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L E D F O R R O A D W A Y , A R E A A N D
P A R K I N G F A C I L I T Y A P P L I C A T I O N S
LED FOR INFRASTRUCTURE LIGHTING APPLICATIONS
MAJEED UZ ZAFER
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TOPICS COVERED
OPTICAL DESIGN METRICS
INFLUENCE OF S/P RATIOS NADIR DUMP
BUG RATINGS
PERFORMANCE TESTING
DESIGNING WITH LED LUMINAIRES
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Single-sided emission light source:
Outside decorative applications (Acorns, Lanterns, Etc.),
most outdoor lighting tasks involve lighting the ground
Since 100% of the lumens produced by an LED (in a
pad-up orientation) are directed toward the ground, most
of the light is already heading in the right direction
Optic
alDesign
Methods
COMPARISON BETWEEN HID SOURCES AND LED
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Single-sided emission light source:
Optic
alDesign
Methods
~10% loss per bounce Many bounces required
65-75% Average Efficiency
Tendency for nadir light
~10% loss per bounce Many rays can be passed through
85-92% Average Efficiency
Very low nadir light possible
HID(Horizontal lamp)
LED
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Optical Performance
Optic
alDesign
Methods
Asymmetric Patterns May be Complicated
HID(Horizontal lamp)
LED
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Optical Performance:
Optic
alDesign
Methods
~10% loss per bounce
Reduced Light at Nadir
Fewer Bounces Required
70-80% Average Efficiency
Asymmetric Patterns May be Complicated
{
HID(vertical lamp)
LED
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Coefficient of Utilization:
Optic
alDesign
Methods
150HPS 110LED
Lamp
Lumens: 16,000 N/A
Delivered
Lumens:11,435 11,071
Downward
Street Side6214.1 8174.3
SS% of Fixture
Lumens54% 74%
SS% of Lamp
Lumens39% N/A
Wattage: 188W 110W
Street Side
Efficiency:33 lm/W 74lm/W
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From Nadir Dump
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To UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION
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Optic
alDesign
Methods
Variety of Optical Control Methods:
The goal:
Asource
Btask
Asource
( )
QRcost
Gglare
Eefficiency
Ccontrol & comfort
Btask
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Optic
alDesign
Methods
Variety of Optical Control Methods:
PrismaticNone ReflectorMinimal TIR
None: Bare LEDs Caution
Diffusion: Frosted Lenses & Filters
Prismatic: Geometric & Refractive Surface Features
TIR: Total Internal Reflection
Reflectors: Reflective Opaque Geometry
Combination:
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Optic
alDesign
Methods
None (Bare LEDs)
Sometimes the easiest thing to
do is nothing at all (pixel effect)
Potentially harsh for theobserver
Beware of efficiency claims
Requires at least a lens/cover to
protect PCB and LED fromenvironment
Value IndexEfficiency
Control
Comfort
Protection
Material Cost
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OpticalDesign
Methods
Diffusion
Comfort and efficiency is afunction of degree of diffusion
May be applicable for low-level
pedestrian-scale applications(bollards, etc.)
When source luminance isdesired
Value Index
Efficiency
Control
Comfort
Protection
Material Cost
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OpticalDesign
Methods
Prismatic
Traditionally used in post top & flood
applications
Works well with small (intense) light
sources Advanced film and sheet light
shapers available
Value Index
Efficiency
Control
Comfort
Protection
Material Cost
O
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OpticalDesign
Methods
Total Internal Reflection(TIR)
The most common controlmethodology used today
Very High Efficiency
Surface features can be finely tuned to
provide a high level of control Easily provides high CBCP
Suitable for a variety of applications(Outdoor & Flood)
Possible to mix and match differentoptics to provide application-basedphotometry
Value IndexEfficiency
Control
Comfort
Protection
Material Cost
O
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OpticalDesign
Methods
Total Internal Reflection(TIR)
Small source size:
Minimal optical material requirements
Low surface temp provides an opportunity to interfacelamp source directly with optical system
Caution:As drive currents increase, LED
temperatures may increaseaccordingly. Since most TIR optics
are made from acrylic, the potential
exists to surpass the thermal
limitations of PMMA (~97C).
