COLLEGE OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES California State ...€¦ · Health Care Administration Department HCA 528 Managing Population Health Spring 2016 Instructor: E ... (3 units).

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COLLEGE OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

California State University, Long Beach

Health Care Administration Department

HCA 528 Managing Population Health

Spring 2016

Instructor: E. Erlyana M.D., Ph.D.

E-mail: [email protected]

Phone: 562/985-5800

Office: HHS1 – FO 007

Office Hours:

Tuesdays & Thursdays 2 – 3:30 PM, or by

appointment

Class Number: 9398

Class Meets: Jan 20th – May 11th,

On Wednesdays, 7 – 9:45 PM,

Room: HHS1-200

Additional Contact Information:

HCA Dept. Administrative Coordinator:

Deby McGill, [email protected]

Tel. 562/985-5694; fax 562/985-5886

Catalog Description

Managing Population Health (3 units). Prerequisite: SOC 250. Pre- or co-requisite: HCA 502.

Prerequisites: SOC 250. Pre- or co-requisite: HCA 502. Fundamental epidemiologic concepts and

applications in health care management practice. Approaches to measure the health status of

populations, identify modifiable causal factors for preventing and controlling adverse health

outcomes, and improve population health. (Lecture - Discussion). Letter grade only (A-F)

Learning Objectives, Domain and Competency Table

The Health Care Administration Department has adopted a competency-based curriculum, based

on the American College of Health Care Executives (ACHE) Competency Assessment Tool and

Healthcare Leadership Alliance (HLA) Competency Directory (Version 2.0, October 2010). This

course is designed to develop competencies in the domains of Business Skills and Knowledge

(BSK) and Leadership. This course also enhances students’ writing and presentation skills that

address the domain, Communication and Relationship Management (CRM).

Learning Objective Domain Competency Activity (A1),

Assignment (A2) or

Assessment (A3)

Identify factors that

determine health of a

community

BSK Analyze population data to

identify cultural clusters

Exams

Case study

discussions

Estimate population health

care needs from a

demographic profile of the

population served

BSK Knowledge of clinical measures

including population health

In-class exercises

Articulate factors affecting

use of health care services in

a population subgroup

BSK Conduct needs analysis, identify

and prioritize requirements

Exams

Case study

discussions

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Learning Objective Domain Competency Activity (A1),

Assignment (A2) or

Assessment (A3)

Discuss use and

measurement issues of

epidemiologic data

BSK Promote and apply problem

solving philosophies

Exams

Case study

discussions

Identify sources of data for

epidemiologic studies

BSK Seek information from a variety

of sources (e.g., Benchmarking;

articles; colleagues; list-serves;

Web) to stay current with market

and industry

Exams

Project

Compare descriptive,

observational & intervention

study designs for evaluating

health services, programs,

and systems

BSK Utilize comparative analysis

strategies

Exams

In-class exercises

Describe benefits and

challenges of screening and

surveillance activities in

promoting population health

Leader-

ship

Contribute to the community and

the health administration

profession

Exams

Case study

discussions

Analyze use of

epidemiologic methods in

designing strategic planning

for health care organizations

Leader-

ship

Utilize comparative analysis

strategies

Exams

In-class exercises

Case study

discussions

Articulate the role of

managerial epidemiology for

specific health management

applications

Leader-

ship

Demonstrate critical thinking and

analysis

Project

Text(s) and other course materials

There is no required textbook needed for the class.

Readings and materials were available for download from library and online resources. Please check

your email for notifications regarding any updates and changes.

Useful link: Population Health News http://coast.library.csulb.edu/record=b2957682~S1.

Recommended text:

Esterhay, R.J., Nesbitt, L.S., Taylor, J.H., and Bohn Jr., H.J. (2014). Population Health (1st ed.).

Concurgent Publishing, LLC. Virginia Beach, VA 23462.

Woolf, S. H., & Aron, L. (Eds.). (2013). US Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives,

Poorer Health. National Academies Press.

Other Requirements: You must have an Email address and Internet access to participate in this

course and access materials through the BeachBoard online courseware system. For BeachBoard,

MyCSULB, or other computer problems, contact the CSULB Help Desk: 562-985-4959,

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[email protected] or visit the web site at www.helpdesk.csulb.edu. You may seek in-person

help at AS-120.

