Comparison of Clean Agent and Sprinkler System Performance on in-Cabinet Fires

A Comparison of FPETool Predictions to Experimental Results: Comparison of Clean Agent and Sprinkler System Performance on In-Cabinet Fires: Mark L. Robin and Eric F. ForssellHughes Associates, Inc.andSteven T. GinnGreat Lakes Chemical Corporation

Presented at:2003 Halon Options Technical Working ConferenceSheraton Old TownAlbuquerque, New MexicoMay 13-15, 2003

Introduction

Telco and EDP Facility Fire ProtectionClean agentsAutomatic sprinklersClean agent + Automatic sprinklerBest Protection?ObjectiveCompare performance of clean agent and automatic sprinkler systemsEmploy FPETool for design of test scenario

Automatic Sprinkler Systems: Design objective is fire controlContain fire to room of originControl ceiling temperature to avoid structural damageFire extinguishment NOT primary objective

Fire size at system activation relatively highSprinkler systems employ thermal responseWater not released until temperature at fusible link or glass bulb in excess of 135 oF

Automatic Sprinkler Systems: Design Objectives

In general terms of property protection, sprinkler systems are typically designed to acheive fire control...

Fire control can be described as limiting the fire size by decreasing the rate of heat release and pre-wetting adjacent combustibles, while maintaining ceiling gas temperatures so as to avoid structural damage

NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 19th Edition, p. 10-193.

Time HeatRelease RateFire Controlsprinkler activation

Automatic Sprinkler Systems: Standard Preaction SystemSystem piping charged with air under pressureSystem equipped with a supplemental detection systemWater held back by a preaction valveOperation of the supplemental detection system allows the preaction valve to open, admitting water into the pipe network (sprinkler still closed)Water discharged from pipe network when fire has generated sufficient heat to activate one or more sprinklers

ValveWater supplyControl panelDetectorSprinkler head Operation of detector trips valveWater delivered when head T=T rating

Preaction System

Clean Agent Suppression Systems:Primary Advantages Ability to extinguish shielded, obstructed or three-dimensional fires in complex geometriesClean agents are gasesUniform distribution throughout an enclosureAbility, through the use of detection, to extinguish fires at a very early stageExtinguishment well before direct or indirect fire/smoke damage occursCause no collateral damage due to agent dischargeAre cleanNo residues

HeatRelease RateTimeFire Control (Sprinklers)Fire extinguishment (clean agent)Clean Agent Systems: Design Objective = Fire ExtinguishmentFire Control vs. Fire Extinguishment

Time HeatRelease Ratesprinkler activation clean agentsystem activationdetectionFIRE CONTROLFIRE EXTINGUISHMENTClean Agent System vs. Sprinkler System (Fire Extinguishment vs. Fire Control)

Comparison of Sprinkler and Clean Agent Systems

Sprinkler Systems

Clean Agent System

Suppression agent

Water

Gas

Design Objective

Fire Control:

Confine fire

Control ceiling T

Fire Extinguishment

Design Objective

Protect structure

Protect contents of structure

Activation

Sprinkler head T ( 135 oF

Automatic activation following detection (air sampling, smoke detectors)

Fire size at activation

Can be 100's of kW

Low as 0.1 kW with air aspirating detection system

Total Flooding

No. Water not three dimensional, will not fill entire enclosure

Yes. Agent distributed uniformly throughout enclosure

Cleanliness

No. Water damage, smoke damage

Yes. No residues to clean up following extinguishment

Comparison Testing of Preaction Sprinkler and FM-200 Systems FM-200 SystemDesigned and installed in accordance with NFPA 2001

Preaction Sprinkler SystemDesigned and installed in accordance with NFPA 13

Detection/Alarm SystemsDesigned and installed in accordance with NFPA 72

Comparison Testing of Preaction Sprinkler and FM-200 Systems Facility32.8 x 32.8 x 12 foot enclosure1.5 ft deep subfloor; suspended ceiling 2 ft below drywall ceiling1/2 gypsum board over metal stud constructionEnclosure access via two doorsEight polycarbonate windowsMotorized damper system in ceiling for post-test exhaust

Comparison Testing of Preaction Sprinkler and FM-200 Systems FM-200 TestsSubfloor covered in plastic to prevent leakage of agent into subfloorSprinkler TestPlastic formed into dike to contain water and facilitate removal of water after testingAll TestsArea 20 x 26 ft covered with floor tilesCabinet containing fire array and various articles of furniturearranged on floor tiles

20 ft

North

32 ft 10 in

26 ft

32 ft 10 in

Four Drawer

IBM Cabinet

Smaller Cabinet

File Cabinet

Cabinet Containing Fuel Array

Tables

Window

Exhaust Vent (in Ceiling)

Figure 1 Chamber Schematic.

