Codification of Spanish Criminal Law in Nineteenth Century a Comparative Legal History Approach

8/19/2019 Codification of Spanish Criminal Law in Nineteenth Century a Comparative Legal History Approach

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Codication of Spanish Criminal Law in the Nineteenth Century

96 JCL 4:1

Cdcan Spansh Cmnal Lawn h Nnnh Cnu

A Cmpaav Lgal HsAppach

ANiCeto MASferrer*

thughu h nnnh cnu eupan lgal scnc xpncd a pundansman whs cnsuncs a n vdnc hs da. i wuld b nus hnk, hwv, ha law m n eup gnad and dvlpd sll n hnnnh cnu. th s hs ansmav pcss can b sn n h sxnh,svnnh, and spcall n h ghnh cnus, h cnu th enlghnmn.

N shuld n g ha h ansman lgal scnc was ml a paculansanc a nw wa undsandng scnc and h du h scns n gnal.

i wuld n b gng a sa ha nnnh-cnu law m can nl bundsd m whn h nw cdnas h cncp scnc, sl an xpssn a nwl-und undsandng manknd and sc.

W d n h a panama h dvs acs ha avd hs ansman,n dscuss, as wuld b ncssa, h chaacsc as nnnh-cnu lgalscnc.1 rah, w s u b h w cnapsd cncps law ha mgd n hnnnh cnu: h umph h cdcan a anal law, whch subsunlsuld n h dnv abandnmn h ld cmplans – a chnu and lusd unl ha m cmplng lgslan n c ha mgh hav bn pmulgadcnus al.

* Pss Lgal Hs, Unvs Valnca, Span; Vsng Schla a Mlbn Law Schl, Ausala(2008) and Havad Law Schl, USA (2006-07); Hb Smh Vsng Pss a Cambdg Unvs,england (fbua-Jul 2005); rsach fllw, Max-Planck insu eupan Lgal Hs, fanku/Man, Gman (Ma-Augus 2000-02); Assca Pss Lgal Hs, Unvs Gna, Span (2000-03); PhD n Law (2000), Unvs Gna, Span; Lcncau Dg n Law (1995), Unvs Baclna,Span. i gv man hanks Andw o’flnn, a Gadua Law sudn a Valnca Unvs, hs dmacvsn, and m cllagu Hkk Phlajamak, hs nsng cmmns. i als hank h Journal ofComparative Law publshng hs Acl. An al vsn hs pap was pal psnd a h AnnualMng h Amcan Sc Lgal Hs (tmp, Azna, USA, 25-27 ocb 2007).1 on hs subjc, s Jav Alvad Planas, “Jusas dl sgl XiX. D Savgn a Klsn, “induccón”, n r.

Dmng (d.), Juristas Universales (2004), iii, pp. 23-57.


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JCL 4:1 97

in c, n h nnnh cnu, h usn as whh law s cnncd hs; h ms h law n gnal, and pnal law n pacula, wuld d n hs. in ac, h usn ha as was: wha s law? th w w man psns:

1. n advcad a cnncn bwn law and asn (n whch cas, h law wuld b h sul pul anal pans);

2. n hldng ha h was a cnncn bwn law and hs (n whch cas,h law wuld b h sul ach gup cmmun’s wn hscal adn).on a m pund lvl, w was undsand n nl law, bu vn l sl,

w a dds:1. h anals cncpn, whch advcad h wld asn, das, p-

sablshd d, h ssm, dducn, wand nhng d wh hs adn bcaus hs mpdd pgss and mdnzan. Accdng hscncpn, law gnad m asn.

2. h manc and hscal cncpn, whch dndd and xald h wld lngs, passn, h spnanus and h al, wha s cnc, angbland palpabl. in sh, a wld whu a p-sablshd d ssm. fmhs pspcv, law lgcall cms m pacula hscal xpnc, madn.

ths cnnan cncps ndud an n cnu and culmnad n humph anals h; hs was an accua cn h nal sul h dspu

bwn Jacobins (analss) andGirondists (adnalss) whn h amwk hfnch rvlun (1789).

on h clas sgns h umph analsm v hscsm was hcdcan mvmn. Wha dd cnss ?

th wd “cd” sgnd, a ha m, much m han a m cllcn ulsgahd n a sngl bk, dn vlum. Cd man appxma n hs cnx,

bak wh h pas, wh adn; dsnga h ld and ncpa h nw. ths“nw” was n nndd b undsd as a m m h ld, bu ah as anauhnc bak, as hugh h “nw” had nhng d wh xsnc up ha mmn.ths s hw sm h pagnss h mvmn xpssd h psn:

… [A] ul n whch nhng was wh spc, cnsvan: n pa culd b savd h dng uu sc. All , nl all, ndd b l bhnd (…) th ca dsucn and m had pass hugh h und buldng, bcaus n h was scacl an ach, scacl a clumn, ha culd

n shuld b savd … in Spansh cmnal law h was nl n lgma and

vabl ssm, h ssm cdcan, h ssm abslu chang.2

th “ssm cdcan, h ssm abslu chang, was h nl lgmaand ndd, h nl pssbl ssm”, amd cmmna Pachc, hghlghng hsdncan “cdcan” wh “abslu chang”, das whch w anhcal “cmplan” and “adn“. i cmnal lgslan cnand n h cmplans hmdn ag psnd h law smmng m adn, h cnc hs ach

2

J. f. Pachc,El Codigo penal concordado y comentado (1848; w us h las dn: 2000), p. 82.


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98 JCL 4:1

lcal, kngdm cwn, h cmnal lgslan ha cnsud h cds spnddn adn, bu ah asn: ha whch h mnal h m judgd analand asnabl. Cnsdng h hscal and h adnal as acna and unwh mdn ms, asn wuld c h mblm and sgn h (nw) mdn.

th cdcan phnmnn was n anh dmand lbal enlghnmn

hugh, bu ah cam abu as a “psula h whl mvmn”, cng sl“n h m a adcal nvan”.3 Cdcan and anals Naual Law th(iusnaturalism) w clsl lnkd cncps. takng gand h nn-xsnc galaan cndns n h bsm sc – n al “ lall vws whnual”4 – h cdcan phnmnn psnd sl as a nal bjcv n halad scula nd wads lgal uncan. f h dlgs h ghnhcnu, vhcls h da cdcan, s bvus ha h bjcv was ncmpla, bu ah ms and nnvav. i was abl, hanks h umph h lbal vluns, ssmacall ncpa h nw das h enlghnmnhugh ha had pvdd a dcnal bd xadnal ccal h vanushdauhaan plcal ssms.