Student Assignments and Grading

1. Case Study Discussions & Presentation: Case studies will be assigned in some weeks to be

discussed in small groups and present in class. Read the case before coming to class, active

participation in discussions is necessary for success.

2. Exam: This class will only have one exam that covers the first ten weeks of instruction. The

exam is ONLINE and OPEN BOOK and has to be taken during the assigned time period.

3. Group Project: You will work in a group of five (5) to create a poster presentation on a

“population health” project that has been done in a health care organization and present it to

the class on the final week. In this project, each group will have three deliverables: 1) Project

Outline (which includes selected topic, outline, abstract and a list of 10 references), 2) Poster

Draft (which includes abstract, introduction/background, summary of the problem,

theoretical foundation, strategy and recommendation and 3) Final Poster.

4. Peer Evaluation for Group Project: You will evaluate your team members of their quality

of work and participation in the group project.

5. Poster Critique: Each group will also receive feedback for their poster from other groups

and/ or invited panel in class. Feedback points will be included on the grade calculation.

6. In-Class Exercises; Class Preparation, Participation and Attendance: You are expected

to have read the readings and visited the assigned web sites before the class session. On

most days (check class schedule), there will be an In-Class Exercise (ICE). You may work in

groups to complete the activities in-class. Participation in these exercises will contribute to

your overall grade.

Details of the assignments and the rubrics were posted on Beachboard.

Class attendance policy conforms to University policy: see:

http://www.csulb.edu/divisions/aa/grad_undergrad/senate/documents/policy/2001/01/.

Disabled students

Disabled students requiring special accommodations for class participation and/or exams for

a disability that has been verified by Disabled Student Services: It is your responsibility to

advise instructor at start of course and make arrangements for accommodations to meet your

needs.

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Commitment to Inclusion

California State University, Long Beach is committed to maintaining an inclusive learning

community that values diversity and fosters mutual respect. All students have the right to

participate fully in university programs and activities free from discrimination, harassment,

sexual violence, and retaliation. Students who believe they have been subjected to

discrimination, harassment, sexual violence, or retaliation on the basis of a protected status such

as age, disability, gender, gender identity/expression, sexual orientation, race, color, ethnicity,

religion, national origin, veteran/veteran status or any other status protected by law, should

contact the Office of Equity and Diversity at (562) 985-8256, University Student Union (USU)

Suite 301, http://www.csulb.edu/depts/oed.

Grade Weights and Policies

Submit all assignments via BeachBoard Drop Box– not hard copy. Please check carefully the

due dates and times for the assignments. Late assignments will lose 10% of points for each

week they are late. NO ASSIGNMENTS ACCEPTED AFTER THE LAST DAY OF

CLASS (the week BEFORE the final exam).

Assignments Points (% of Grade)

Case study discussions & presentations (5@ 20 points) 100 (25%)

Exam 80 (20%)

Group Project (100 points) 100 (25%)

Topic and outline (20 points)

Poster Draft (40 points)

Final Poster (40 points)

Peer Evaluation for Group Project 20 (5%)

Poster Critique 50 (12.5%)

In-class exercises (10@5 points) 50 (12.5%)

Total 400 (100%)

Course grades will be based on the following scale; students’ final grades are based on a percentage

of total points earned/total points possible.

90-100% = A performance at the highest level showing sustained excellence.

80-89% = B performance at high level showing consistent and effective achievement.

70-79% = C performance at an adequate level meeting basic requirements.

60-69% = D performance is less than adequate meeting minimum course requirements.

Below 60% = F performance in which minimal course requirements have not been met.

Withdrawal policy

Withdrawal after 2nd week and before final 3 weeks, per University policy, “permissible for

serious and compelling reasons;” instructor will evaluate student’s stated reasons on withdrawal

request form.

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Cheating and plagiarism

Please be aware of and ensure that your behavior conforms to University Policy, as contained in

the California State University, Long Beach Policy Statement 80-01:

http://www.csulb.edu/divisions/aa/grad_undergrad/senate/documents/policy/2008/02. Papers

will be screened for plagiarism using the “TurnItIn” software system. Turnitin is a

plagiarism prevention service available in BeachBoard. Students submit papers electronically,

and Turnitin compares the text of those papers to the text in millions of other documents on the

Internet, in papers submitted by other students around the world, and in commercial databases of

journal articles and periodicals. Turnitin highlights similarities between the text in a student's

paper and the text in an existing document. Turnitin provides an annotated document showing

both the student's paper and the original source. The similarity index for your papers should be

less than 30%.