Comparison Testing of Preaction Sprinkler and FM-200 Systems Test FireEight sheets of 8 x 16 x 0.375 inch ABSVertically arranged in two rows of four sheetsMounted on all-thread rods in unistrut standFire array placed in a equipment cabinet Ignition: 3 mL heptane in 2 inch square pan

Similar to plastic sheet fire test of UL 2166, UL 2127

Fuel Array

Heat Release Rate for In-Cabinet Fire

Chart2

2.5573776999

1.8874723969

2.2567727316

3.4822881382

4.0319855339

7.6232991405

11.3514350493

9.5613842025

12.803429768

18.0048172485

23.876248744

30.8652359667

40.9795198188

59.6006051108

75.6507765666

88.4542183429

98.2084531741

117.2290200464

135.0329967862

149.4544895751

170.6215215335

180.2787344948

181.3741815413

188.1455358403

202.9060919603

211.8840912892

199.8888785586

201.578670195

206.7306931632

210.2535277959

226.9854158025

251.5579607451

273.0767644147

295.1182682911

328.1578227002

344.7684001395

349.5301816398

356.4140343448

397.4884439403

429.1685749631

437.9426464892

436.5791316777

466.2930793394

453.3373086447

HRR (kW)

Time, seconds

Heat Release, kW

Sheet1

tHRR (kW)

02.5573776999

12.8562374033

23.1515045124

33.2374825236

43.1129462777

52.9217980141

62.5551182018

72.5163221693

82.5090487296

91.9734973043

101.8874723969

111.8717914495

122.236033734

132.3998250551

142.4337365263

152.1536230124

162.1851202203

172.1907452271

182.5252913821

191.9424719804

202.2567727316

212.8684734163

222.7559382623

233.3462149638

243.6258601339

253.6215311016

263.5051739536

273.7966831909

283.7876605077

293.4848122907

303.4822881382

313.7928272741

323.4927257692

333.7832857623

343.758218463

353.7832857623

363.7705975852

374.1040970733

384.033146184

393.7107242045

404.0319855339

414.6531897917

424.2286542632

434.557930736

444.8222183274

455.349711063

465.5940658395

476.1516302819

486.7797276259

497.0346236596

507.6232991405

518.1610673829

528.1789991724

539.0003309532

549.5441015989

559.6791003551

5610.2330551556

5710.7944739778

5811.0159438958

5911.0762064065

6011.3514350493

6111.6523770293

6211.3541734305

6311.6168450854

6411.5763614231

6511.2449430948

6610.6852574769

6710.3810645552

6810.4660063417

699.8848461855

709.5613842025

7110.1804830374

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7612.3606471544

7712.9505841124

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8616.0221596336

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10529.3067520145

10629.2013410973

10729.753589241

10830.4166206429

10930.3134291391

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12345.6450789522

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165105.2453958205

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168113.0481682658

169114.2636742805

170117.2290200464

171118.6551316049

172120.9387860787

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180135.0329967862

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184140.8488486827

185141.5430145758

186142.3742435404

187143.7442604389

188144.6780323385

189147.63606633

190149.4544895751

191151.0712452013

192154.2854812129

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194159.5484548623

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196163.0800332243

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198167.4541348737

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216184.4350875515

217186.4714079829

218185.3559779473

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220188.1455358403

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222189.3532030589

223192.9921924101

224192.0103760391

225195.9764638056

226201.0091508763

227204.5251530037

228202.0199041001

229202.2286091003

230202.9060919603

231208.4383918562

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233205.628838301

234202.7409851587

235205.4245144997

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240211.8840912892

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393425.1317808269

394425.1244663072

395421.4053509559

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Sheet1

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HRR (kW)

Time, seconds

HRR, kW

Sheet2

2.5573776999

1.8874723969

2.2567727316

3.4822881382

4.0319855339

7.6232991405

11.3514350493

9.5613842025

12.803429768

18.0048172485

23.876248744

30.8652359667

40.9795198188

59.6006051108

75.6507765666

88.4542183429

98.2084531741

117.2290200464

135.0329967862

149.4544895751

170.6215215335

180.2787344948

181.3741815413

188.1455358403

202.9060919603

211.8840912892

199.8888785586

201.578670195

206.7306931632

210.2535277959

226.9854158025

251.5579607451

273.0767644147

295.1182682911

328.1578227002

344.7684001395

349.5301816398

356.4140343448

397.4884439403

429.1685749631

437.9426464892

436.5791316777

466.2930793394

453.3373086447

HRR (kW)

Sheet3

tHRR (kW)

02.5573776999

101.8874723969

202.2567727316

303.4822881382

404.0319855339

507.6232991405

6011.3514350493

709.5613842025

8012.803429768

9018.0048172485

10023.876248744

11030.8652359667

12040.9795198188

13059.6006051108

14075.6507765666

15088.4542183429

16098.2084531741

170117.2290200464

180135.0329967862

190149.4544895751

200170.6215215335

210180.2787344948

211181.3741815413

220188.1455358403

230202.9060919603

240211.8840912892

250199.8888785586

260201.578670195

270206.7306931632

280210.2535277959

290226.9854158025

300251.5579607451

310273.0767644147

320295.1182682911

330328.1578227002

340344.7684001395

350349.5301816398

360356.4140343448

370397.4884439403

380429.1685749631

390437.9426464892

400436.5791316777

410466.2930793394

420453.3373086447

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0

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0

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0

HRR (kW)