Accdng tall, h mdn cdcan cmnal law was cad u n hla ghnh and al nnnh cnu wh h am alzng b and cncsla ssm cmnal jusc basd n h ga and lmna pncpls: (1) h un h subjc-ma law; (2) h nawng h bjcs h cmnal law dwn w: h publc (ganzan and publc d) and h pva (l, halh and pp);and (3) h ducn punshmns h (dah, dpvan dm, and nancalpnals), whch w w uanabl.5

th cdcan cmnal law als cnsud an dal l hld gh asculazd pnal law ha wuld sas h plcal and nllcual clam h nwms, jus as mvd n m h dnv abandnmn auhaan agumns

and ncpad h subsun a ssmac mhd casus.th nnn was nduc a nw law and a nw lgal scnc ha had nhng

d wh h ld gm. Nvhlss, n mus ask wha xn hs am was achvd. is, hw d w bn m knwng h hs a cmnal law whs naual vlunwas bkn b h cd? Wuld n b pabl lav hs bhnd and bgndcl wh h sud cun cmnal law? i hs upu was n achvd, hn sapppa usn wha cdcan cnbud u cun cmnal law. Wuldn, ndd, h sud adn b undamnal n d undsand h bass cun nsuns cmnal law?

All a awa ha such an absud and dllc sul ws m cncnang sll n

h anals psn as much as h hscs, cnsdng ha h law alwas cnanssmhng h anal and h hscal a h sam m; n pa m sac andh h m dnamc; sm pncpls m pmann, hs m bsl. And hsspnds h human cndn sl, m whs nau manas sm pmannpncpls and valus ha can b cmphndd n h naual lgh asn, and, alng

3 P Can, Lecciones catalanas sobre la historia de la Codicación (1996), p. 35.4 Can, n 3 abv, p. 43.5

Gvann tall,Cultura jurídica y política del Derecho, ansl. i. rsas Alvaad (1995), p. 54.


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JCL 4:1 99

wh hs, h uls ha dv m h culu and dsncass ach gup sc.

i was h analss hs usns and pblms ha bugh hs w usnh wdl shad nn ha h cdcan cmnal law had succdd n makng aclan bak wh h ld adns.6

Ann wh a mnmal knwldg h mdn adn cmnal law knws hacun pnal law s ndbd, n sm cass xnsvl, ancn adns, as wuld bh suan n cvl, cmmcal, pcdual law.

A cla cnclusn ma b dawn m h gng: h sud and knwldg hhs cmnal law s n ml schlal mnds ha sk sas h hscalcus, bu ah laws wh pusu a wh undsandng cun eupangulan. tadnal cmnal law dcn cnans man bsl cncps n lngcnssn wh mdn als, b su. Bu n ccasn nds and cncps lng

bud b hs suac, acung ga and undsvd cunc.th mss saw cdcan as h nl adua nsumn ban h

dsd ms. th dd n alz, hwv, ha analgus wha had ccudn pva law, dsp all h nnvans ha h cdcan wuld cnbu h“nw scnc”, ans adhd h cncpual nsumns pvdd b h rman-canncal adn, “and n ac h ssmac whl ha was cnsucd cncps,alhugh -xamnd, culd nl b rman”.7 N n van has bn sad ha h manm cdcan was n s much h can nw gus pncpls, “buah mulan n h cag dgmas, ha, n addn, mak up a ssm”;8 anw ssmac mad al hanks h mdn mhd anals Naual Law(iusnaturalism), bu basd n nns, cncps, gus and pncpls ha cam mrman-canncal Law.9

Havng cnsdd h pncpl cdcan, w wll hn un h undamnal

chaacscs cmnal law scnc h nnnh cnu as csallzd n h lgalamwk cdcan.

fm hs pspcv, s apppa dsngush h plcal amwk mcmnal scnc sl. Und h hadng “enlghnmn thugh, Lbal rvlun,and Plcal-Pnal rmsm”, w wll b analz h undamnal plcal-pnalpsulas enlghnmn hugh, whs cv ulllmn was mad pssbl asns plcal chaac. Snc h plcal ms mvmn had n pspd,ms lkl was h chaac as plcal-pnal pncpls ha had ld a succssulucm.10 W lav h scl pnal aspc anh ccasn, ha s sa, h m cnn a pul scnc nau, whch cs h dcn as much as h cds. 11

6 on hs usn n m dal, s Anc Mas,Tradicion y reformismo reformismo en la Codicación penal española. Hacia el ocaso de un mito. Materiales, apuntes y reexiones para un nuevo enfoque metodológico e

historiográco del movimiento codicador penal europeo , pac b J. Sanz Gua (2003).7 C. A. Cannaa, Historia de la ciencia jurídica europea, ansl. L.Guéz-Massn (1989), p. 178.8 J. Lalnd Abada, Iniciación histórica al Derecho español (1983), p. 669.9 im Zaja, “th Pmannc rman Law Cncps”, n V. Gssn, A. Hland, and C. Vaga (ds.), European Legal Cultures (1996), pp. 67-68.10 Canl, h s cnssn spak a al upu bwn h ld and h nw ds, a cn w all dn plcal ssms, n sa cnapsd n can aspcs.11 in ha dn am w can hadl spak a upu, as n sm aspcs h s nl n m, and n

hs h s a can ( makd) cnnuum wh h adn ius commune scnc.


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100 JCL 4:1

H w d n undak an xhausv and dald analss h m, bupsn h pncpal cnbuns and advancs. N d w cus n h nnnhcnu cmnal hsgaph,12 psnng h ga cuns and scnc schlswhch xsd hughu ha cnu, as hs subjc has bn sasacl addssd bSánchz Gnzálz.

eNLiGHteNMeNt tHoUGHt, LiBerAL reVoLUtioN,AND PoLitiCAL-PeNAL reforMiSM

th vlun cmnal lgal scnc can nl b undsd b cgnzng sundamnal pn dpau: h nma lnk bwn enlghnmn hugh,lbal vlun, and plcal-pnal m. on mus n g ha scnc cmnalmsm was nl pssbl a h advn h lbal Sa, h plcal gm hapmd h ncpan nw cmnal and plcal pncpls ha wuld cnsuh undan h nw cmnal scnc.

A h us, sms lgcal b analz h ad “enlghnmn hugh,lbal vlun and plcal-pnal msm”.13

in h lgal ld h enlghnmn mvmn mpld h anals iusnaturalism,a saunch advca a scal hc n accdanc wh nau, csallzd n a law (thenaual law) ha culd cnc wh psv law. “th axs h nw mhdlg”sad Cannaa, “sdd n h jcn h pncpl auh ha had chaaczdh Mddl Ags”.14

i was pcsl h humanaansm h enlghnmn ha, acng accdng psulas manang m h fnch rvlun, dmandd can ms ha Lalndsnhszd n sx: h lgal cm and punshmn, h ppnal bwncm and punshmn, h ndvdual punshmn, avabl dcsn, avabl

npan, and h psumpn nncnc.15 Such ms wuld hav bn cadu wh dcul bu h umph h lbal vluns, sl lan n h can plcal cndns avabl pnal m. in hs sns, cucall, pacula pnalms dd n cnsu u vcs h cdcan mvmn bcaus h maj hs pncpls w dndd b h dcn ius commune and, cnsunl, wn a dscv h nw pnal scnc d n enlghnmn hugh.

in hs sns h “m” h enlghnmn was m lss ppunsm, henlghnmn d a dcnal plam h plcal-pnal m a a mmnwhn, gvn h pac plcal umph, hs achvmns culd cvl b