Although the University catalog does not cover this aspect of plagiarism, it is NOT acceptable

to submit the same paper for two courses. If you want to write a paper on the same topic for

two different courses, you must submit two different papers. If I discover that you have

submitted the same paper for another course, you will receive an “F” for your paper in this

course.

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Course Sequence and Weekly Schedule

Week & Date Topic Assignments Readings

1 Jan 20 Course Introduction

Introduction to

Population Health

Kindig, D.A., & Stoddart, G. (2003). What

is population health? American Journal of

Public Health 93(3):380–383.

Kindig, D.A. (2007, March). Understanding

population health terminology. Milbank

Quarterly 85(1): 139–161.

Jacobson, D. M., & Teutsch, S. An

Environmental Scan of Integrated

Approaches for Defining and Measuring

Total Population Health. p. 1 - 13

Population Health in a Complex World

2 Jan 27 New Policy

Direction: From

Volume to Values

ACA and

Population Health

ICE #1

“Successful

Population

Health

Management”

Casalino, L. P., Erb, N., Joshi, M. S., &

Shortell, S. M. (2015). Accountable care

organizations and population health

organizations. Journal of Health Politics,

Policy and Law, 40(4), 821-837.

McCarthy, D., & Klein, S. (2010, July).

The triple aim journey: Improving

population health and patients' experience

of care, while reducing costs. The

Commonwealth Fund

Stine, N. W., Chokshi, D. A., &

Gourevitch, M. N. (2013). Improving

population health in US cities. JAMA,

309(5), 449-450.

3 Feb 3 Models of

Population Health:

Envisioning an

Expanded Model of

a Population Health

Engaging

Stakeholders in

Population Health

Case Study #1 Kindig, D.A., Asada, Y., & Booske, B.

(2008). A population health framework for

setting national and state health goals.

JAMA 299(17): 2081-2083.

Kindig et al. (2014). Population Health

Improvement: A Community Health

Business Model that Engages Partner in All

Sectors. Frontiers of Health Services

Management, 30(4), Summer 2014

Noble, D. J., Greenhalgh, T., & Casalino, L.

P. (2014). Improving population health one

person at a time? Accountable care

organisations: perceptions of population

health—a qualitative interview study. BMJ

open, 4(4), e004665.

Case Study:

Goodwill Industries

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4 Feb 10 Theoretical Support

for Population

Health Approaches

ICE #2

“Predictably

Irrational” video

Rice, T. (2013). The behavioral economics

of health and health care. Annual review of

public health, 34, 431-447.

Hostetter, M., & Klein, S. (2013). In Focus:

Using Behavioral Economics to Advance

Population Health and Improve the Quality

of Health Care Services. The

Commonwealth Fund.

Behavioral Economics 101: Beginner’s

Guide to Hyperbolic Discounting,

Intertemporal Choice, Prospect Theory and a

Bunch of Other Fancy Words, Population

Health News, Feb 2015

5 Feb 17 Population Health

Indicators:

Understanding the

Numbers

ICE #3

“Big Data”

Jacobson, D. M., & Teutsch, S. An

Environmental Scan of Integrated

Approaches for Defining and Measuring

Total Population Health. p. 14 - 26

Etches, V., Frank, J., Ruggiero, E., &

Manuel, D. (2006). Measuring population

health: A review of indicators. Annual

Review of Public Health 27:29–55.

Stoto, M. A. (2014). Population Health

Measurement: Applying Performance

Measurement Concepts in Population Health

Settings. eGEMs, 2(4).

Boyle et al. (2010). Projection of the year

2050 burden of diabetes in the U.S. adult

population. Population Health Metrics,

8:29. doi: 10.1186/1478-7954-8-29.

6 Feb 24 Importance of Data ICE #4

SAS Visual

Analytics

http://www.healthdata.gov/

7 Mar 2 Promoting Wellness

through Systems

and Policy Changes

Case Study #2 Giles, E. L., Robalino, S., Sniehotta, F. F.,

Adams, J., & McColl, E. (2015).