Time, seconds

Heat Release, kW

Ceiling jet TCeiling Jet TLinkT

timecalcexpcalc

07070

1073.670.2

2073.170.3

3074.170.5

407570.7

5077.671

6079.871.5

7080.372

8088.172.6

9091.973.6

10096.174.8

110101.776.3

120107.878.2

130117.380.6

140127.783.7

150136.987.4

160146.291.6

170157.596.4

180169.5101.8

190182.1108

200195.2114.9

210206.6122.4

220217.7130.2

230229.3138.5

240241.1147.1

Comparison of Preaction Sprinkler and FM-200 Systems Smoke Detection Systems (FM-200 System)Fenwal AnaLASER IIAir-sampling system, designed and installed by distributor1 inch PVC tubing main, 0.75 inch PVC branch linesFlow rate through system 0.0624 ft3/s0.061% obscuration per foot alarm thresholdNine sampling holes, 11 ft spacingsExceeds NFPA 72 requirementsBased on FM Loss Prevention Data Sheet 5-32 on Electronic Data Processing Systems

Comparison of Preaction Sprinkler and FM-200 Systems Smoke Detection Systems (FM-200 and Sprinkler)Simplex 4098 series True Alarm detectorsIonization and photoelectricIonization: 1.3% obscuration/ftPhotoelectric: 2.5% obscuration/ftLocated at three air sampling points nearest fire location

FM-200 Suppression System

Designed in accordance with NFPA 20017% by volume FM-200Discharge time: 9.5 secondsHygood Ltd cylinderHygood Ltd 8-port aluminum nozzleorifice area 1.57 in2System design via Hygood Ltds design software30 s delay employed from detection to system activationMaximum delay time allowed under recommendations of FM Global Property Loss Prevention Sheet 5-14 on Telecommunication Facilities

Preaction Sprinkler System

Designed in accordance with NFPA 13Design and installation based on Ordinary Hazard Class INine sprinkler heads in main spaceNine sprinkler heads above suspended ceiling11 ft spacing for area coverage of 121 ft2Maximum spacing allowed under NFPA 13 is 15 ftRecessed pendant standard response glass bulb sprinklersTemperature rating 155 oFApplication density of 0.15 gpm/ft2 required

Preaction Sprinkler System

Water supplyNFPA 13 requires water supply to be adequate to supply all sprinklers within the design area for a minimum of 60 minutes18.2 gpm/head x 18 heads x 60 min = 19,600 gallons water

Test facility unable to handle this quantity of water

Water supply designed to supply the two sprinklers nearest the fire location for a period of 30 minutes at the required design flow rate of 18.2 gpm (application density 0.15 gpm/ft2)

Enclosure Instrumentation

Four thermocouple trees (Type K)Optical densityO2, CO, CO2FTIR: FM-200 and HF concentrationsEnclosure pressureNozzle pressureIR camera

Test Procedure

Data acquisition commenced with ignition of heptane below the ABS plastic arrayRoom remained sealed during entire testFM-200 system system activated 30 s after AnaLASER II smoke detection system went into alarmDuring preaction sprinkler system test, water supply pump started prior to start of data acquisition

Input for FPETool Simulations

Input Parameter

Minimum Oxygen Level

21 oC

600 oC

10.0

2.0

Heat Transfer Factor

Radiant fraction

Max energy loss internal

0.35

0.90

Sprinkler, NE location

Distance from center of fire (ft)

RTI (ft s)1/2

Activation temperature, oF

10.6

144

155

Sprinkler, N location

Distance from center of fire (ft)

RTI (ft s)1/2

Activation temperature, oF

11.3

144

155

Input for FPETool Simulations

Input Parameter

Room dimensions

Ceiling height (ft)

Length (ft)

Width (ft)

8.0

32.8

32.8

Ceiling Material

Thickness (in)

Thermal conductivity (kW/mK)

Density (kg/m3)

Specific heat (KJ/kg K)

Glass fiber

0.5

0.00037

60

0.8

Ceiling Material

Thickness (in)

Thermal conductivity (kW/mK)

Density (kg/m3)

Specific heat (KJ/kg K)

Gypsum board

0.5

0.00017

960

1.1

Heat Release Rate Required for Sprinkler Activation

InputExperimental HRRLocation of fireEnclosure dimensionsLocation of sprinkler headsProperties of sprinkler headsPredict activation of NE sprinkler head at 249 secondsCeiling jet temperature 249 oFFire size approximately 210 kW

Smoke Detector Activation Time

InputExperimental HRRLocation of fireEnclosure dimensionsLocation of smoke detectorFPETool: default activation temperature of 23 oF above initial TPredict activation of NE smoke detector at 95 secondsCeiling jet temperature 93 oFFire size approximately 15 kW

Results: FM-200 System

AnaLASER II alarmed at 78 seconds from ignitionFM-200 system activated at 108 seconds from ignitionFire extinguished at 125 seconds from ignition7 seconds from end of system dischargeMaximum ceiling T of 85 oF observedFire damageslight scorching of inside of test cabinetNon-fire damageseveral ceiling tiles displacedceiling runner slightly bent

detectionsystem activationextinguishmentExtinguishment of In-Cabinet Fire by FM-200