12 on hs pn, s h wks Baó Pazs, “Hsgaía sb la Cdcacón dl Dch pnal n lsgl XiX”, n Doce estudios de historiografía contemporánea (1991), pp. 11-40; Claa Álvaz Alns, “tndncasgnals d la hsgaía pnal n españa dsd l sgl XiX”, n Hispania. Entre derechos propios y derechosnacionales. Atti del’incontro di studio Firenze-Lucia 25, 26, 27 maggio 1989. Per la storia del pensiero giuridico moderno

34/35 (1990), ii, pp. 969-984; Anc Mas, “elius commune n la hsgaía pnal spañla. Una apusamdlógca d apua haca l supanacnal up”, n o. Cndll, e. Mnans-fín, and K.Pnnngn (ds.), Studi in Onore di Manlio Bellomo (2004), iii, pp. 563-587.13 f a wd cnsdan hs usn, s Mas, n 6 abv, pp. 69-91.14 Cannaa, n 7 abv, p. 173.15 Lalnd Abada, n 8 abv, p. 669; n h psumpn nncnc n enlghnmn hugh and ss n glssas’ dcn, s Jachm Huschka, “D Unschuldsvmuung n d rchsphlsph d

Auläung”, n ZStW , CXii (1990), H 2, pp. 285-300.


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JCL 4:1 101

nducd n lgal nacmns. thus bgan a nw lgal-pnal a ha juss bngd as mdn cmnal scnc. euall sands n sak cnas a pvuscmnal scnc ha, cnsand b abslus plcal ssms, blngs a cmplldsnc a, .. h ld gm.

oriGiNS of eNLiGHteNMeNt PoLitiCAL-CriMiNAL tHoUGHt iNeUroPe AND SPAiN

th nux Casan hugh (1596-1650) makd a nw sag n eupan lgal culu.on h bass dducv asnng as a mhd, h manad m h cncp h anal and scal nau human and h sucung a ssm valusand pncpls pssssng unvsal vald a “psv law” whch had b judgdand jusd b hs valus and pncpls. th anal iusnaturalism s cnsddabandnd h mdval dcn ius naturale and cad a nw law, usng hapups h xpnc hs and h maals h Corpus iuris n d mula

a anall-basd lgal ssm.th “usanalsm”, anal law, clsl lnkd h wd nllcual andplcal mvmns h enlghnmn, dmnad n eupan hugh hghnh cnu. Alhugh k dn ms n england, fanc, and Gman,h nllcual aud anal ccsm h scal and lgal d ha m wasn gadd as unusual.16

fm h scnd hal h ghnh cnu, enlghnmn hugh gav s an nns dba hughu eup —usng tall’s wds— abu h “cmnalpblm”.17 th man dmands enlghnmn hugh n h dman cmnallaw ml w cnc sgns h nw wa cnsdng h law. in hs snsh cncn abu a m ssmac pnal law spndd h lgcal and dducvmhdlg and h ssmc dal h nw anal lgal scnc. on h h hand,h sculazan pnal law, a pncpal am h nw pnal scnc, spndd h sculazan sc and gnal law.18 th humanzng dal pnal law n hspd was als causd b h nw scal hcs adpd b enlghnmn hugh.

ths h pncpls — ssmac, sculazan and humanzan — snhszh man cnbuns enlghnmn hugh pnal law. th dvlpmn andmplmnan hs pncpls c h mpan aspcs h nnnh-cnuscnc cmnal law.

Nvhlss, vn hugh humanzan had bn dmandd b mdval andmdn dcn,19 h humanzng mpac plcal-pnal enlghnmn hugh

16 th usanals mhdlg n h lgal ld was subl culud s b Hug Gus (1583-1645) nh Nhlands, b Samul Pund (1632-1694), Chsan thmasus (1655-1728) and Chsan Wl (1679-1754) n Gman, and b Jan Dma (1625-1696) n fanc.17 G. tall,Storia della cultura giuridica moderna (1976), i, p. 383; dvlpmns n enlghnmn hughand pnal law, s als pp. 383-483.18 f hs aspc, s Lug Lmbad Vallau and G. Dlch, “Csansm sclazzazn dmdn”, n Per la storia del pensiero giuridico moderno , n. 11/12 (1981), pp. 1201 , wh acls n cmnallaw a cllcd. th sculazan pcss bgan n Gman n h sxnh cnu, as Sll hasdmnsad: W. Sll, “D Ks ds Sa- und Sapzßchs und h Übwndung m 16. Jahhundduch rzpn und Säkulasan”, n Säkulare Aspekte der Reformationszeit (1983), pp. 27-48.19

th ms aguabl pncpl amng hs mnnd wuld b ha h humanzan cmnal law,


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102 JCL 4:1

s undspud: h gadual dcmnalzan can cmnal assumpns and hducn h lngh snncs ld h humanzng am lbal pnal law bngachvd, alhugh sculazan als was a ac.

tall manans ha bh aspcs, ha s, h “ampuan h gus a whch pnalpssn was amd and (…) h dasc ducn h nsumns pssn”

spndd h nw dmands cdcan. in c, “a b and ssmac bd uls cncnng pssn was n pssbl whu dsng bh h bjcs and hmhds such pssn”.20 Snc hs mal xplanan h chnu cdcans cc, n n s unawa, ncludng tall, ha h ducn cms subjc punshmn was als du h ppnals dlg, u wdl accpd n hghnh cnu. And h humanaan dlg avd n nl dcmnalzan,

bu als had a pnc punshmns nvlvng dnn and cnmc pnals.21

Scl spakng, h enlghnmn pnalss w cnspcuus b h absnc n hla ghnh and al nnnh cnus. Whu dwllng n hs wh psndh plcal and pnal ms dlg, w mnn h ms saln: Csa Bccaa (1738-1794), Gaan flang (1752-1788), Gandmnc rmagns (1761-1834) andPaul Jhann Anslm vn fubach (1775-1833) a amng hm. Wh h xcpn fubach and flang, wh can b cnsdd as pnalss, h s w enlghnmnauhs wh vhmnl cczd h cun ssm cmnal law. B Bccaah w, amng hs, Vla, Mnsuu, Hug Gus, thmas Hbbs, SamulPund, and Jhn Lck. th bs-knwn Spansh gu was Manul d Ladzábal,wh was wngl knwn as h “Spansh Bccaa”.

