Computer hardware3

Computer Hardware

What is a computer?A computer is an electronic device that executes the instructions in a program.

Benefits of Computers

The three main benefits of using computers are :Speed Accuracy Capacity to take large amount of work.

ApplicationsComputers are used in various fields ranging from making cartoon films tospace research.Some applications of computers are: Railway reservation Banking and AccountsWeather Forecast Space ResearchWeather Forecast Space ResearchMedical Diagnosis Chemical Analysis

Types of computersComputers are categorized on the basis of size, sot and performance.Generally, the larger the system, the greater is its processing speed, storage capacity, cost and ability to handle large number of devices. The various types of computers are: Microcomputer Personal computers/laptopsMinicomputersMainframesSuper computers

Microcomputers

Systems on the lower end of the size of the size scale are microcomputers. They may be tiny special purpose devices dedicated to carrying out a single task such as one inside a camera.

Personal Computers

The most popular form of computer in use today is the Personal Computer generally known as the PC. The PC can be used for various application. It can be defined as a single user oriented and general purpose microcomputer.

Lap Top

Lately, the Palmtops and Laptops have become very popular with their power and portability.It can perform a diverse range of functions, from keeping track of household accounts to keeping records of the stores of a large manufacturing company.

Mini Computers

Mini computers are small, general-purpose computers. They can vary in size from a small desktop model to the size of a small filing cabinet. A typical mini system is more expensive than a PC and surpasses of PC in storage capacity and speed.

contd………While most PCs are oriented towards single users,minisystems are designed to handle the needs of multiple users, i.e., more than one person can work on a mini at the same time.

Mainframes

A mainframe is another form of a computer system that is generally morepowerful than a typical mini. Mainframes themselves may vary widely in costand capability. They are used in large organizations for large scale jobs.However, there is an overlap between the expensive minis and smallmainframe models in terms of cost and capability.

Super computers

At the end of the size and capability scale, are the super computers. These systems are the largest, fastest and most expensive computers in the world.These computers are owned by large organizations. They are used for complex scientific applications.

Software Software is a computer program that is made up of certain instructions or codes that tell your hardware, or computer, what to do.

Software can be used to play games, write school papers, or even sort e-mail

HardwareThe physical parts of the computer that you can actually touch

MouseMicrophone Keyboard

ScannerMonitor

Computer

Camera

components

motherboard

processor

Bios/cmos

chipset

Real time clock chip

Input/output devices

keyboard

mouse

monitor

camera

speakers

Primary storage

ROM

RAM

Secondary storage

DVD drive

Hard disk

Floppy disk

processorProcessor is the brain of the computer. It deals Data processing & execution of data's is perform in it.It does all the thinking for the computer and process all the information to be turned into files on your computer.

BIOS(Basic input output system)

The Basic Input/output System controls the computer’s basic operations and is responsible for starting up the computer and hardware.Its most important role is to load the operating system.

Some of the other common tasks that the BIOS performs include:Check the CMOS Setup for custom settingsLoad the interrupt handlers and device driversInitialize registers and power managementPerform the power-on self-test (POST)Display system settingsDetermine which devices are bootable

CMOS BatteryThe system BIOS and the information required to configure it is stored on a Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) chip. CMOS is a battery-powered storage chip located on the system board. The CMOS chip has rewritable memory since the configuration data can be changed or updated as the components or devices in the computer are changed.

Real time clock chip:The RTC is essentially a quartz watch that runs all the time, whether or not the computer has power. The battery powers this clock.

RTC gets the correct time and date when system is booted.

Chipset:The chipset is the "glue" that connects the microprocessor to the rest of the computer.

It consists of two basic parts -- the Northbridge and the Southbridge.

Input/ output devicesA keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys.

Mouse A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen. Allows the entry of data and executes programs.

MONITERSA monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion of the monitor that displays the information is called the screen. Like a television screen, a computer screen can show still or moving pictures.There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and the newer LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors.

CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors

LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors.

web cameraA webcam is a video camera that feeds its images in real time to a computer or computer network.The common use as a video camera for the World Wide Web gave the webcam its nameWebcams are known for their low manufacturing cost and flexibility, making them the lowest cost form of videotelephony.

speakersComputer speakers, or multimedia speakers, are speakers external to a computer, that disable the lower fidelity built-in speaker.  The computer speakers typically packaged with computer systems are small, plastic, and have mediocre sound quality.Laptops has integrated sound devices. It deals with low sound quality.

STORAGESPrimary storages consists of two types.They are ROM(Read only memory)RAM(Random access memory)

ROMComputers almost always contain a small amount of read-only memory that holds instructions for starting up the computer. Unlike RAM, ROM cannot be written to.Types of ROMPROM(programmable read-only memory):EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory)EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory):

RAMPrimary storage for cpuIntegrated services are used to temporarily store programs, instructions and data.It is a volatile memoryTypes of ram:SD(Synchronous dynamic random-access memory)DDR1 (Double data rate RAM1 )DDR2 (Double data rate RAM2)DDR3 (Double data rate RAM3)

Secondary storagesThere are three types of secondary devicesThey areDvd driveHard diskFloppy disk

CD and DVD driveNearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located on the front of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a CD; many CD drives can also write (record) data onto CDs.

HARDDISKstorage device that holds the operating system and other programs and data files.

Floppy diskPerhaps the slowest form of long term secondary storage for the computer is the floppy disk with 1.44 MB disk drive.

MOTHERBOARDThis transfers data between all of the computer’s components: the human nervous system.It is the main circuit board that incommoded processor slot, RAM slot , Extension slot , PCI slot, Serial port, parallel port, connectors for keyboard & mouse etc.

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