Chart2

2.5573776999

1.8874723969

2.2567727316

3.4822881382

4.0319855339

7.6232991405

11.3514350493

9.5613842025

12.803429768

18.0048172485

23.876248744

30.8652359667

40.9795198188

59.6006051108

75.6507765666

88.4542183429

98.2084531741

117.2290200464

135.0329967862

149.4544895751

170.6215215335

180.2787344948

181.3741815413

188.1455358403

202.9060919603

211.8840912892

199.8888785586

201.578670195

206.7306931632

210.2535277959

226.9854158025

251.5579607451

273.0767644147

295.1182682911

328.1578227002

344.7684001395

349.5301816398

356.4140343448

397.4884439403

429.1685749631

437.9426464892

436.5791316777

466.2930793394

453.3373086447

HRR (kW)

Time, seconds

Heat Release, kW

Sheet1

tHRR (kW)

02.5573776999

12.8562374033

23.1515045124

33.2374825236

43.1129462777

52.9217980141

62.5551182018

72.5163221693

82.5090487296

91.9734973043

101.8874723969

111.8717914495

122.236033734

132.3998250551

142.4337365263

152.1536230124

162.1851202203

172.1907452271

182.5252913821

191.9424719804

202.2567727316

212.8684734163

222.7559382623

233.3462149638

243.6258601339

253.6215311016

263.5051739536

273.7966831909

283.7876605077

293.4848122907

303.4822881382

313.7928272741

323.4927257692

333.7832857623

343.758218463

353.7832857623

363.7705975852

374.1040970733

384.033146184

393.7107242045

404.0319855339

414.6531897917

424.2286542632

434.557930736

444.8222183274

455.349711063

465.5940658395

476.1516302819

486.7797276259

497.0346236596

507.6232991405

518.1610673829

528.1789991724

539.0003309532

549.5441015989

559.6791003551

5610.2330551556

5710.7944739778

5811.0159438958

5911.0762064065

6011.3514350493

6111.6523770293

6211.3541734305

6311.6168450854

6411.5763614231

6511.2449430948

6610.6852574769

6710.3810645552

6810.4660063417

699.8848461855

709.5613842025

7110.1804830374

7210.5388272147

7311.4538846464

7411.7813947362

7511.9113852774

7612.3606471544

7712.9505841124

7813.1878083206

7912.6834706582

8012.803429768

8113.4830465722

8214.0237069012

8314.5371163095

8414.9997186844

8515.3973537179

8616.0221596336

8716.7378728485

8817.2179953811

8917.2028296074

9018.0048172485

9118.4846178194

9218.7144675199

9319.1228213451

9419.392554842

9520.0558703168

9620.0843423239

9720.7763302827

9821.791721929

9922.7340101972

10023.876248744

10125.2003910668

10226.0501519533

10327.4762878333

10428.5359976196

10529.3067520145

10629.2013410973

10729.753589241

10830.4166206429

10930.3134291391

11030.8652359667

11131.690428808

11233.0328831528

11333.9550775737

11435.2883500102

11536.293451522

11637.7001176436

11738.8280260608

11839.7107094351

11939.6005573641

12040.9795198188

12142.2433721697

12243.4797362521

12345.6450789522

12447.4997558877

12549.4373667652

12651.8789175687

12754.8862235001

12856.8715211237

12958.1980594639

13059.6006051108

13161.7859817603

13263.9067241513

13365.4347450949

13466.2572152079

13567.3288600001

13669.5421093205

13771.1639020077

13872.8122199842

13972.9970272167

14075.6507765666

14178.4764354337

14281.3579525557

14383.0929102364

14485.4279833285

14586.4657790503

14688.3019501931

14788.0899714721

14888.2099397284

14988.4486355623

15088.4542183429

15188.8320924294

15289.9513783584

15391.3120553906

15492.8252226091

15595.040072654

15695.5859558686

15796.7978282168

15897.5267393564

15997.294524733

16098.2084531741

161100.1799414302

162100.7509176195

163102.0330869285

164103.7613526595

165105.2453958205

166107.7666749663

167111.4606289754

168113.0481682658

169114.2636742805

170117.2290200464

171118.6551316049

172120.9387860787

173121.5414399379

174121.0618206928

175123.0736059509

176126.1056404001

177126.9036134548

178130.4294661473

179131.6513717248

180135.0329967862

181138.4252953154

182137.9420761325

183138.7732428168

184140.8488486827

185141.5430145758

186142.3742435404

187143.7442604389

188144.6780323385

189147.63606633

190149.4544895751

191151.0712452013

192154.2854812129

193157.8302634718

194159.5484548623

195161.0069486225

196163.0800332243

197165.7005537865

198167.4541348737

199169.0440347854

200170.6215215335

201173.5837154521

202175.5492622784

203174.1261935044

204174.7582280616

205176.688624058

206176.9325403645

207177.496828913

208178.729456251

209178.1607068922

210180.2787344948

211181.3741815413

212182.3223644426

213180.270937167

214183.7840667841

215185.1981263978

216184.4350875515

217186.4714079829

218185.3559779473

219183.6406764184

