Cognitive Radio Yves LaCerte Rockwell Collins [email protected] (952) 826-0080.

Cognitive Radio

Yves LaCerteRockwell [email protected](952) 826-0080

System Integration

814/2008 2Yves LaCerte

Topics

What is System Integration?

An Example - Cognitive Radio

Integration Trends

What is System Integration?


INCOSE SE Handbook….

…establishment of system interfaces, internal and external……emphasis on risk management and continuous verification…

The process of putting a system together, with techniques to ensure all the parts work as a whole.

Integration is Hard


Generally, the main contractor for the project is responsible for systems integration.

The sub-contractors will usually be part of the integration team.

Integration is one of the most costly and time-consuming activities in the systems engineering process.

For large and complex systems, up to 40% of the development effort may be used in this activity, mostly in system testing.

Cognitive Radio


A Non-traditional

System Integration Challenge

Scientific American, February, 2006 http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=000C7B72-2374-13F6-A37483414B7F0000“A Public Safety Cognitive Radio Node” http://www.sdrforum.org/SDR08/3.3-2.pdf “A Policy Proposal to Enable Cognitive Radio for Public Safety and Industry in the Land Mobile Radio Bands ”, http://www.netcityengineering.com/PID354224.pdf

Scenarios

Urban agencies need to communicate with each otherNew York City police and fire departments

during 9/11 were not successful

Federal, state and local level responders need to communicate Katrina response was less than successful

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The Problem

“Spectrum“ is regulated (e.g. FCC)Assigned/licensed

to users On a long term

basis For large regions

like whole countries


A Solution

Cognitive RadioSenses and is aware of its environmentDynamically adapts to utilize changing radio

resources Maintains connectivity with its peers Does not interfere with licensed users and

other CRs



Timeline


2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

DARPA’s

Demonstrationswithin 1 year

Commercial

viabilityexploration &

commercial

analysis underexisting

agreements

Viability

demonstratedfor commercial

purposes

within 2 year

SDR Forum can

initiate early workand insert into

standards bodies as

work matures

5 years for

etiquettesto be formally

standardized

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

CR Architecture

Networked Device

AntennaCoupling

Data Modem

ProcessorTransmitter

and Receiver


Basic Non-Cognitive Radio Architecture:

Wireless Data Transceiver Subsystem Module

Spectrum Scanning and Interference Avoidance Module

Data ModemProcessor

Networked Device

Scanning Engine

SpectrumAnalysisEngine

Channel Pooling Server

Transmitterand Receiver

Antenna Sharing Module

Data ModemProcessorTransmitter

and Receiver

Cognitive Radio architecture:

Integration Challenge I


Multi-disciplines Major Domains

Wireless communicationsLocation-aware sensors

Radio engineeringWide band antennas

Machine learning

Spectrum regulations

Application service

Etc.

Policy domain

Radio domain

User domain

Machine Learning


Some tasks cannot be defined well except by example.

Discovers important relationships and correlations in large data sets.

The working environment is not be completely known at design time.

Mitola, “Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia Communications”, IEEE Mobile Multimedia Conference, 1999, pp3-10

OrientEstablish Priority

PlanNormal

Generate Alternatives(Program Generation)Evaluate Alternatives

Register to Current Time

DecideAlternate Resources

Initiate Process(es)(Isochronism Is Key)

Act

Learn

Save Global States

Set DisplaySend a Message

ObserveReceive a Message

Read Buttons

OutsideWorld

NewStates

The Cognition Cycle

PriorStates

Pre-process

Parse

ImmediateUrgent

Infer on Context Hierarchy

Advantages


Flexibility

A more flexible radio over classic radio systems.

Software makes it easier to upgrade for better performance…. And upgrade for new performance….

Cheaper RF Front-End Design

One problem with classic RF design is the complexity and the labor in developing a reliable design. With the design of a reliable Software Defined Radio (SDR), the quality and performance of the SDR can be enhanced by the digital hardware in order to reduce the complexity (and therefore the cost) of the RF front-end.

Digital Signal Processor (DSP), Field Programmable Gate-Array (FPGA), General Purpose Processor (GPP)

Smaller Parts Count

With a less complicated RF front-end, the total parts needed is simplified. With digital components like the DSP and FPGA taking the place of many passive and active components, the list is smaller and cheaper.

Disadvantages


Software Reliability

Security

SWaP

Integration Challenge II Unlike traditional interferers, cognitive radios adapt their

operation in response to their perceived interference environment. When numerous cognitive radios are collocated, this interference environment may be constantly changing as the cognitive radios adapt to the other cognitive radios adaptations. Because of this recursive process, serious concerns are introduced: Under what conditions will the recursions settle down to a steady

state? What is that steady-state? Will the resources be hoarded by a single radio/link or will they

be equitably shared among the radios? Will the cognitive radios actually make use of available spectrum

without impinging on other radios’ spectrum rights? How much bandwidth will be consumed with signaling overhead

and how much bandwidth will actually be used for data transfer?



A Typical Integration Example


Collect Hardware

Components

Integrate Hardware Platform

Collect Software

Components

Integrate Software on

Target Hardware

Test System

InterfacesInterfaces

ConfigurationsConfigurations

Stress

User Acceptance

Test

Resolve Issues

Factory Acceptance

Human Systems Integration

Human Systems Integration


Integration Trends


Integrated Modular Architecture

Each supplier generally has proprietary hardware (LRU) increasing cost of supply / repair chain and aircraft weight

All software in a LRU/card must be developed to the same safety level even, if this is not strictly necessary, and is dedicated to that LRU

If the hardware platform changes the whole product needs to re-verified by licensing authority

Integration Trends


Integrated Modular Architecture

Uses spare computing capacity to run multiple independent applications in a central processing network – fewer equipment racks therefore less weight

Application software is independent of an open architecture core executive – therefore it is platform and location independent

Application software can be validated independently of the core executive and hardware

Application software is location independent of the IO (Desirable but not always the case)

Integration Trends


Micro and Nano Technologies

“The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big”.