O
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OpticalDesign
Methods
Reflector
Average to Good Efficiency
Potential for superior comfort and
control
Requires additional lensing forenvironmental protection
May impact efficiency
May allow for aimed (task optimized
optics)
Task efficiency may be high while raw
efficiency is lower
Value IndexEfficiency
Control
Comfort
Protection
Material Cost
O
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OpticalDesign
Methods
Considerations for use
System Efficiency Control Comfort Protection
Bare
Minimal
Prismatic
TIR
Reflector
O
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OpticalDesign
Methods
Optical Selection Modifiers:
Novelty
Comfort & Glare
Efficiency
Light Trespass
O
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OpticalDesign
Methods
Other Novel Approaches | Combination
O
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OpticalDesign
Method
s
Different Distributions Achieved
O
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OpticalDesign
Method
s
Other Novel Approaches | LED Light Guides
Mercedes S-Class Interior
T
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Visual System Performance:
The human visual system is adaptive
Perceived Brightness:
Influenced by
Purkinje Effect / Scotopic Enhancement
Pupil Size
Reflectivity of Surfaces (ex: concrete)
Color Temperature
Uniformity
Potentially Color Rendering
TheIn
fluenceofS/PRa
tios
T
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Visual SystemPerformance
From the Purkinje Effect, humans see
differently under different levels of
illumination
Under higher levels of light (~10 cd/m), thevisual response system is dominated by
the cone photoreceptors (Photopic Vision).
Under lower levels of light (10 cd/m to
~.0001 cd/m), both rods and codes are
active (Mesopic Vision).
Under very low levels of light (< ~.0001
cd/m), the visual response system is
dominated by the rod photoreceptors
(Scotopic Vision).
TheIn
fluenceofS/PRa
tioshttp://www.lrc.rpi.edu
T
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Visual System Performance:
S/P Ratio = Scotopic/Photopic Ratio
All IES illuminance
recommendations assume an S/P
ratio of 1.0
Most recommended outdoor light
levels are in the Mesopic range.
If the [light source] is known tohave a different ratio, then an
adjustment may be made to the
recommended illuminance [value].
TheIn
fluenceofS/PRa
tios
The S/P ratio of the optical
radiation is a single-value
indicator and the larger
the value the more
dominant are the shorter
(blue) wavelengths.
T
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Visual System Performance S/P Ratio
ASSIST discusses a new unified system of photometry
TheIn
fluenceofS/PRa
tios
T
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Visual System Performance
S/P Ratio = Scotopic/Photopic Ratio
COMPARISON OF VISUAL EFFICACY OF LED VS. HID SOURCES AS EVALUATED BY UNIFIED SYSTEM OF PHOTOMETRY PROPOSED BY
REA, ET. AL., 'ASSIST RECOMMENDS', VOLUME 6, ISSUE 2, JAN. 2009; LIGHTING RESEARCH CENTER, RENSSELAER POLY. INST.
Illuminance
(fc)
Photopic
luminance
(cd/m)
4300K
White LED
(cd/m)
(Mesopic)
M.H.
(cd/m)
(Mesopic)
HPS
(cd/m)
(Mesopic)
.1 .034 .062 .049 .023
.2 .069 .114 .093 .048
.3 .103 .16 .134 .075
.4 .137 .201 .173 .105
.5 .171 .24 .21 .135
.6 .206 .276 .245 .168
.7 .24 .31 .28 .202
.8 .274 .342 .313 .237
.9 .309 .373 .346 .272
1.0 .343 .403 .378 .309
TheIn
fluenceofS/PRa
tios
The values below assume a surface reflectivity of 10%
T
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Visual System Performance
S/P Ratio = Scotopic/Photopic RatioThe values below assume a surface reflectivity of 10%
Illuminance
(fc)
Photopic
luminance
(cd/m)
4300K
White LED
(cd/m)
(Mesopic)
M.H.
(cd/m)
(Mesopic)
HPS
(cd/m)
(Mesopic)
1.1 .377 .432 .409 .347
1.2 .411 .460 .440 .385
1.3 .446 .487 .470 .423
1.4 .480 .514 .500 .462
1.5 .514 .540 .529 .502
1.6 .548 .565 .558 .541
1.7 .583 .589 .587 .5811.8 .617 .600 .600 .600
1.9 . . . .
2.0 . . . .