Acceptability of financial incentives for

encouraging uptake of healthy behaviours:

A critical review using systematic

methods. Preventive medicine, 73, 145-

158.

Miller, G., Roehrig, C., Hughes-Cromwick,

P., & Lake, C. (2008). Quantifying national

spending on wellness and prevention. Adv

Health Econ Health Serv Res, 19, 1-24.

Coberley, C., Rula, E. Y., & Pope, J. E.

(2011). Effectiveness of health and

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wellness initiatives for seniors. Population

health management, 14(S1), S-45.

Case Study:

SeeChange Health, JFK Health Wellness

Program Turns Rising Costs on Heels,

Population Health News, Oct 2014.

8 Mar 9 Provider Practice

Change

Employer and

Health Plan

Changes

ICE #5

“Population

Medicine”

Kurtzman, J. H. (2015). A Community

Hospital-County Health Department

Partnership to Reduce Preventable

Readmissions: Lessons Learned for

Population Health Management. Journal of

Healthcare Management, 60(4), 258.

Direct Primary Care: Changing the

Healthcare Industry, Population Health

News, July 2015

Crossing the Crevasse to Manage Risk:

Managing Health Plans Within Provider

Systems, Population Health News, Mar

2015

9 Mar 16 Influencing

Consumer Behavior

Advancing the Use

of Personal Health

Data

ICE #6

“Google

Health”

Project Outline

Due

Hibbard, J. H., & Greene, J. (2013). What

the evidence shows about patient

activation: better health outcomes and care

experiences; fewer data on costs. Health

affairs, 32(2), 207-214.

EHRs: The Software Linchpin of

Population Health Management,

Population Health News, August 2015

10 Mar 23 Exam - Online

11 Mar 30 Spring Break

Business Aspects of the Health and Wellness of a Nation

12 Apr 6 The Need to

Renewed Focus:

Mental and

Behavioral Health

Services

ICE #7

“Behavioral

Health”

Jacka, F. N., Mykletun, A., & Berk, M.

(2012). Moving towards a population

health approach to the primary prevention

of common mental disorders. BMC

medicine, 10(1), 149.

Hogan, M. F., Sederer, L. I., Smith, T. E.,

& Nossel, I. R. (2010). Peer Reviewed:

Making Room for Mental Health in the

Medical Home. Preventing chronic

disease, 7(6).

13 Apr 13 Progress and

Today’s Challenges:

Chronic Diseases

ICE #8

“Chronic Care

Model”

Case Study #3

Bodenheimer, T., Chen, E., & Bennett, H.

D. (2009). Confronting the growing burden

of chronic disease: can the US health care

workforce do the job? Health Affairs, 28(1),

64-74.

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DeVol, R., Bedroussian, A., Charuworn, A.,

Chatterjee, A., Kim, I. K., Kim, S., &

Klowden, K. (2007). An unhealthy America:

The economic burden of chronic disease.

Building a New Model of Care for

Diabetes Population Health: The Time Is

Now, Population Health News, Mar 2015

Case Study: Achieving “Breakthrough”

Outcomes in Hypertension, Population

Health News, December 2014

14 Apr 20 Population Health

Management in a

Rural Community/

Medicaid

ICE #9

Rural Health

Value

Poster Draft Due

Rust, G., Strothers, H., Miller, W. J.,

McLaren, S., Moore, B., & Sambamoorthi,

U. (2011). Economic impact of a Medicaid

population health management program.

Population health management, 14(5), 215-

222.

Sandberg, S. F., Erikson, C., Owen, R.,

Vickery, K. D., Shimotsu, S. T., Linzer,

M.,. & DeCubellis, J. (2014). Hennepin

Health: A safety-net Accountable Care

Organization for the expanded Medicaid

population. Health Affairs, 33(11), 1975-

1984

Crawford, M., McGinnis, T., Auerbach, J.,

& Golden, K. (2015). Population Health in

Medicaid Delivery System Reforms.

Size, T., Kindig, D., & MacKinney, C.

(2006). Population health improvement and

rural hospital balanced scorecards. The

Journal of Rural Health, 22(2), 93-96.

15 Apr 27 Developments in

Population Health

for an Aging

Population

ICE #10

“Older

American”

Case Study #4

McWilliams, J. M., Landon, B. E., &

Chernew, M. E. (2013). Changes in health

care spending and quality for Medicare

beneficiaries associated with a commercial

ACO contract. JAMA, 310(8), 829-836.