220188.1455358403

221190.267699814

222189.3532030589

223192.9921924101

224192.0103760391

225195.9764638056

226201.0091508763

227204.5251530037

228202.0199041001

229202.2286091003

230202.9060919603

231208.4383918562

232207.7478538736

233205.628838301

234202.7409851587

235205.4245144997

236208.5250787808

237211.9147559021

238209.061558501

239209.4952784402

240211.8840912892

241215.1086384005

242215.9397341261

243217.3407736213

244212.60257161

245212.0976057998

246212.2936834271

247211.8462679445

248209.2825271723

249204.3936992211

250199.8888785586

251202.4943917333

252201.9726320308

253202.7041528616

254201.8987374795

255199.8772587123

256199.5307064618

257201.5362705974

258202.1195828632

259202.9009615178

260201.578670195

261203.9675886372

262204.9020541176

263207.0376327133

264207.5906858698

265205.8443486737

266207.2323655213

267207.1845796081

268204.4413805306

269205.9008947817

270206.7306931632

271206.9443624723

272208.615803559

273207.9579210374

274208.524713371

275209.666673419

276209.8782727934

277211.1551495445

278211.2923350544

279209.8806755252

280210.2535277959

281209.2295730754

282210.4382153543

283207.8690931045

284208.5902959699

285211.4574363359

286216.7164659292

287219.6678439048

288221.0354019675

289223.5319131611

290226.9854158025

291229.3010277647

292226.1400398342

293223.2180743487

294225.8066443733

295230.2189455485

296234.6089518316

297237.4640721446

298242.194381358

299247.8132275637

300251.5579607451

301251.6504935836

302253.9174296918

303254.7936416395

304259.4974146707

305260.1524110912

306265.5052930361

307267.0188772656

308272.8050946875

309273.6899131348

310273.0767644147

311269.9753367417

312268.6048610016

313269.1596696318

314271.4784379057

315274.7918860471

316277.5370936852

317282.1678282182

318288.8280158772

319294.3754262454

320295.1182682911

321301.0491874369

322304.0078031543

323306.5627209366

324310.0448785257

325312.4562040103

326317.2306930544

327321.3565627302

328323.2516480481

329321.6094589044

330328.1578227002

331334.0419348483

332336.021679137

333337.6619648125

334340.6504360495

335339.6357459694

336344.4821283337

337344.1012479882

338343.1565488259

339345.6208605625

340344.7684001395

341347.1284224741

342349.579917901

343351.3154164292

344351.3518501877

345355.0456792035

346353.2735767792

347355.4986906445

348354.2347581214

349352.180955501

350349.5301816398

351351.3832531758

352350.183906381

353354.3614196131

354355.2895783074

355352.0498827005

356354.6294715055

357353.9126340917

358352.4028766883

359352.5753269711

360356.4140343448

361357.0914065097

362360.5654574497

363364.1041510763

364373.7414908986

365382.4664886329

366386.1281553648

367386.1558536164

368389.7092162157

369395.1505902465

370397.4884439403

371397.2036755807

372397.4619107263

373398.5977098057

374400.8246645418

375407.2937285943

376411.8201600954

377414.3495826147

378419.8372749301

379424.6919835878

380429.1685749631

381436.7208847792

382440.0527813033

383444.0446676258

384446.0899966049

385445.2766189368

386447.8630978723

387449.1965031952

388446.0878825616

389439.8715765851

390437.9426464892

391432.9109395384

392428.7102724933

393425.1317808269

394425.1244663072

395421.4053509559

396426.3794975253

397426.5732558504

398429.7829812717

399435.1156493155

400436.5791316777

401435.7161641214

402442.7955458206

403442.6586691411

404449.2194113376

405456.8565879183

406457.5057290101

407459.5600097936

408462.5833915862

409465.1594361593

410466.2930793394

411457.9850423836

412452.1511167084

413453.3985126074

414454.0553868271

415456.5058886126

416452.7154391854

417450.8210755744

418456.9210030368

419457.9652748441

420453.3373086447

Sheet1

HRR (kW)

Time, seconds

HRR, kW

Sheet2

2.5573776999

1.8874723969

2.2567727316

3.4822881382

4.0319855339

7.6232991405

11.3514350493

9.5613842025

12.803429768

18.0048172485

23.876248744

30.8652359667

40.9795198188

59.6006051108

75.6507765666

88.4542183429

98.2084531741

117.2290200464

135.0329967862

149.4544895751

170.6215215335

180.2787344948

181.3741815413

188.1455358403

202.9060919603

211.8840912892

199.8888785586

201.578670195

206.7306931632

210.2535277959

226.9854158025

251.5579607451

273.0767644147

295.1182682911

328.1578227002

344.7684001395

349.5301816398

356.4140343448

397.4884439403

429.1685749631

437.9426464892

436.5791316777

466.2930793394

453.3373086447

HRR (kW)

Sheet3

tHRR (kW)