PoLitiCAL AND LiBerAL reforMiSM AND itS CoNSeqUeNCeS iNCriMiNAL LAW

th enlghnmn dmands m n h cmnal law, n h sh m, wuldhav bn uslss h plcal lbal vluns had n umphd. th pnal msw n nl pssbl du h nw das, bu als bcaus h plcal cs whchppsd hm, nc h achvd pw, pcdd dsmanl h old rgm and pn a nw a calld “lbal”. H w hav h ncssa pang an cv m h ld d cmnal law: an enlghnmn hugh-lbal Sa. th cncp cd dd n ncssal u ha h lbal vlun b vcm; sm h alcdcan ss cmnal law ccud whn h amwk nn-lbal plcalssms. An xampl s h Pussan Allgemeines Landrecht ( ALR) n 1794. Hnc hnapppanss h xpssn “usanals cds”, as cdcan ss had ll

n bcaus h humanaan hss lnkd enlghnmn hcs can b usnd, bu ah bcaushs was n a nw cnbun n cmpasn wh h pvus pnal adn, a las wh spc scnc dcn. t b su, sm juss m h ius commune had cnsdd h mpanc humansngpunshmns, as wll as h dsabl ppnal bwn cm and punshmn. Accdng Lalnd, h iusnaturalismo h sxnh and svnnh cnus, dvlpng h hs San thmas,advcad h nd ppnal bwn cm and punshmn. Lalnd Abada, n 8 abv, p. 667.20 tall, n 5 abv, p. 53.21

ibd., p. 54.


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JCL 4:1 103

d wh h lbal cds ha llwd.22 in u vw s b dsngush bwnenlghnmn cds and lbal cds.

W un h ms mpan ms achvmns n h plcal-pnal ldasng m h applcan b h lbal Sa enlghnmn pnal das. on has call ha h maj hs ms happnd b cdcan, alhugh h w

la adpd b ha pcss. Sm w adpd a h us, whas hs llwdgaduall. in an cas h cv applcan hs ms was pssbl nl whnh cnx h vluna umphs; whu hm, h llusus ccsms wuldhav bn uslss. th maj pa hs ms das was n nw, alhugh hculd b psnd as hugh h w. in pvus cnus h lgal dcn h iuscommune had lad dwn a caun, alhugh h lgslan h old rgm pd ak h nss n accun, dsgadng such dcnal wanngs.

(a) Principle of legality

on h ga suggls h fnch rvlun h cgnn h ndvdualghs lad h m h cmnal law, wh Vla plad an mpan l. 23 An nssn dmand hs enlghnmn hnk was ha h cmnal laws shuld

b cla and pcs, dnvl dsmssng judcal psnal wll ( was cmmn hccsm, “mna pna sun abaa”). th law had xpss clal h cnsunlmns a cm and h punshmn. Alng wh Vla, auhs such as Mabl,Chaussad, Svan, Maa, Caad, rs and Vml, amng hs, cczd h ssm cmnal law and advcad a nw ssm basd n lgal und whch h punshmnassgnd b a judg culd n css h lms sablshd b h law sl.24

i h anal naual law gadd h law as h nl l capabl ulllng hppsd lgal ganzan, and m spccall, h cdcan, h pncpl

lgal n nl was an ndvdual gh v czn, bu was psnd as hnl mans ha was chncall apppa h nw ssm cmnal law bsablshd. An nalnabl aspc v cd was scupulus spc lgal, apncpl b ncd, pssbl, n cmnal law as h guadan and pc hms undamnal ndvdual ghs.

th s eupan cds, vn whn cls h schl naual law han fnch analsm, l sm dscn h judg snncng ex aequo et bono: hpussan Verbessertes Landrecht (1721),h Swdsh Law h ralm 1734, h Codex juris criminalis Bavaa (1751) and hConstitutio Theresiana (1769) a cla xampls.th s eupan cmnal cd ha sablshd whu ambgu h pncpl

lgal, xpssl bddng bh judcal dscn and analg, was h AllgemeineGese über Verbrechen und Strafen Jsph ii (1787). on hs pn was m ambguushan h cd knwn as h Pussan Allgemeines Landrecht (1794), bcaus, whas n

22 Can, n 3 abv, pp. 69 .23 A classc wk s eduad Hz,Voltaire und die französische Strafrechtspege im 18. Jahrhundert . Ein Beitrag zurGeschichte des Aufklärungszeitalters (1887) (reprint, 1972).24 on hs ma, apa m h bblgaph n Mas, n 6 abv, pp. 60, n 120 and 82, n 178,spccall s Bnad Schnapp, “Ls pns abas du Xiii au XViii sècl (dcns savans usags anças)”, R.H.D. XLi (1973), pp. 237-277; XLii (1974), pp. 81-112; la publshd as a mngaph

(Pas, 1974), h dn w a usng.


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104 JCL 4:1

n hand a pncpl lgal (nullum crimen sine lege) was sablshd, xcludng anpssbl acv h pnal law, n h h hand, h pssbl was nducd punshng nss ha vlad uls naual law, alhugh h w n spccallmnnd n h lgal x, hb undmnng h pncpl lawulnss.25

th al cds bsvd, hn, h pncpl lgal whu accpng all s

cnsuncs. th Bavaan cd 1813 dad b fubach dd nduc hs pncplwh all s cnsuncs, hus xcludng an pssbl judcal dscn and analg.in fanc, a h cd 1791 had sablshd a gm lgal ha was nxblwh a xd punshmn and abln an pssbl padn, h 1810 cd adpd hspncpl n a m xbl wa, gvng judgs a lgal mnmum and a maxmum whnwhch h culd ac. ths mdl was nducd n a numb eupan cuns,Span amng hm.

indpndnl m h ac ha lng b h nnnh cnu h lgal scnc h ius commune had dvlpdwas bndng judcal dscn (la n, h lbalpncpl lgal), s undubd ha amng h ga advancs cmnal lawand lgal scnc n ha cnu was h lgalzan and cnsunalzan hsmpan pnal pncpl.26 th man pcp wh pnal cnn whs nducn nh nmav cnsunal amwk avd a Cpncan un n h vlun hxsng cmnal law, was ha h pncpl lgal. Apa m h dp hscals hs pncpl,27 h al s ha nl h umph h lbal “vlun”allwd h cnsunalzan and h nsung lgalsan hs pncpl up sulma cnsuncs. th s cnsuns and Blls ghs xpssl cnsldad hspncpl. exampls nclud h 1789 Dclaan h rghs Man and Czn (Acl8) and h 1791 fnch Cnsun, as wll as h eupan and Amcan cnsuns.La h pncpl wuld b xpssl cnsldad n h 1948 Unvsal Dclaan Human rghs (Acl 11[2]), and w as la n h eupan Cnvnn h

Pcn Human ghs and fundamnal fdms (Acl 7).in Span h pncpl lgal was ncludd n all h cnsuns (1812, 1837, 1845,

1869, 1876, 1931 and 1978),28 alhugh n h x Cádz was n xplc.29

Nwadas h xpss cgnn h pncpl lgal mans amng h mscmmn pcps cmnal law n eupan cnsunalsm.30

25 Schnapp, n 24 abv, pp. 67-68.26 Mas, n 6 abv, pp. 75-76 and 111-113.27 on h hs hs pncpl, s h xnsv bblgaph n A. Mas, “La hsgaía pnalspañla dl sgl XX. Una apxmacón a sus pncpals línas mácas mdlógcas”, Rudimentos Legales (2003), p. 5, n. 199.28 onl h Cnsun 1812 dd n xpssl mnn hs pncpl, alhugh can b dducd mh npan can pcps: Acl 9, Cnsun 1837; Acl 9, Cnsun 1845; Acl 10,Cnsun nonnata (1856); Acl 11, Cnsun 1869; Acl 16, Cnsun 1876; Acl 28, Cnsun1931; Acls 3 and 25(1), Cnsun 1978.29 on h vlun hs pncpl n Spansh cnsunalsm, s Agusín ruíz rbld, “el pncpld lgaldad pnal n la hsa cnsucnal spañla”, Revista de Derecho Político, XLii (1997), pp. 137-169.30 S, xampl, Acl 103(2), Cnsun h fdal rpublc Gman, a pcp whch s clallad Gman cnsunal hs, as ma b dducd m sm cnsunal xs: Hssn (1820),

Pussa (1848-1850), as wll as Wma (1919), amng hs.