Serving Senior Populations With Chronic

Conditions, Population Health News, July

2015

Case Study: Home Aide Training,

Technology Spell Success for Older

Population, Population Health News,

November 2014.

16 May 4 Big Data: Predictive

Analytics,

Population

Medicine

Case Study #5

Final Poster Due

Raghupathi, W., & Raghupathi, V. (2014).

Big data analytics in healthcare: promise

and potential. Health Information Science

and Systems, 2(1), 3.

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The Future of

Population Health

Chawla, N. V., & Davis, D. A. (2013).

Bringing big data to personalized healthcare:

a patient-centered framework. Journal of

general internal medicine, 28(3), 660-665.

Shortell, S.M. (2010, November).

Challenges and opportunities for

population health partnerships. Preventing

Chronic Disease 7(6):A114.

Case Study:

Population Health 2.0

17 May 11 Poster Presentation & Critique

*Additional articles and case studies will be assigned each week.

Bibliography

Books Fleming, S.T. (2008). Managerial Epidemiology: Concepts and Cases. Chicago IL: Health

Administration Press.

Fos, P.J. & Fine, D.J. (2005). Managerial Epidemiology for Health Care Organizations. San

Francisco CA: Jossey-Bass.

Friis, Robert H., & Seller, Thomas (2013). Epidemiology for Public Health Practice, 5th edition,

Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Oleske, Denise M. (2009). Epidemiology and the Delivery of Health Care Services: Methods and

Applications (3rd ed.). New York: Springer Science+Business Media. (Paperback 3rd edition

published 2013).

Professional Journals and Periodicals

American Journal of Public Health

Frontiers of Health Services Management

Health Affairs

Healthcare Benchmarks and Quality Improvement

Healthcare Executive

Health Care Financial Management

Healthcare Risk Management

Health Care Strategic Management

Health Economics, Policy and Law

Health Policy and Planning

Health Services Management Research

Health Services Research

Hospital Case Management

Human Resources for Health

Inquiry

International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics

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International Journal of Health Planning and Management

Internet Journal of Law, Healthcare and Ethics

Journal of the American Medical Association

Journal of Health Administration Education

Journal of Health Care Finance

Journal of Healthcare Management

Journal of Health Economics

Journal of Health Organization and Management

Journal of Health Policy, Politics and Law

Journal of Health Services Research & Policy

Journal of Primary Care and Community Health

Journal of Public Health Management and Practice

Journal of Public Health Policy

Managed Healthcare Executive

Medical Care

Medical Care Research and Review

Modern Healthcare

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

New England Journal of Medicine

Population Health Management

Population Health News

Public Health Reports

QI/TQM

Quality & Safety in Health Care

Quality Management in Health Care

Qualitative Health Research

Research in Healthcare Financial Management

Social Science and Medicine

Articles

Adler, N., Bachrach, C., Daley, D. & Frisco, M. (2013, December 4). Building the science for a

population health movement. Discussion Paper, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC.

Retrieved from: http://www.iom.edu/Global/Perspectives/2013/BuildingTheScience.aspx.

Advisory Board Company. (2013). Three key elements for successful population health

management. Retrieved from: http://www.advisory.com/Research/Health-Care-Advisory-

Board/Studies/2013/Three-Elements-for-Successful-Population-Health-Management.

Asch, D.A., & Werner, R.M. (2010, September). Paying for performance in population health:

lessons from health care settings. Preventing Chronic Disease 7(5):A98. Retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2010/sep/10_0038.htm.

Bilheimer, L.T. (2010, July). Evaluating metrics to improve population health. Preventing

Chronic Disease, 7(4):A69. Retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2010/jul/10_0016.htm.

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Boyle , J.P., Thompson, T.J., Gregg, E.W., Barker, L.E. & Williamson, D.F. (2010). Projection of

the year 2050 burden of diabetes in the U.S. adult population. Population Health Metrics,

8:29. doi: 10.1186/1478-7954-8-29.

Caron, R. M. (2010). Managerial Epidemiology Is the Best Evaluation Tool for Our New Health

Care System. Academic Medicine, 85(10), 1549.