TheIn
fluenceofS/PRa
tios
COMPARISON OF VISUAL EFFICACY OF LED VS. HID SOURCES AS EVALUATED BY UNIFIED SYSTEM OF PHOTOMETRY PROPOSED BY
REA, ET. AL., 'ASSIST RECOMMENDS', VOLUME 6, ISSUE 2, JAN. 2009; LIGHTING RESEARCH CENTER, RENSSELAER POLY. INST.
T
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Visual System Performance S/P Ratio
The Implications of a light source S/P ratio becomes
reduced under higher illuminance requirements.
When the required (IES) levels are selected in lieu of
higher arbitrary values, LED sources may have an edge.
At this time, S/P ratios have not been fully analyzed forroadway applications or more specifically areas where
speeds of travel are greater than 25mph.
TheIn
fluenceofS/PRa
tios
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32
ANSI/IESNA RP-8-00
Re-affirmed 2010
Recommended
Practice for
Roadway Lighting
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Purpose of Standard
Recommended practice for designing new, continuouslighting systems
Roadways, adjacent bikeways, and pedestrian ways
Basis for design of fixed lighting
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Joint IDA-IES
Model Outdoor Lighting Ordinance
MLO
IES
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Prescriptive Method
Lumen density limits to address over-lighting
3 digit identification system for lighting products
B rating Backlight or light trespass
U rating Upward light or sky glow
G rating High angle zone or glare
Limits for each lighting zone are published
in TM-15-11(Luminaire Classification
System for Outdoor Luminaires)
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BUG RATING
36
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Definition of BUG Rating
37
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Efficiency Where It Counts
38
UP LIGHT
0 lm. 0%
180
100100BACK LIGHT
43 lm. 1.0%
BVH 90= 0.0%
BH 80=
0.2%
BM 60= 0.5%
BL 30= 0.3%
FVH 90= 4.5%
FM 60= 25.9%
FL 30= 0.8%
0
UH
UL
How much light is going where I want?
How much light is going where I dontwant?
FVH 90= 4.5%
FORWARD LIGHT
4066 lm. 99.0%
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Application Shot
39
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Application Shot
40
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What is Different about LED?
Performance Considerations
Standards and Testing Procedures
Designing with LED Luminaires
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Performance Considerations
HID Light SourcesLight produced by electric
arc
Intermittent (120 times per
second) AC current
Will extinguish if line voltage
not maintained. One to 20
minute restrike
No adjustment for operating
temperature
LED Light SourcesLight produced by photon
emission at diode junction
Continuous light with DC
current
Instant on and restrike
Life and efficacy affected by
operating temperature
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Performance Testing
IESNA Testing Procedures
For
LED Luminaires
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Performance Testing
HID Luminaires
Photometric testing to
IES LM-31
Adjusted to published
initial lamp lumens
No adjustment for
operating temperature
No adjustment to lamp
life
LED LuminairesPhotometric testing to IES LM-79
Absolute photometry
Lamp life and efficacy are derivedfrom data accumulated using IES
LM-80 procedures based on LED
junction temperatures in a
luminaire and calculated usingTM-21-11 procedures
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LM-80-08
Measuring Lumen Maintenance of LED Light
Sources
Resulting reports provide Lamp Lumen Output at the
three or more junction temperatures (Tj) used in the
test.
