J. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban forms . 44 th ISoCaRP Congress 2008 Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban forms Unidad de Investigación N°6b - Instituto de Estudios del Hábitat (IDEHAB), Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Buenos Aires. ARGENTINA. 都市世界-城市规划与交通网 www.cityup.org
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J. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. PistolaCompact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban forms.
44th ISoCaRP Congress 2008
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban forms
Unidad de Investigación N°6b - Instituto de Estudios del Hábitat (IDEHAB),Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
Buenos Aires. ARGENTINA.
都市
世界
-城
市规
划与
交通
网
www.
city
up.o
rg
Contents
• Hypotheses• Objectives• Study approach• Methodology• Greater La Plata micro-region• Area under study• Features of study cases• Peripheral areas • Central areas • Household consumption• Mobility and transportation means• Mobility-driven Energy consumption • Total energy consumption• Conclusions
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都
市世
界-
城市
规划
与交
通网
www.
city
up.o
rg
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola
Hypotheses
• Sustainability/unsustainability does not depend exclusively on urban compact/sprawl condition.
• Sustainability/unsustainability of both compact and sprawl zones depend on urban socioeconomic, spatial and modal mobility features.
都市
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Objectives
General:• Define levels of urban sustainability/unsustainability
resulting from the interaction among Land Use, Mobility and Transport/Energy consumption patterns.
Particular:• Establish degrees of sustainability/unsustainability in
sprawl areas.• Establish sustainability factors in compact areas
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都
市世
界-
城市
规划
与交
通网
www.
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up.o
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Approach
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola
‘Compact’ and ‘Sprawl’ concepts are not applicable to any city sizes. Unplanned sprawl at great metropolises and mid-sized cities represents a real urban unsustainability problem.
A city’s positioning on the compact/sprawl continuum depends on several factors: spatial morphology, degree of consolidation and mobility system.
Considering the ‘mobility / city model’ relationship, the automobile can be seen at the core of the compact/sprawl city issue. Automobiles are a universally desired object:
they are a means of:• work, • social and family life planning,• social identification.
Its use is promoted by both automotive industry and financial groups – through ease of credit access. These two key actors should be considered when attempting to reduce its incidence.
都市
世界
-城
市规
划与
交通
网
www.
city
up.o
rg
Methodology
5 delimited areas – 2 central and 3 peripheral ones – were selected as “transportation areas”.
All include social interest’s housesInformation:
origin/destination trip’s surveyHouse energy audit
Connectivity: Zone 1: railroad, automobileZones 2 and 3: automobile
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都
市世
界-
城市
规划
与交
通网
www.
city
up.o
rg
Greater La Plata Micro-region
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都
市世
界-
城市
规划
与交
通网
www.
city
up.o
rg
Areas under study
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola
Fuente: Elaboración Propia mediante SIG
Zona 1
Zona 4
Zona 2
Zona 3
Zona 5
都市
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-城
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交通
网
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city
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Features of study cases
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola
Case Total energy consumption
Residential Mobility Total
1 0,56 0,16 0,72
2 0,50 0,12 0,62
3 0,48 0,09 0,57
4 0,78 0,10 0,88
5 0,77 0,09 0,86
都市
世界
-城
市规
划与
交通
网
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city
up.o
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The study reveals that:• The mobility-related energy consumption of a
consolidated, low-density, train-served settlement, 20 km distant from CBD, is higher than those registered at cases 2 and 3 (peripheral areas).
• Higher residential energy consumption per inhabitant is related to income levels and to the lack of energy-saving policies in building systems
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola
Conclusions
都市
世界
-城
市规
划与
交通
网
www.
city
up.o
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Modal distribution of mobility
• All peripheral areas register higher energy consumption per inhabitant.
• Energy consumption at area 1 is 26.3% higher than area 3 (the lowest one): longer distance and higher income levels of population.
• Two peripheral areas register highest mobility-related energy consumption: 0.16 and 0.12 TEP/inhabitant/year
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都
市世
界-
城市
规划
与交
通网
www.
city
up.o
rg
Total Energy ConsumptionCase 1: 18% lower than compact zones.
Cases 2 and 3: relative energy consumption is 30-35% lower than compact zones although two cases present
larger families.
Highest and lowest energy consumption study cases showup to a 54% difference.
Based on the analysis of Land Use /Transportation / Energyconsumption, the Compact / Sprawl dichotomy is notVerified: both “models” show similar consumption patterns
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都
市世
界-
城市
规划
与交
通网
www.
city
up.o
rg
Considerations1. A sprawl city is not unsustainable, provided that
it is structured as a linear type-city and it’s crossed by a railroad network
2. Compactness must be accompanied by sustainable housing standards
3. Therefore, cities should not be considered as a complex system in which `compactness´and `sprawl´ are part of interacting heterogeneities rather than a polarized dichotomy.
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola 都
市世
界-
城市
规划
与交
通网
www.
city
up.o
rg
Residential consumption / Income relationship shows that: energy saving implies lesser comfort
Mobility / Income relationship: less than two trips per person per day implies immobility and turns social
integration impossible
AN INTEGRAL APPROACH IS KEY IN ORDER TO DEFINE SUSTAINABILITY LEVEL AT THE
COMPACT - SPRAWL CITY MODELS
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban formsJ. Frediani, N. Giacobbe, O. Ravella, J. Pistola
TWO INTERACTING URBAN FORMS
都市
世界
-城
市规
划与
交通
网
www.
city
up.o
rg
Compact City – Sprawl City: two interacting urban forms