Caron, R. M., & Hooker, E. (2011). Managerial Epidemiology in Health Administration

Education: Population Health in the Age of Healthcare Reform. Journal of Health

Administration Education, 28(2), 115-164.

Cutler, D., & Landrum, M. (2012). Dimensions of health in the elderly population. Investigations

in the Economics of Aging (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report),

179-201. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Devore, S., & Champion, R.W. (2011). Driving population health through accountable care

organizations. Health Affairs,30(1): 41-50. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0935.

Etches, V., Frank, J., Ruggiero, E., & Manuel, D. (2006). Measuring population health: A review

of indicators. Annual Review of Public Health 27:29–55. doi:

10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102141

Friedman, D.J., & Parrish, R.G. (2010). The population health record: concepts, definition,

design, and implementation. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association,

17:359-366 doi:10.1136/jamia.2009.001578.

Gourevitch, M.N., Cannell, T., Boufford, J.I., Summers, C. (2012, June). The challenge of

attribution: Responsibility for population health in the context of accountable care.

American Journal of Public Health 102(Suppl 3):S322–S324. doi:

10.2105/AJPH.2011.300642

Hacker, K., & Walker, D.K. (2013). Achieving population health in accountable care

organizations. American Journal of Public Health, 103:7, 1163-1167. doi:

10.2105/AJPH.2013.301254

Hardcastle, L.E., Record, K.L., Jacobson, P.D., & Gostin L.O. (2011). Improving the

population's health: the Affordable Care Act and the importance of integration. Journal of

law, medicine, & ethics, 39(3):317-327. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2011.00602.x.

Haveman, R.H. (2010). Principles to guide the development of population health incentives.

Preventing Chronic Disease 7(5):A94. Retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2010/sep/10_0044.htm.

Health Care Advisory Board Care Transformation Center (2013). Three key elements for

successful population health management. The Advisory Board Company. Retrieved

from: http://www.advisory.com/Research/Health-Care-Advisory-

Board/Studies/2013/Three-Elements-for-Successful-Population-Health-Management.

HealthLeaders Media Intelligence. (2014, February). Healthcare analytics: The new business

currency. Retrieved from:

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014.

Hewger, L.R. (2014, January). Emory develops a strategy to align primary care physicians, zip

code by zip code. HFMA Leadership E-Bulletin. Retrieved April 1, 2014 from:

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Health and Improve the Quality of Health Care Services. The Commonwealth Fund.

Retrieved from: http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Newsletters/Quality-

Matters/2013/June-July/In-Focus.aspx

Kindig, D.A. (2007, March). Understanding population health terminology. Milbank Quarterly

85(1): 139–161. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2007.00479.x

Kindig, D.A., Asada, Y., & Booske, B. (2008). A population health framework for setting

national and state health goals. Journal of the American Medical Association 299(17):

2081-2083. doi:10.1001/jama.299.17.2081.

Kindig, D.A., & Stoddart, G. (2003). What is population health. American Journal of Public

Health 93(3):380–383.

Kottke, T.E., & Isham, G.J. (2010, July). Measuring health care access and quality to improve

health in populations. Preventing Chronic Disease 7(4):A73. Retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2010/jul/09_0243.htm.

Lantz, P.M., & Pritchard, A. (2010). Socioeconomic indicators that matter for population health.

Preventing Chronic Disease, 7(4):A74. Retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2010/jul/09_0246.htm.

Lewis, S. (2010). Creating incentives to improve population health. Preventing Chronic Disease

7(5):A93. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2010/sep/10_0175.htm.

McCarthy, D., & Klein, S. (2010, July). The triple aim journey: Improving population health and

patients' experience of care, while reducing costs. The Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved

from http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Publications/Case-Studies/2010/Jul/Triple-

Aim-Improving-Population-Health.aspx

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National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series No. 15231

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Mullahy, J. (2010, September). Understanding the production of population health and the role

of paying for population health. Preventing Chronic Disease 7(5):A95. Retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2010/sep/10_0024.htm.

Oliver, T.R. (2010, September). Population health rankings as policy indicators and performance

measures. Preventing Chronic Disease 7(5):A101. Retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2010/sep/10_0040.htm.

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Websites

http://www.modernhealthcare.com/

http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/

http://healthitanalytics.com/news/topic/population-health

http://newsatjama.jama.com/category/the-jama-forum/

https://www.advisory.com/