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JCL 4:1 105

(b) Notion of proportionality between delicts and penalties

th pncpl ppnal bwn nss and pnals was a cnsan ccsm benlghnmn auhs h ld pnal law. Mnsuu, Bccaa, Bnham, and hsn eup and Ladzábal n Span avd a nw cmnal law ha ncpad a mnmal

ppnal bwn cm and s punshmn. Dsp h pnns sm juss h ius commune nan, hs pncpl was n alwas spcd b lgslan,spcall cmnal lgslan h ghnh cnu nacd b h abslu mnachs.Span s an xampl. tmas Valn pnd u ha h paams usd masu hsv snncs n had ll d wh h gav h ns h culpabl h nd. oh ca w nvlvd, such as h pn can cmnal

bhav, h cnmc nds h machn jusc, and hs.31 th pblm was n h absnc lgal dcn, as nd, whch ppundd h

cnvnnc ppnal, bu a chang a plcal ssm wllng ac cnssnlwh h pncpl lmna jusc and cmmn sns.

th mad b sm enlghnmn auhs sablsh a ppnals dlgwas hug. flang s a gd xampl, as Gman hsgaph has cdd. 32 Accdng tall, hs ns xplans h pnc punshmns whs numbsw wdl dvsbl and mulplabl. t hs gup wuld blng pnals such as asand bal.33 Whu dpcang h llusus das ha advcad ppnal, wmus call ha nl h advn h nw plcal ssm mad pssbl h applcan and spc a pncpl whs pacula mpanc n h cmnal law had bnpsulad b schlascs.

(c) Principle of individuality and penalties

th dsappaanc h anscndn chaac can pnals was amng hmpan cnbuns h plcal-lbal ms n cmnal law. ths suppdh lng-sandng ccsms dang m h old rgm, and la b enlghnmnauhs, aackng hs nsun as damagng h lmna pncpl snncndvdualzan.

th dc sgncanc snncs, alng wh h pacc u and cnscan pp, w h clas p h backwadnss and calssnss h cmnallaw h ghnh cnu, whch w, as n cnmpa auh pu , “h blackspags cnmpa hs”.34

th nl knd punshmn ha acd hd psns per se , uncnncd h

ppan h cm bu dcl acd b s punshmn, was ha cnscan pp, a punshmn whch was ablshd hs asn. th xsd, hwv,

31 fancsc tmás Valn, El Derecho penal de la Monarquía absoluta (Siglos XVI, XVII y XVIII) (1969), pp.359 .32 Ku Slmann, “Gaan flang und d Ppnalä vn Saa und Sa”, ZStW , XCVii (1985)H 2, pp. 241-267.33 tall, n 5 abv, p. 54.34 Jauín Cadaalch Buguñá, Discurso sobre el atraso y descuido del Derecho penal hasta el siglo XVIII (1849),p. 23; s, n h cna, Vp Maknn and Hkk Phlajamak, “th indvdualzan Cm n Mdval

Cann Law”, Journal of the History of Ideas , LXV (2004), pp. 525-542.


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106 JCL 4:1

anh pnal ha was n per se bu nl h punshmn can cms, assablshd b lgslan: ha h lgal saus “namus” was b nhd bdscndans h nd. ths ccud n cnncn wh h cm al asn.35

Ladzábal and h auhs ha m smd hav n dubs abu hdsabl ablshng h nhanc pnals b dscndans. in accdanc wh

h unanmus pnn all enlghnmn auds, Ladzábal was all ppsd h ansmuabl h snnc nam dscndans a psn cnvcd lsémajs ( asn).36

Dcnal wngs unanmusl jcd ansmuabl, dmandng s abln.37 ths s xpssd n h wks such auhs as Guz38 elznd. Accdng h las, “hnc s dvd h h wh whch h pnal nam shall b bsvd,ha shuld n b psnal, and nl wh spc sus cms, whn h s npssbl mng h nd and mpvng hs bhav”.39

th psnal chaac h punshmns, whch b vu h snnc culdnl b appld h cmnal, was anh ga pncpl cmnal law sablshdn cnsunal xs, hus dnvl ablshng h ansabl h pnal.40 thxpss abln was s dnvl sablshd n h Cádz Cnsun41 ha nn h subsun cnsuns mad nc .

A h bgnnng h nnnh cnu, was uncnvsal ha “n a lbalsc, accdng h pncpl ndvdual and anal, a punshmn shulddal wh h cmnal and hav n c upn hs/h lavs”.42

th Cortes (palamn) Cádz, cang h ulma h da saguadng haml hn, w n cnn wh ablshng such an nsun. th als asd hvsbl and lan cs s applcan n h pas b wa h Dc 22 fbua1813, whch sablshd ha “all panngs, pcus nscpns shwng punshmnsand pnals, mpsd b h inusn, ha xs n chuchs, clss and cnvns,

an publc s h Mnach, wll b asd mvd m h placs wh h a

35 th b samn tmás Valn was unws. H sad ha “dadul snncs als acd hdpsns” (tmás Valn, n 31 abv, p. 394). W hav shwn lswh h nascndn chaac h punshmn nam, whch n sm suans has bn calld h “aacv sd h lsé majsassumpns” xsng n h Caslan pnal adn h old rgm. Anc Mas, La pena de infamiaen el Derecho histórico español. Contribución al estudio de la tradición penal europea en el marco del ius commune (2001), pp. 294, 397.36 Ladzábal Ub, Discurso sobre las penas , ap. iV, í. V, 9-10.37 Ann Xav Péz Lópz, n hs Discurso sobre la honra y la deshonra legal, en que se maniesta el verdaderomérito de la Nobleza de sangre, y se prueba que todos los ocios necesarios y utiles al Estado son honrados por las Leyes

del Reyno, según las quales solamente el delito propio disfama (1781), pp. 153-172, sll suppd mannanc hpunshmn nam h dscndans lsé majs cmnals, whch, accdng tmás Valn, n31 abv, p. 110, dscbs as “unnabl und h anals and llusad pcps”.38 Jsé Macs Guéz, Práctica criminal de España (1804); w usd h 2nd dn: (1819), iii, p. 141.39 fancsc Ann d elznd, Práctica universal forense de los tribunales de España e Indias (1784), iV, p. 174;hs auh, whn cczng h vald hs ascndn c a h nd h ghnh cnu, n nlllws Ladzábal’s pnn, bu vn lall cps (s pp. 175-176).40 Mas, n 6 abv, pp. 77-79.41 Acl 305, Cnsun 1812: “N punshmn b gvn, whav h cm, shuld b ascndnal nan m h sung aml, bu nsad wll hav s c upn h wh dsvd ”.42 J. Baban Ma, and A. fnándz Asplla, “Jusca dl n l dscus lbal d las Cs d

Cádz”, Antiguo Régimen y liberalismo. Homenaje a Miguel Artola (1995), ii, p. 395.