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TM-21-11
Projecting Long Term
Lumen Maintenance of
LED Light Sources
Approved by the IES Board in July 2011
LM 80 & TM 21
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TM-21 supplements IES LM-80 raw test data to provide LEDlifetime projections that are consistent and understandable
Committee included U.S. Dept. Of Energy, NIST, PNNL, Cree,Philips Lumileds, Nichia and OSRAM
TM-21 provides two major functions:
1. Extrapolate a single LM-80 data set to estimate LxxLED lifetime
2. Interpolate a matched LM-80 data set (same current, 3 differenttemperatures) for a specific temperature, and estimate LxxLEDlifetime
LM-80 & TM-21
LM-80(testing) + =
TM-21(projection)
Somethinguseful
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TM-21-11 Tables
ABT1 30LED E35
Operating Hours 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
50K 100% 100% 100% 99% 98% 97% 96% 96% 95%
60K 100% 100% 100% 99% 98% 97% 96% 95% 94%
70K 100% 100% 100% 99% 97% 96% 95% 94% 93%
80K 100% 100% 100% 98% 97% 95% 94% 93% 92%
90K 100% 100% 100% 98% 96% 95% 94% 92% 91%
100K 100% 100% 100% 98% 96% 94% 93% 92% 91%
ABT1 30LED E53
Operating Hours 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 4550K 100% 100% 99% 97% 97% 96% 95% 95% 94%
60K 100% 100% 98% 97% 96% 95% 94% 94% 93%
70K 100% 99% 98% 96% 95% 94% 93% 93% 92%
80K 100% 99% 97% 96% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91%
90K 100% 99% 97% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 90%
100K 100% 99% 97% 95% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%
ABT1 30LED E70Operating Hours 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
50K 98% 97% 96% 95% 95% 94% 94% 93% 93%
60K 97% 96% 95% 95% 94% 93% 93% 92% 92%
70K 97% 96% 95% 94% 93% 92% 92% 91% 90%
80K 96% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 91% 90% 89%
90K 96% 95% 93% 92% 91% 90% 90% 89% 88%
100K 96% 94% 93% 91% 90% 89% 89% 88% 87%
Ambient Temperatures
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TM-21-11 Tables
ABT1 60LED E35
Operating Hours 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
50K 100% 100% 97% 96% 95% 95% 94% 94% 93%60K 100% 100% 96% 95% 95% 94% 93% 93% 92%
70K 99% 99% 96% 95% 94% 93% 92% 92% 91%
80K 99% 99% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 91% 90%
90K 99% 99% 95% 93% 92% 91% 90% 90% 89%
100K 99% 99% 94% 93% 91% 90% 89% 89% 88%
ABT1 60LED E53
Operating Hours 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
50K 99% 98% 99% 97% 97% 96% 95% 95% 94%
60K 99% 97% 98% 97% 96% 95% 94% 94% 93%
70K 98% 97% 98% 96% 95% 94% 93% 93% 92%
80K 98% 96% 97% 96% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91%
90K 98% 96% 97% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 90%
100K 97% 96% 97% 95% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%
ABT1 60LED E70
Operating Hours 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
50K 96% 96% 95% 94% 94% 93% 93% 92% 92%
60K 96% 95% 94% 93% 93% 92% 92% 91% 91%
70K 95% 94% 93% 93% 92% 91% 91% 90% 90%
80K 94% 93% 92% 92% 91% 90% 89% 89% 88%
90K 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89% 88% 88% 87%
100K 93% 92% 91% 90% 89% 88% 87% 87% 86%
Ambient Temperatures
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TM-21-11 Curves
Ambient C
60 LED E70
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Levels of LED Standards
Level Description Example
Basic definition LED chip, LED lamp,Module, LightEngine
IES RP-16
LED Component Colour, LumenMaintenance,
Binning
ANSI C78.377A,
IES LM-80, IES TM-21, NEMA SSL-3,CSA C22.2 No. 250.13
Fixture Photometry, safety IES LM-79, UL 8750,CSA C22.2 No.250
Application Streets, Roadways
Parking Areas
IES RP-8,
IES RP-20Program Energy, utility US EPA Energy Star,
Design LightsConsortia, KoreanEnergy Program, etc.
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Designing with LEDLuminaires
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LED Street Lighting Design Parameters
Existing Street for conversion
i. Street Parameters
a) Number and width of driving lanes
b) Width of any turn lanes
c) Width and location of parking lanes and bicycle lanes
ii. Street usage classification and Pedestrian conflictiii. Pole specifics
a) Luminaire mounting height
b) Pole setback from curb
c) Bracket arm type and length
d) Arrangement and spacing
iv. Proposed cleaning cycle
v. Existing luminaires
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Luminaire Dirt Depreciation
LDD = 0.89
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LLF = LDD X LLD
LDD from IES RP-8-00;
5-year cleaning,
Clean ambient
LDD = 0.89
LLD from specific TM-21-11 table
Average night-time ambient; 10C Expected project life-time; 90,000 operating hours
LLD = ?
LLF = 0.89 x ? = ??????