02.5573776999

101.8874723969

202.2567727316

303.4822881382

404.0319855339

507.6232991405

6011.3514350493

709.5613842025

8012.803429768

9018.0048172485

10023.876248744

11030.8652359667

12040.9795198188

13059.6006051108

14075.6507765666

15088.4542183429

16098.2084531741

170117.2290200464

180135.0329967862

190149.4544895751

200170.6215215335

210180.2787344948

211181.3741815413

220188.1455358403

230202.9060919603

240211.8840912892

250199.8888785586

260201.578670195

270206.7306931632

280210.2535277959

290226.9854158025

300251.5579607451

310273.0767644147

320295.1182682911

330328.1578227002

340344.7684001395

350349.5301816398

360356.4140343448

370397.4884439403

380429.1685749631

390437.9426464892

400436.5791316777

410466.2930793394

420453.3373086447

Sheet3

HRR (kW)

Time, seconds

Heat Release, kW

Ceiling jet TCeiling Jet TLinkT

timecalcexpcalc

07070

1073.670.2

2073.170.3

3074.170.5

407570.7

5077.671

6079.871.5

7080.372

8088.172.6

9091.973.6

10096.174.8

110101.776.3

120107.878.2

130117.380.6

140127.783.7

150136.987.4

160146.291.6

170157.596.4

180169.5101.8

190182.1108

200195.2114.9

210206.6122.4

220217.7130.2

230229.3138.5

240241.1147.1

Results: Preaction Sprinkler System

Photoelectric detector in NE corner in full alarm at 94 seconds from ignitionIonization detector in NE corner in full alarm at 112 seconds from ignition (FPETool: 95 s)Complete obscuration due to smoke at approximately 240 seconds from ignition

Results: Preaction Sprinkler System

Sprinkler head in NE corner actuated at 273 seconds from ignition (FPETool: 249 s)Sprinkler head in N corner actuated at 347 seconds from ignitionFire not extinguished by sprinkler systemIR camera shows fire burning through entirety of testFire contained to source cabinetMax ceiling temperature of 560 oF observed at thermocouple tree nearest fire

detectionsystem activationControl of In-Cabinet Fire with Preaction System

Chart2

2.5573776999

1.8874723969

2.2567727316

3.4822881382

4.0319855339

7.6232991405

11.3514350493

9.5613842025

12.803429768

18.0048172485

23.876248744

30.8652359667

40.9795198188

59.6006051108

75.6507765666

88.4542183429

98.2084531741

117.2290200464

135.0329967862

149.4544895751

170.6215215335

180.2787344948

181.3741815413

188.1455358403

202.9060919603

211.8840912892

199.8888785586

201.578670195

206.7306931632

210.2535277959

226.9854158025

251.5579607451

273.0767644147

295.1182682911

328.1578227002

344.7684001395

349.5301816398

356.4140343448

397.4884439403

429.1685749631

437.9426464892

436.5791316777

466.2930793394

453.3373086447

HRR (kW)

Time, seconds

Heat Release, kW

Sheet1

tHRR (kW)