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placd”,43 allwng h wunds hs amls ha had alln n dsgac b havnglavs wh w snncd b h nusal bunal, b hald.44

(d) Abolition of certain punishments

on vdn cnsunc h umph plcal-lbal msm was h abln can punshmns, ms hm gnang n rman law. th w unl appldn h cmnal law h old rgm. th us h dah pnal — n an cas, sxcssv us — h cnscan gds, h punshmn nam, h anscndnchaac can punshmns and h applcan u as a mans banngvdnc w, whu dub, h man cncns. And pnns whch w ulpsuasv and dcsv abu h uu punshmn dd n mana m h cmnallaw scl spakng, bu manl m h plcal dman, as n can dduc m lbalcmmns mad a h Cortes Cádz.45

twads h nd h ghnh cnu, n 1776, h amus u Cals iii h Cuncl Casll, submd hugh hs Sca Sa and h Despacho Generalde Gracia y Justicia (Gnal oc Padn and Jusc), dn Manul d la rda, xhbdsm cncn abu hs pns (ppnal bwn cms and punshmns; happpanss anng, ducng ablshng h dah pnal; h anal h us u as a mans gahng vdnc) ha w n cnssn wh hmaj vws xpssd n cmnal law dcn ha m.

Ms hs dmands dd n hav an mmda sul, bu ah spakd h bgnnng a pcss ladng h dnv abln, whch k m m n sm

nsancs han n hs. W b cnsd h dsn ach punshmn.

(d.1) death penalty

th abln capal punshmn was n achvd unl h nd h wnhcnu, hanks Acl 15 h cnsunal x 1978, hwv much h nn,ducn, abln hs pnal was a man cmpnn h amus u Cals iii addssd h Cuncl Casll. i s undubd ha h humanaandlg chaacsc enlghnmn naual law mad h vaus ccsms hdah pnal cc vn hugh h ulma gal was n achvd.

W wll n cnsd h h asns hs alu. i s nugh call ha n allenlghnmn auhs shad h sam pnn. th dsagmns bwn Bccaa andLadzábal n h usulnss hs punshmn a a cla xampl.

(d.2) conscation of goods

in cnsnanc wh h abln h anscndnal c h punshmns, habln h nl punshmn ha acd hd psns per se , dsp h bng

43 Dc CCXXV, d 22-ii-1813, nColección de Decretos…, vl ii, pp. 766-767; cd n Baban Ma andfnándz Asplla, n 42 abv, ii, p. 395.44 Mas, n 6 abv, p. 79.45

Baban Ma and fnándz Asplla, n 42 abv, ii, pp. 387-397.


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108 JCL 4:1

uncnncd wh h cm cmmd, was h cnscan gds.46 ths punshmn,lgcall ablshd n h Cnsun Cádz,47 had bn dmandd b pald,alhugh n hs cas la cnsunal xs chs, llwng h pvalng eupannd,48 an hs pssn.49

Dsgadng an-enlghnmn hugh and h xsnc a mn ppsd

such abln,50

hCortes Cádz had n dubs abu h dsabl abln.th man asn abln was csal cla hs wh dad h s Spanshcnsunal x: “ s n a ha h punshmns ach h nncn spng, hhns lav…”.51

ths punshmn dd n nd b pald b wa cdcan, as had bnmvd m h Spansh lgal d b plcal and cnsunal ms havng anenlghnmn chaac.52

(d.3) degrading punishments

Punshmns dmd b xcssvl dgadng humlang w cczd bsm dlgcal cuns ha m, alhugh n unl h nnnh cnu ddh xpssns cnmp scu nugh supp dnvl d awa wh smpunshmns mhds xcun ha w spcall dsgacul.

th pnal adn h old rgm had unl appld such punshmns,alhugh paccs vad, dpndng n h pnnsula kngdms.53 Ladzábal’sElDiscurso sobre las penas s a psnav pcu dn plgs classcpal punshmns. ths wk mnns mulans, lash sks, psns and asnals,c.…54. Whas Bccaa gnall avd h snng punshmns,55 Ladzábalxpssd a cnc pnn abu ach punshmn. H dclad al dssasacnwh mulan;56 admd h lash mgh b appld wh “much pudnc and cmmn

46 f a panamc hs hs nsun, m s gns s abln n h nnnh cnu npnnsula law, s Mgul Pn Abad, La pena de conscación de bienes en el Derecho histórico español (1999).47 Acl 304, 1812 Cnsun: “Nh shall h cnscan gds b appld”.48 Gman cnsunalsm s a gd xampl hs ndnc, as ma b dducd m §16, Cnsun Badn (1818); §105, Cnsun Hssn (1820); §128, Cnsun Kuhssn (1831); and h PussanCnsun (§9, oktroyierte Verfassung, 1848; §10, revidierte Verfassung , 1850). Alhugh nwadas cnsunshav sppd xpssl pvdng hs phbn, can b und n ha Luxmbug (Acl 17: “thpunshmn cnscan ma n b appld”).49 Acl 10, Cnsun 1837; Acl 10, Cnsun 1845; Acl 12, Cnsunnonnata (1856); h1869 Cnsun dd n xpssl cnan a phbn agans assgnng cnscan gds, alhughhs mgh b dducd m Acl 13; Acl 10, Cnsun 1876; Acl 44, Cnsun 1931. th cunCnsun ds n cnan an such phbn; n h scal ld – n cmnal – Acl 31(1) sablshsha “vbd shall cnbu h susnanc publc xpnss accdng h cnmc abls (...)whch, n an cas, wll hav cnsca cs”.50 t. egd, “Ls an-lusads spañls”, La Ilustración en España y Alemania (1989); h cna nd can

b und n Guz, n 38 abv, iii, cap. 6, 103.51 Diario de Sesiones de las Cortes Generales y Extraordinarias. Legislatura de 1810 a 1813 (1870), iV, 437, p. 2419;Pn Abad, n 46 abv, pp. 392 and 406; Mª Paz Alns rm, “Apxmacón al sud d las pnaspcunaas n Caslla (sgls Xiii-XViii)”, AHDE , LV (1985), p. 14.52 Mas, n 6 abv, p. 81.53 f a wd vw, s bd., pp. 81-86.54 Ladzábal, n 36 abv, cap. V, iii.55 Bccaa, De los delitos y de las penas , cap. 27.56

Ladzábal, n 36 abv, cap. V, iii, 1-6.