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LLF = LDD X LLD
LDD from IES RP-8-05;
5-year cleaning,
Clean ambient
LDD = 0.89
LLD from specific TM-21-11 table (60LED E70) 700mA
Average night-time ambient; 10C
90,000 operating hours
LLD =
LLF = 0.89 x .93 = .83
.93ABT1 60LED E35Operating Hours 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
50K 100% 100% 97% 96% 95% 95% 94% 94% 93%
60K 100% 100% 96% 95% 95% 94% 93% 93% 92%
70K 99% 99% 96% 95% 94% 93% 92% 92% 91%
80K 99% 99% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 91% 90%
90K 99% 99% 95% 93% 92% 91% 90% 90% 89%
100K 99% 99% 94% 93% 91% 90% 89% 89% 88%
ABT1 60LED E53
Operating Hours 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
50K 99% 98% 99% 97% 97% 96% 95% 95% 94%
60K 99% 97% 98% 97% 96% 95% 94% 94% 93%
70K 98% 97% 98% 96% 95% 94% 93% 93% 92%80K 98% 96% 97% 96% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91%
90K 98% 96% 97% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 90%
100K 97% 96% 97% 95% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%
ABT1 60LED E70
Operating Hours 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
50K 96% 96% 95% 94% 94% 93% 93% 92% 92%
60K 96% 95% 94% 93% 93% 92% 92% 91% 91%
70K 95% 94% 93% 93% 92% 91% 91% 90% 90%
80K 94% 93% 92% 92% 91% 90% 89% 89% 88%
90K 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89% 88% 88% 87%
100K 93% 92% 91% 90% 89% 88% 87% 87% 86%
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LLF = LDD X LLD
LDD from IES RP-8-05;
5-year cleaning,
Clean ambient
LDD = 0.89
LLD from specific TM-21-11 table (60LED E53) 525mA
Average night-time ambient; 10C
90,000 operating hours
LLD =
LLF = 0.89 x .96 = .85
.96
ABT1 60LED E35
Operating Hours 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
50K 100% 100% 97% 96% 95% 95% 94% 94% 93%
60K 100% 100% 96% 95% 95% 94% 93% 93% 92%
70K 99% 99% 96% 95% 94% 93% 92% 92% 91%
80K 99% 99% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 91% 90%
90K 99% 99% 95% 93% 92% 91% 90% 90% 89%
100K 99% 99% 94% 93% 91% 90% 89% 89% 88%
ABT1 60LED E53
Operating Hours 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
50K 99% 98% 99% 97% 97% 96% 95% 95% 94%
60K 99% 97% 98% 97% 96% 95% 94% 94% 93%
70K 98% 97% 98% 96% 95% 94% 93% 93% 92%
80K 98% 96% 97% 96% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91%90K 98% 96% 97% 95% 94% 93% 92% 91% 90%
100K 97% 96% 97% 95% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89%
ABT1 60LED E70
Operating Hours 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
50K 96% 96% 95% 94% 94% 93% 93% 92% 92%
60K 96% 95% 94% 93% 93% 92% 92% 91% 91%
70K 95% 94% 93% 93% 92% 91% 91% 90% 90%
80K 94% 93% 92% 92% 91% 90% 89% 89% 88%
90K 94% 93% 92% 91% 90% 89% 88% 88% 87%
100K 93% 92% 91% 90% 89% 88% 87% 87% 86%
Surge Protection
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Surge Protection
All Electronic Devices Require
Protection from Induced Voltage Surges
LEDgend Combats Surge IEEE C62.41 2002
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59William A. Smelser, BSc, IESNA, LC28 January, 2013
Category A: Indoor: 6kV / 0.5kA
Category B:Indoor: 6kV / 3kA Category C Low:Outdoor: 6kV / 3kA
Category C High: Outdoor : 10kV/10kA
C B AIEEE STDC62.41
g g
Design Integrity System Life Surge Protection
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Design Integrity System Life - Surge Protection
Surge Protection Device designed tomeet ANSI/IEEE C62.41 2002-Category C High
Specifically designed for Electroniccontrol gear including LED Drivers
Designed to fail off. Disconnects driverfrom mains.
To continue to protect luminaire
electronics until SPD is replaced.
Warns that SPD has failed and
needs to be replaced
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Basic LED Luminaire Specification
Colour Temperature
Supply Voltage
Photocontrol receptacle if required
Paint finish colour if required
Must be located on existing bracket arms and pole locations
Internal field level adjustment
Must meet RP-8 Table 3 lighting requirements for street classifications
LM-79 photometry from independent NVLAP approved lab
TM-21 LLD data
Vibration test data
Surge protection data
Warranty
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Optional LED Luminaire Requirements
Dimming, Monitoring, Metering
Dimmable Driver
Part-Night Dimming
Constant Light Output Dimming
Wireless Monitoring
Optional Metering
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Thank You