02.5573776999

12.8562374033

23.1515045124

33.2374825236

43.1129462777

52.9217980141

62.5551182018

72.5163221693

82.5090487296

91.9734973043

101.8874723969

111.8717914495

122.236033734

132.3998250551

142.4337365263

152.1536230124

162.1851202203

172.1907452271

182.5252913821

191.9424719804

202.2567727316

212.8684734163

222.7559382623

233.3462149638

243.6258601339

253.6215311016

263.5051739536

273.7966831909

283.7876605077

293.4848122907

303.4822881382

313.7928272741

323.4927257692

333.7832857623

343.758218463

353.7832857623

363.7705975852

374.1040970733

384.033146184

393.7107242045

404.0319855339

414.6531897917

424.2286542632

434.557930736

444.8222183274

455.349711063

465.5940658395

476.1516302819

486.7797276259

497.0346236596

507.6232991405

518.1610673829

528.1789991724

539.0003309532

549.5441015989

559.6791003551

5610.2330551556

5710.7944739778

5811.0159438958

5911.0762064065

6011.3514350493

6111.6523770293

6211.3541734305

6311.6168450854

6411.5763614231

6511.2449430948

6610.6852574769

6710.3810645552

6810.4660063417

699.8848461855

709.5613842025

7110.1804830374

7210.5388272147

7311.4538846464

7411.7813947362

7511.9113852774

7612.3606471544

7712.9505841124

7813.1878083206

7912.6834706582

8012.803429768

8113.4830465722

8214.0237069012

8314.5371163095

8414.9997186844

8515.3973537179

8616.0221596336

8716.7378728485

8817.2179953811

8917.2028296074

9018.0048172485

9118.4846178194

9218.7144675199

9319.1228213451

9419.392554842

9520.0558703168

9620.0843423239

9720.7763302827

9821.791721929

9922.7340101972

10023.876248744

10125.2003910668

10226.0501519533

10327.4762878333

10428.5359976196

10529.3067520145

10629.2013410973

10729.753589241

10830.4166206429

10930.3134291391

11030.8652359667

11131.690428808

11233.0328831528

11333.9550775737

11435.2883500102

11536.293451522

11637.7001176436

11738.8280260608

11839.7107094351

11939.6005573641

12040.9795198188

12142.2433721697

12243.4797362521

12345.6450789522

12447.4997558877

12549.4373667652

12651.8789175687

12754.8862235001

12856.8715211237

12958.1980594639

13059.6006051108

13161.7859817603

13263.9067241513

13365.4347450949

13466.2572152079

13567.3288600001

13669.5421093205

13771.1639020077

13872.8122199842

13972.9970272167

14075.6507765666

14178.4764354337

14281.3579525557

14383.0929102364

14485.4279833285

14586.4657790503

14688.3019501931

14788.0899714721

14888.2099397284

14988.4486355623

15088.4542183429

15188.8320924294

15289.9513783584

15391.3120553906

15492.8252226091

15595.040072654

15695.5859558686

15796.7978282168

15897.5267393564

15997.294524733

16098.2084531741

161100.1799414302

162100.7509176195

163102.0330869285

164103.7613526595

165105.2453958205

166107.7666749663

167111.4606289754

168113.0481682658

169114.2636742805

170117.2290200464

171118.6551316049

172120.9387860787

173121.5414399379

174121.0618206928

175123.0736059509

176126.1056404001

177126.9036134548

178130.4294661473

179131.6513717248

180135.0329967862

181138.4252953154

182137.9420761325

183138.7732428168

184140.8488486827

185141.5430145758

186142.3742435404

187143.7442604389

188144.6780323385

189147.63606633

190149.4544895751

191151.0712452013

192154.2854812129

193157.8302634718

194159.5484548623

195161.0069486225

196163.0800332243

197165.7005537865

198167.4541348737

199169.0440347854

200170.6215215335

201173.5837154521

202175.5492622784

203174.1261935044

204174.7582280616

205176.688624058

206176.9325403645

207177.496828913

208178.729456251

209178.1607068922

210180.2787344948

211181.3741815413

212182.3223644426

213180.270937167

214183.7840667841

215185.1981263978

216184.4350875515

217186.4714079829

218185.3559779473

219183.6406764184

220188.1455358403

221190.267699814

222189.3532030589

223192.9921924101

224192.0103760391

225195.9764638056

226201.0091508763

227204.5251530037

228202.0199041001

229202.2286091003

230202.9060919603

231208.4383918562

232207.7478538736

233205.628838301

234202.7409851587

235205.4245144997

236208.5250787808

237211.9147559021

238209.061558501

239209.4952784402

240211.8840912892

241215.1086384005

242215.9397341261

243217.3407736213

244212.60257161

245212.0976057998

246212.2936834271

247211.8462679445

248209.2825271723

249204.3936992211

250199.8888785586

251202.4943917333

252201.9726320308

253202.7041528616

254201.8987374795

255199.8772587123

256199.5307064618

257201.5362705974

258202.1195828632

259202.9009615178

260201.578670195

261203.9675886372

262204.9020541176

263207.0376327133

264207.5906858698

265205.8443486737

266207.2323655213

267207.1845796081

268204.4413805306

269205.9008947817

270206.7306931632

271206.9443624723

272208.615803559

273207.9579210374

274208.524713371

275209.666673419

276209.8782727934

277211.1551495445

278211.2923350544

279209.8806755252

280210.2535277959

281209.2295730754

282210.4382153543

283207.8690931045

284208.5902959699

285211.4574363359

286216.7164659292

287219.6678439048

288221.0354019675

289223.5319131611

290226.9854158025

291229.3010277647

292226.1400398342

293223.2180743487

294225.8066443733

295230.2189455485

296234.6089518316

297237.4640721446

298242.194381358

299247.8132275637

300251.5579607451

301251.6504935836

302253.9174296918

303254.7936416395

304259.4974146707

305260.1524110912

306265.5052930361

307267.0188772656

308272.8050946875

309273.6899131348

310273.0767644147

311269.9753367417

312268.6048610016

313269.1596696318

314271.4784379057

315274.7918860471

316277.5370936852

317282.1678282182

318288.8280158772

319294.3754262454

320295.1182682911

321301.0491874369

322304.0078031543

323306.5627209366

324310.0448785257

325312.4562040103

326317.2306930544

327321.3565627302

328323.2516480481

