Integrated Circuit(IC): Small Scale Integration(SSI), Medium Scale Integration(MSI), Large Scale Integration(LSI).

1971, Intel 4004 the first microprocessor1973, Xerox invents Ethernet

Intel 8080

In 1974 the Intel 8080 processor was introduced - it became the basis for the first personal computers.

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History…

• 1975, First PC, MITS Altair 8800, Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote a BASIC compiler for the Altair.• 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak develop

Apple I in their parent’s garage.• 1976, Cray-1: The first supercomputer

announced• 1977, TRS-80 released by Tandy Corporation• Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) and Super

Large Scale Integration(SLSI)• IBM PC 1981, Intel 8088 and DOS OS

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Portable Computer• 1981, First “Portable Computer”• 1983, First PDA released Had 8K of RAM Cost $199,95 (US)• 1984, Apple Macintosh introduced

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Generations

• 0th Generation( -1900): Mechanics• 1th Generation(1900-1957): Vacuum tube• 2th Generation(1957-1965): Transistor• 3th Generation(1966-1980): SSI, MSI, LSI• 4th Generation(1981-): VLSI, SLSI• Now ???? AI

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Now : 5th generation

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Classifications

• On the basis of Technology• Generations of computers

• On the basis of Purpose• General Purpose, special Purpose

computers• On The basis of size & Speed

• Micro, Mini & Super Computers• On the basis of how it functions

• Analog, Digital & Hybrid Computers

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Generations of Computer

• Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly

• smaller,

• cheaper,

• more powerful

• more efficient and

• reliable devices.

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TIME PERIOD : 1940's-1950's

TECHNOLOGY USED : Vacuum Tubes

SIZE AND SPEED : Huge, taking up entire

rooms, Slow speed

LANGUAGE USED : Machine language

COST : System and

working cost very high.

OTHER FEATURES :

•Used a great deal of electricity.

•Generated a lot of heat.

•Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.

EXAMPLE : UNIVAC and ENIAC

Structure of a

Vaccum Tube

UNIVAC

ENIAC

FIRST GENERATION

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SECOND GENERATIONTIME PERIOD : 1950's- 1960's

TECHNOLOGY USED : Transistors

SIZE AND SPEED : Lesser size and increased speed

LANGUAGE USED : Assembly language and languages like

COBOL and FORTRAN

COST : Cost decreased

OTHER FEATURES : More efficient and reliable.

Though the transistors still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube.

Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.

EXAMPLE : UNIVAC 1108, IBM 1401, CDC 1604

UNIVAC 1108

IBM 1401

TRANSISITORS

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THIRD GENERATIONTIME PERIOD : late 1960's-1970's

TECHNOLOGY USED : Integrated Circuit

SIZE AND SPEED : Size Lesser and speed further increased

LANGUAGE USED : Operating System was developed.

COST : Cost decreased further

OTHER FEATURES : Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.

Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. EXAMPLE : IBM-360 series, Honeywell Model 316, Honeywell 6000 series, CDC – 1700.

IBM 360/50

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FOURTH GENERATIONTIME PERIOD : 1970's-today

TECHNOLOGY USED : Microprocessor

SIZE AND SPEED : Reduced size and tremendous speed

LANGUAGE USED : High Level Languages like PASCAL, COBOL, C, C++, JAVA

COST : Reduced Cost

OTHER FEATURES : Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors.•As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet.•Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.

EXAMPLE : Intel 4004, Apple Macintosh

The Macintosh 128K, the first Macintosh,

was the first commercially

successful personal computer to use

images, rather than text, to communicate.

Intel 4004D microprocessor

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FIFTH GENERATIONTIME PERIOD : 1990's -today

TECHNOLOGY USED : Microprocessor

SIZE AND SPEED : Reduced size and tremendous speed

LANGUAGE USED : Based on Artificial intelligence

COST : Reduced Cost

OTHER FEATURES : Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today.The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

EXAMPLE : Parallel Inference MachineNote• Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave like humans.•Voice Recognition is the field of computer science that deals with designing computer systems that can recognize spoken words.

On The basis of size & Speed• Super Computers• Mainframe• Mini• Micro (personal Computers)

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Super ComputerThe fastest type of computer.Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations.For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, , nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.

Characteristics• Powerful• Expensive• Dedicated to one purpose - weather, satellites, military • Used by large governments or very large companies•Can be used by thousands of people at the same time• Very large - fill rooms

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Super Computer

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Super Computer

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Sixteen racks of IBM's Blue Gene/L supercomputer can perform 70.7 trillion calculations per second, making it the fastest machine known so far.

MainframesIn the early days of computing, mainframes were huge

computers that could fill an entire room or even a whole floor.

As the size of computers has decreased while the power has increased, the term

mainframe has fallen out of use in favor of enterprise server. You'll still hear the

term used, particularly in large companies to describe the huge machines

processing millions of transactions every day.   Characteristics: 

     Expensive     Powerful and fast     Is not limited to one job     Used by business and small government organizations

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Super Computer vs. Mainframe• The main difference between a

supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs simultaneously.

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Mini Computer

Another term rarely used anymore, minicomputers fall in between

microcomputers (PCs) and mainframes (enterprise servers).

Minicomputers are normally referred to as mid-range servers now.

Characteristics:  Smaller than mainframe Can do several jobs at once  Can be used by many people at one time  Used by small companies

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Micro ComputerThe term microcomputer, also known as personal

computer (PC), or a computer that depends on a microprocessor.

A microcomputer contains a central processing unit (CPU) on a

microchip (the microprocessor), a memory system (read-only memory

and random access memory), placed on a motherboard.

Example:  desktop, notebook, laptop, handheld devices.Characteristics:

developed in 1980 designed for single user not very powerful or expensive found in homes

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Classification of Computers of On the basis of How It FunctionsThe current classifications of computers place

them into four categories:

Analog Computer

Digital Computer

Hybrid Computers

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Classification of Computers of On the basis of How It Functions

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Analog ComputersAnalog Computers

Operate on continuous data, like

measuring temp. changes .

Faster.Accuracy of an analog

computer is restricted to the

accuracy with which physical

quantities can be sensed and displayed. Specific Purpose

computers .

Digital computers work on

discrete data.Digital computer can

process data with greater

accuracy.We generally use

digital computers for

business and scientific data

processing.

Digital Computers

Hybrid Computer• Hybrid computers are computers that comprise

features of analog computers and digital computers.

• The digital component normally serves as the controller and provides logical operations, while the analog component normally serves as a solver of differential equations.

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Purpose Based Classification of Computer Systems

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General Purpose Computers

Special Purpose Computers

The First Real Computers:1939: Konrad Zuse completed the first programmable, general-purpose digital computer

Special-purpose computer: Dedicated computers that perform specific tasks Controlling the temperature and humidity Monitoring your heart rate Monitoring your house security

system

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You don’t need to know everything, the only thing

you have to know is how to get it when you want to use

it

Enstein