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JCL 4:1 109

sns”;57 publc sham hs dd n nd “md and dcnc”;58 and suggsd ha jals and asnals b placd b huss ccn, alhugh h accpd h us jals

cmnals wh had an “abslul pvd wll”.59

Ladzábal smd b cnvncd h “halh cs” ha hs knd punshmnshuld hav; hwv, h als cgnzd ha an aba and mpudn applcan

culd b hamul, as h vcm such punshmn culd ls h mnmal dg sl-sm and dgn ncssa h psv and wll-balancd dvlpmn hs wnpsnal. thn h gav h spcc xampl a pacula punshmn n h Fuero Juzgo h cm sdm, whch, b h wa, was bsl. Nvhlss, hs wasn h nl xampl cul laws ha w ablshd b dsus. th xpssn “lack us” ds n h dsappaanc such bhav, bu h ac ha judgs, whncnsdng cms whs punshmns w xcssv, chs assgn punshmnscnssn wh h hnkng a hs ms.

tgh wh dgadng pnals n a bad sns, h punshmn nam wasavalabl a h bgnnng h cnsunal sag — and snc rman ms — andncpad n h Cd 1822.60

th nd duc h numb punshmns was bvus, bu s alzan wasm cmplx. th ulaansm Bnham and h da pvnn nmdannnsd h dgadng c and mplmnan pcss sm punshmns. i has

bn ghl sad ha “whn spakng sv, baks wh h pas w n h npcu. in h nal sag lbalsm h Cortes Cádz sm lmns cnnugadng h old rgm w ncludd”,61 and h da xmpla, whch udha punshmns b publczd, was a sad plgu h pvus adn n a lbalplcal cnx pmd b mdn enlghnmn hugh.

A clan bak dd happn wh gad h abln h lash bcaus hCortes Cádz n 1813,62 alhugh shuld b pnd u ha “h dsappaanc

hs punshmn was manl du dsus h lgal dspsns”.63 oh humlangpunshmns w gaduall ablshd dung h cdcan pcss.

(e) Abolition of torture as means of gathering evidence

th dlba abln u n d xac a cnssn h accusd, amulscula adnal pacc,64 s anh xampl h plcal-pnal m cadu b h cdcan pcss.

57 Ladzábal, n 36 abv, cap. V, iii, 10.58 ibd., cap. V, iii, 10.59 ibd., cap. V, iii, 16.60 on h abln hs pnal n hscal Spansh law, s Mas, n 30 abv, pp. 373 .; d, “Lapna d nama n la Cdcacón pnal spañla”, Ius fvgit. Revista interdisciplinar de estudios histórico-jurídicos, Vii (1998), pp. 123-176.61 Baban Ma and fnándz Asplla, n 42 abv, p. 396.62 ibd., p. 394; n h vald and applcan h lash n mdn ms, as wll as s dnv abln,s P. og Gl, “Algunas cnsdacns sb la pna d azs duan ls sgls XVi-XViii”, Hispania ,LXii/3, nm. 212 (2002), pp. 849-906; h s mal abln hs punshmn n h Cortes (1813), n has add succssv ns. S og Gl, bd., p. 903).63 ibd., p. 903.64

f dals and bblgaph, s Mas, n 6 abv, pp. 86-89.


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110 JCL 4:1

i ds n sm ncssa dwll n such a wll-knwn ma, and s napppa psn pnns m bh sds as hscal backgund. Accdngl,w a nsd nh n h agumns usd b Acvd and Pd d Cas n hc dspu abu h usulnss s applcan.65

in Span Ladzábal ml pad h agumns Bccaa,66 jusng h

cmpl jcn hs pacc, whch had bn xnsvl usd n Spansh cmnalpcdu. Bh auhs agd n hs,67 and h, n h ppsal abln. thsam cncdnc vws ccud n h cuns, smms vn b Bccaa’sccsm.68

th abln u s happnd n h Cnsun Bana (Acl 133),69 and la n h Cortes Cádz, du h passag a dc cncnng abln n 22Apl 1811 whs subsanc mand cncsl sad n Acl 303 h cnsunalx: “tu and pssu shall nv b usd”.

i has bn alad nd ha such abln wuld hav bn all dcul – n mpssbl – whu h umph lbalsm, whch n ha p-cdcan sagnducd cmnal law ms suppd b enlghnmn hugh (alhugh m acmpaav pspcv, b lbalsm ms w alad akng plac n h lgalpacs and vn lgslan man cuns, such as Pussa and Swdn 70). ths svdncd b h ac ha h campagn agans u was uslss n h gn Calsiii, wh, havng bn abl pcd wads abln, pvd b “m an abslusMnach han an enlghnmn n”.71

Whl ccsms w addssd agans u and n agans h whl ssm cmnal pcdu, hs was n h undamnal asn h alu hdsuch ccsm.72 An ccsm ha was n cnssn wh h nds and sucuschaacsc h abslus plcal gm was pnlss. i h abslus ssm and

65 A. M. Acvd, “D um abslun abca cmna nganum apud uulum…” (1770), laanslad and publshd und h l Ensayo acerca de la tortura o cuestión de tormento; de la absolución de losreos que niegan en el potro los delitos que se les imputan, y de la abolición del uso de la tortura, principalmente en los

tribunales eclesiásticos (1817); P. d Cas, Defensa de la tortura y Leyes patrias que la establecieron, e impugnacióndel Tratado que escribió contra ella el Dr. Alfonso María Acevedo y su autor D. Pedro de Castro (1778).66 Ladzábal, n 36 abv, pp. 266-267.67 W d n sha h pnn Saldana (“Hsa dl Dch pnal n españa”,Tratado de Derecho penal , dfanz vn Lsz (1926), p. 412), wh sas ha “Ladzábal als cps m Bccaa and us Mnsuu.is h lss nsng pa hs bk”. Ladzábal ackld hs punshmn wh m accuac and dph hanBccaa.68 G. Juschk, “thmasus und Bccaa als flkk. Üblgungn zum Kkpnal mkmnalwssnschal Dskus d Auläung”, ZStW, CX (1998), H 3, pp. 658-673; h auh hs aclsas: Bccaa’s agumnav dscus agans u n nl lackd gnal, bu culd pssbl bnxacd m h wks pvus auhs.69 “tu s ablshd; an sv pssu ha culd b mpld n h ac mpsnmn nas and xcun whch s n auhzd b h law, shall b a cm”.70 on hs ma, s Hkk Phlajamak, “th Panul qusn: th fa Judcal tu n eal MdnSwdn”, Law and History Review, XXV (2007).71 Mas, n 6 abv, pp. 87-88; tmás Valn, “La úlma apa la ablcón d la ua judcal nespaña”, n La tortura en España (2d d., 1994), p. 135.72 W paall ag wh tmás Valn whn h sas ha “ h agumns whch w pu waddung h XVi, XVii cnus and h s hal h XViii cnu agans u dd n achv h abln ml h m hs nsun, hs was bcaus h w addssd agans n slan and nagans h n ssm cmnal pcdu wh u was a basc and nna lmn”. tmás

Valn, n 71 abv, p. 123.