329321.6094589044

330328.1578227002

331334.0419348483

332336.021679137

333337.6619648125

334340.6504360495

335339.6357459694

336344.4821283337

337344.1012479882

338343.1565488259

339345.6208605625

340344.7684001395

341347.1284224741

342349.579917901

343351.3154164292

344351.3518501877

345355.0456792035

346353.2735767792

347355.4986906445

348354.2347581214

349352.180955501

350349.5301816398

351351.3832531758

352350.183906381

353354.3614196131

354355.2895783074

355352.0498827005

356354.6294715055

357353.9126340917

358352.4028766883

359352.5753269711

360356.4140343448

361357.0914065097

362360.5654574497

363364.1041510763

364373.7414908986

365382.4664886329

366386.1281553648

367386.1558536164

368389.7092162157

369395.1505902465

370397.4884439403

371397.2036755807

372397.4619107263

373398.5977098057

374400.8246645418

375407.2937285943

376411.8201600954

377414.3495826147

378419.8372749301

379424.6919835878

380429.1685749631

381436.7208847792

382440.0527813033

383444.0446676258

384446.0899966049

385445.2766189368

386447.8630978723

387449.1965031952

388446.0878825616

389439.8715765851

390437.9426464892

391432.9109395384

392428.7102724933

393425.1317808269

394425.1244663072

395421.4053509559

396426.3794975253

397426.5732558504

398429.7829812717

399435.1156493155

400436.5791316777

401435.7161641214

402442.7955458206

403442.6586691411

404449.2194113376

405456.8565879183

406457.5057290101

407459.5600097936

408462.5833915862

409465.1594361593

410466.2930793394

411457.9850423836

412452.1511167084

413453.3985126074

414454.0553868271

415456.5058886126

416452.7154391854

417450.8210755744

418456.9210030368

419457.9652748441

420453.3373086447

Sheet1

HRR (kW)

Time, seconds

HRR, kW

Sheet2

2.5573776999

1.8874723969

2.2567727316

3.4822881382

4.0319855339

7.6232991405

11.3514350493

9.5613842025

12.803429768

18.0048172485

23.876248744

30.8652359667

40.9795198188

59.6006051108

75.6507765666

88.4542183429

98.2084531741

117.2290200464

135.0329967862

149.4544895751

170.6215215335

180.2787344948

181.3741815413

188.1455358403

202.9060919603

211.8840912892

199.8888785586

201.578670195

206.7306931632

210.2535277959

226.9854158025

251.5579607451

273.0767644147

295.1182682911

328.1578227002

344.7684001395

349.5301816398

356.4140343448

397.4884439403

429.1685749631

437.9426464892

436.5791316777

466.2930793394

453.3373086447

HRR (kW)

Sheet3

tHRR (kW)

02.5573776999

101.8874723969

202.2567727316

303.4822881382

404.0319855339

507.6232991405

6011.3514350493

709.5613842025

8012.803429768

9018.0048172485

10023.876248744

11030.8652359667

12040.9795198188

13059.6006051108

14075.6507765666

15088.4542183429

16098.2084531741

170117.2290200464

180135.0329967862

190149.4544895751

200170.6215215335

210180.2787344948

211181.3741815413

220188.1455358403

230202.9060919603

240211.8840912892

250199.8888785586

260201.578670195

270206.7306931632

280210.2535277959

290226.9854158025

300251.5579607451

310273.0767644147

320295.1182682911

330328.1578227002

340344.7684001395

350349.5301816398

360356.4140343448

370397.4884439403

380429.1685749631

390437.9426464892

400436.5791316777

410466.2930793394

420453.3373086447

Sheet3

HRR (kW)

Time, seconds

Heat Release, kW

Ceiling jet TCeiling Jet TLinkT

timecalcexpcalc

07070

1073.670.2

2073.170.3

3074.170.5

407570.7

5077.671

6079.871.5

7080.372

8088.172.6

9091.973.6

10096.174.8

110101.776.3

120107.878.2

130117.380.6

140127.783.7

150136.987.4

160146.291.6

170157.596.4

180169.5101.8

190182.1108

200195.2114.9

210206.6122.4

220217.7130.2

230229.3138.5

240241.1147.1

Table 3. Sprinkler Activation Times

Sprinkler

Radial distance to fire, feet

Measured Activation

Time, seconds

Predicted Activation

Time, seconds

Measured Ceiling Jet T at bulb at activation

oF

Predicted Ceiling Jet T at bulb at activation,

oF

NE

10.6

278

249

288

249

N

11.3

352

253

276

250

Results: Preaction Sprinkler System

Fire DamageTest cabinet suffered extensive scorchingNon-Fire DamageBlack ring around entire enclosureCeiling tiles discoloredSoot particles scrubbed from smoke layer cover floor, horizontal surfacesWalls discolored from smoke damageWater damage to paper goods

Conclusions: System Performance

Preaction Sprinkler SystemDesign objective attained: Fire was controlled System performed exactly as expectedFire contained to room of originCeiling temperatures managed such that structural damage and/or collapse did not occurStructure savedFM-200 SystemDesign objective attained: Fire extinguishedSystem performed exactly as expectedContents of structure saved

Conclusions

Clean agent and preaction sprinkler systems vastly differentFundamental design objective different: Control vs ExtinguishmentPreaction systems best suited to protection of structureClean agent systems best suited to protection of contents of structureSprinkler systems alone inappropriate for protection of high value assetsClean agents not ideally suited for structural protectionFPETool useful for predicting performance of sprinkler system and estimation of ceiling jet temperatures, smoke detector activation and for test fire selection

Applications involving expensive, sensitive assetsUse of clean agents justifiedClean agents offer unparalled peformance for very early extinguishment of fires

Maximum fire protection provided by use of a clean agent system in combination with a sprinkler system Substantial additional risk reduction at high benefit/cost ratios can be realized by protecting such assets with both a clean agent system and a sprinkler systemConclusions

AcknowledgementsGreat Lakes Chemical CorporationSteve Ginn

Hughes Associates, Inc.Eric ForssellJason OuelletteMatt HarrisonRalph OuelletteArt HammettJason Kennedy