Computer Communication & Networks Lecture # 06 Physical Layer: Analog Transmission Nadeem Majeed Choudhary [email protected].

Computer Communication & Networks

Lecture # 06Physical Layer: Analog Transmission

Nadeem Majeed [email protected]

Physical Layer

Physical Layer Topics to CoverSignals

Digital Transmission

Analog Transmission

Multiplexing

Transmission Media

Reasons for Conversions

Digital data Digital Signal Easy and simple to implement

Analog data Digital Signal Allows the use of digital transmission and switching equipment

Digital data Analog Signal Allows us of the public telephone system Allows use of optical fiber

Analog Data Analog Signal Easy Telephone system was primarily analog

Data Encoding Techniques

Analog Encoding of Digital Information

Phase shift keying Two binary numbers (0,1) represented by phase shift of the

carrier wave More efficient and noise resistant than FSK Used up to 9600 on voice grade lines

Data Encoding Techniques

Analog Encoding of Digital Information

Techniques can be combined Common to combine phase shift and amplitude shift Can get 56kps on a voice grade line With some techniques called multilevel signaling each

signal represents more than one bit Baud rate = signal changes per second Bit rate = bits per second

DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of

changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in digital data.

Data Rate Vs Signal Rate

Baud rate determines the bandwidth required to send the signal

S = N * 1/r

Where S is signal rate, N is data rate and

r is number of data elements carried in one

signal element.

Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is the number of signal elements per second.

In the analog transmission of digital data, the baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate.

Note

An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. If 1000 signal elements are sent per second, find the bit rate.

SolutionIn this case, r = 4, S = 1000, and N is unknown. We can find the value of N from

Example

Example

An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 bps and a baud rate of 1000 baud. How many data elements are carried by each signal element? How many signal elements do we need?

SolutionIn this example, S = 1000, N = 8000, and r and L are unknown. We find first the value of r and then the value of L.

Carrier Signal In analog signal, the sending device produces a high-

frequency signal that acts as a basis for the information signal. This base signal is called the carrier signal or carrier frequency.

Receiving device is tuned to the frequency of the carrier signal that it expects from the sender.

Digital information then modulates the carrier signal by modifying one or more of its characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase). This kind of modification is called modulation (or shift keying, and the information signal is called the modulating signal.

Data Encoding Techniques

Analog Encoding of Digital Information (cont) Amplitude shift keying

Two binary numbers (0,1) represented by two different amplitudes of the carrier wave

Rather inefficient Used up to 1200 bps on voice grade lines Used to transmit digital data over optical fiber

Binary Amplitude Shift Keying

Bandwidth

Bandwidth of a signal is the total range of frequencies occupied by that signal.

Bandwidth of the signal is centered at carrier frequency fc.

Data Encoding Techniques

Analog Encoding of Digital Information (cont) Frequency shift keying

Two binary numbers (0,1) represented by two different frequencies of the carrier wave

Less susceptible to error than ASK Used up to 1200bps on voice grade lines Commonly used for high frequency ( 4 to 30mhz) radio

Binary Frequency Shift Keying

Binary Phase Shift Keying

PSK Constellation

4 PSK Method

4 PSK Constellation

8 PSK Constellation

4 QAM & 8 QAM

Analog-to-Analog Modulation

Analog-to-Analog Analog-to-analog conversion is the

representation of analog information by an analog signal. One may ask why we need to modulate an analog signal; it is already analog. Modulation is needed if the medium is bandpass in nature or if only a bandpass channel is available to us.

Amplitude Modulation

Frequency Modulation

Phase Modulation

Bandwidth Utilization

Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of available bandwidth to achieve specific goals.

Efficiency can be achieved by multiplexing; privacy and anti-jamming can be achieved by spreading.

Multiplexing

Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the devices, the link can be shared. Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. As data and telecommunications use increases, so does traffic.

Contd..

FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that combines analog signals.

6.33

Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 kHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a link with a bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the configuration, using the frequency domain. Assume there are no guard bands.

SolutionWe shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a different bandwidth. We use the 20- to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first channel, the 24- to 28-kHz bandwidth for the second channel, and the 28- to 32-kHz bandwidth for the third one.

Example

Time Division Multiplexing

TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for combining several low-rate channels into one high-rate one.

Spread Spectrum

Spread Spectrum is a means of transmission in which the data sequence occupies a bandwidth in excess of the minimum bandwidth necessary to send it. Effectively the signal is mapped to a higher dimension signal

space Signal spreading is done before transmission by using a

spreading sequence. The same sequence is used at the receiver to retrieve the signal

Spread Spectrum is most effective against interference (intentional or non-intentional) with fixed energy.

Main commercial applications in wireless and GPS. Two techniques to spread the spectrum : FHSS, DSSS

DSSS

In direct sequence spread spectrum we use a code of n bits to represent each bit.

Barker sequence is used as spreading code in which n= 11

So, if signal is N then rate of spread signal is 11N

FHSS

Pseudorandom code generator creates a k-bit pattern for every hopping period. Frequency table uses that pattern to find the frequency to be used and passes it to frequency synthesizer.

Carrier signal is created by frequency synthesizer.

Readings

Chapter 5 (B.A Forouzan) Section 5.1, 5.2

Q & A