Richard Feynman, “There’s Plenty of room at the bottom: An invitation to enter a new field of physics,” Engineering and Science, Feb. 1960, http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html

Inductance Behaviors

Optical Thermal

Integration Trends


Micro and Nano Technologies

Systems engineering will become a key enabler for the successful commercialization of multi-functional, micro and nano technologies (MNT). Systems engineering delivers the methodologies, processes and tools to enable the efficient integration and exploitation of these disruptive technologies.

Mechanical Fluidic

MEMS Design Flow

Analog Materials

CMOS Digital

BiPolar Parasitics

VLSI Design Flow

IntegrationIntegration

Integration Trends


HW / SW Codesign

Increasing behavioral complexities… requires “design” optimizationmany functions, great variability, high flexibilityheterogeneous target systems - processors, ASICs, FPGAs, systems-on-chip, …many design goalsperformance, cost, power consumption, reliability, ...

Integration Trends


HW / SW Codesign

Systems engineering will become a key enabler for the successful commercialization of complex embedded software intensive systems. Systems engineering delivers the methodologies, processes and tools to enable the efficient integration and exploitation of these disruptive technologies.

Enterprise Integration




Business integration design and modeling of business processes

Presentation integration integration of corporate knowledge and business processes

Data integration how data is modeled and the meaning of the data

Control integration messaging between applications

Application integration different applications work together using mechanisms such as automatic event notification, flow control, and content routing



Integrating Two Systems



Integration is Hard

High degree of uncertainty

Design for integrability

Integration strategies

Emergent properties


Uncertainties

System components are not available on time

Duration of integration is longer than planned

Cost of testing facilities is higher than planned


Integration Planning


RequirementsSpecification

SystemSpecification

SystemDesign

DetailedDesign

Factory Acceptance

Test

SystemIntegration Test

Sub-system Integration Test

Factory Acceptance

Test Plan

System Integration Test Plan

Sub-system Integration Test Plan

User Acceptance

Test Plan

User Acceptance

Test

Component Implementation

Component Test

Design for Integrability

Integration tends to be more successful with low coupling between components

Partitioning decisions are made early, often without integration in mind

Hardware software co-design Merged integration approach


Integration Strategies

StrategiesBig bang or IncrementalHorizontal or Vertical

Order of integration impacts efficiencyFirst come first integrated?Foundational components with long lead

time?


Integration Strategy

Incremental integrationScheduling and staging strategy Components are developed at different

times or rates, and integrated as they are completed

The alternative to incremental development is to develop the entire system with a "big bang" integration




Sub-system 1 Sub-system 2

Component 1

Sub-system n

Sub-system 2

Component 2

Component m



Sub-system 1 Sub-system 2

Component 1

Sub-system n

Sub-system 2

Component 2

Component m

Component 1

Component 1

Emergent Properties

A new component is introduced and problems are foundIs it due to the relationship between the new

component and the existing system?Or does the new component cause the

existing system to be used in a different way?

Did problems with the system exist BEFORE the component was added?


The State of Our Knowledge


System “C”

We know quite a lot about integrating components (over which we may have little or no control) to form systems.

We know something about integrating individual systems (over which we may have little or no control) into systems of systems.

System “B”

We know very little about integrating an interoperable network of systems…the key distinction being that the network is unbounded (or very loosely bounded) and has no single controlling authority.

System “A”

“SYSTEM D”

Unplanned, unexpected, emergent behavior here…

Unbounded Systems


E.g. Large-scale communication networks

Incompletely and imprecisely definedDistributed administrative control No central authorityLimited global effect

Emergent algorithms

Predict global effects based on local activities

Integration challenges

What guarantees can be provided that the results of integrating systems into larger systems, when the interfaces are not

completely known, will be acceptable? This is often addressed as the interoperability problem.

Interoperability


Integration: the act of forming, coordinating, or blending into a functioning or unified whole.

Interoperation: The ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged.

Interest in integration of current stand-alone systems to meet future system requirements.

Driven by

advances in communication technology

recognition of common areas of functionality in related systems

increased awareness of how enhanced information access can lead to improved capability

Interoperability Challenges


Communication Media

Wireless (WiFi, WiMax, cellphones) Secure? Reliable?

Messaging and Security

Across different equipment from different vendors:– Cyber security –“security by obscurity” is no longer feasible– Network management – will the data get where it needs to go in a timely manner?– Protocol standards – agreement on standardized interfaces between systems

Data Management

Across different equipment, vendors, customers– Vast amounts of data, data discovery – how to manage this data?– Data mining, data consistency, data privacy – how to find and validate data?– Conversion of “data” into “information” – how to use effectively?– Data modeling standards – ability for “self-healing”

Computer Applications

Real-time analysis?– Automated controls – what and where should they be implemented?– System reliability, efficiency, service, safety, compliance?

Game theory

Does the algorithm have a steady state? What are those steady states? Is the steady state(s) desirable? What restrictions need to be placed on

the decision update algorithm to ensure convergence?

Is the steady state(s) stable?


Cognitive Radio Yves LaCerte Rockwell Collins [email protected] (952) 826-0080.

Documents

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flexible radio

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systems integration