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JCL 4:1 111

nal dcsvl cnbud h dgadan pcdual guaans,73 s lgcalha ccsms h ssm w n van unlss plcal ms w nducd.

i w add h ac ha n pacc u had bn n dsus snc h scnd hal h ghnh cnu, s undsandabl ha h Cortes Cádz dcdd ablsh whu an pblm.74

Criminal Law Science and Nineteenth-Century Codifcation

Havng pnd u ha h pncpls ssmazan, sculazan, and humanzansnhszd h man cnbuns enlghnmn hugh n nw cmnal law dcnand lgslan, w ma lgcall cnclud ha h nmav and dcnal dvlpmnand mplmnan hs pncpls pcsl c h ms mpan aspcs pnal scnc n h nnnh cnu, whch w wll nw addss. 75

th s advancs n pnal scnc h nnnh cnu can b ncludd whnh amwk hs h nns: ssmazan, humanzan, and sculazan,alhugh n all hm wnssd h sam vlun. W wll dscuss, wh spccxampls, h ms mpan advancs n h nw scnc cmnal law csallzd nh sam cds.

Systematization

Cncn abu a m ssmac cmnal law as m h lgcal-dducvmhdlg and h ssmac dal h nw anals lgal scnc. Dsp hssmac ndnc ha h scnc ius commune xpncd n h sxnh andsvnnh cnus, h s n dub ha hs culd n pcd uh bcaus ncund h nhn lmans s wn mhdlg. Dsp hs, and h lack

suds n hs ma, h dg absacn and ssmazan ha was achd bsm pnnsula juss n h svnnh cnu s makabl.

Ssmazan was h ms gnal cnbun nnnh cnu cmnal lawdcn. W call h pnn Lalnd, wh dclad ha h man m cdcanwas n h can nw gus pncpls, “bu s mulan n cags dgmas, ha, bsds, mak up a ssm”.76 ths nw ssm wuld la b usd (n hal wnh cnu) b dcn mula h, a ha mmn, mdn77 h cm as a pcal, llgal, gul and punshabl ac.

thus w am h hw cmnal law cdcan s a lnk bwn w appanlcnadc scncs cmnal law: h ld scnc h ius commune (unh-

ghnh cnus) and mdn dgmacs (wnh cnu).th sandad hsgaphcal vsn an abslu spl bwn h ld scnc

cmnal law and h n gnang n h cdcan pd, whch has succddn sucang an pssbl ns mdn cmnal law spcalss n h hscal

73 V. f Pma, El Dret Públic Català. Les institucions a Catalunya ns al Decret de Nova Planta (1987), p. 375,n 381.74 Baban Ma and fnándz Asplla, n 42 abv, pp. 393-394.75 S ns 18., and h cspndng man xs.76 Lalnd, n 8 abv, p. 669.77

on h “mdn” chaac h scnc cmnal law, s Mas, n 6 abv, pp. 218-221.


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112 JCL 4:1

gns mdn nsuns, s d n h dga assssmn h ld dcn b enlghnmn hugh (ghnh cnu) and h mgnc mdn dgmacs

(wnh cnu) n h bass h s ssmazng ha cnsud hcdng pcss. th gnal h cm as a pcal, llgal, gul and punshablac; h dvsn bwn h Gnal and Spcal Pa, and s n, dd n sm allw

an lnk bwn h mdn and h ld scnc cmnal law. Bu hs vlkd hac ha n h sam wa h ssmazng h cdcan pcss la allwdmdn dgmacs as, h scnc cdcan h cmnal law dd n smplas, bu, alng wh nw lmns ha psn n sm aspcs h bakng m hpvus adn, hs cmng m h mulscula eupan adn w dawnupn. Sm m h bass can mdn cags cmnal law.

Division between General Part and Special Part

th dsncn bwn Parte General andParte Especial was whu dub n hmaj achvmns h cdcan pcss. th pnal lgslan h old rgmnv dw hs dsncn, and pssbl h Pussan Allgemeines Landrecht ( ALR , 1794)– accdng sm – was h nl eupan nmav cd pdang h cdcanmvmn ha mad hs dsncn.78

oh auhs, n h cna, wsl sa ha “ s n unl h mmn whn hpncpl ual s sablshd, and ha nl happnd wh Napln (…), 79 whnw can spak gnal pas; unl ha da – and n ha sns h ALR s a v gdxampl – h nd ak n accun h pvlgs ach sa had pvkd hmpssbl mulang sm cmmn pncpls (…). Gnal Pa and ualw, n ha sns, n a lanshp dc dpndnc. th lack applcan s whalads , nsanc, h Gnal Cd h Pussan Sas havng m han svnn

husand pcps, whas h Cd Napln nl had w husand”.80 in h Spansh lgal adn, as n h cuns, cmnal lgslan cnsdd n

cnncn wh pacula cms hs ccumsancs ha mgh hnd pssbl cmnalspnsbl. Sl-dns s a paadgmac xampl hs undnabl ac, bu n hnl n. Bh n h Partidas and hFuero Juzgo , h ral law and h Cmplansclal a xampls hs pcal aspc h lgal and pnal adn h oldrgm.81

N unl h 1822 Cd wuld Span hav a Gnal Pa. Hwv, h was a lngpd bwn achvng a pc snhss h gnal pncpls s u n Bk i andh vaus spcc mas s u la. th sam happnd wh h Gman cdcan,

accdng fnk.82

78 th s n unanm n dcn abu hs ma, as has bn sad b fc. Jav Alvaz Gacía, n“rlacns n la pa gnal la pa spcal dl Dch Pnal (i)”, ADPCP , XLVi (1993), . iii, pp. 1021-1023; als s Mas, n 6 abv, pp. 114-117.79 Álvaz Gacía, n 77 abv, p. 1023.80 ibd., pp. 1023-1024.81 Padas 7, 8, 2; fJ 6, 4, 6; fr 4, 17, 1; odng Alcala 22, 2; Nr 8, 23, 1 4; Nr 12, 21, 1; c.; a b -

bu suggsv - suv hs pncpls n h Partidas, can b sn n e. Gac fnándz, “Ls pncpspnals d las Padas”, Rudimentos Legales , iii (2001), pp. 21-42.82

M. fnk, Das Verhältnis des Allgemeinen zum Besonderen Teil des Strafrechts , p. 5.


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JCL 4:1 113

Bu h sam cann b sad abu h dcnal adn. Alhugh h ssmazngamp Caslan lgal dcn nv was sasac,83 sm eupan auhs,asscad wh humans juspudnc and nuncd b a “cla ndnc wadssmacs”,84 dd succd n sablshng hs dsncn n h sxnh cnu. Andhs, dsp s udmna dvlpmn n sm aspcs, sablshd an nadmssbl

pcdn – a cnclusn dawn b bh h naual hscal and h pnals dcns.85

th ac ha w d n nd a cc dvsn bwn h Gnal and Spcal Pas

unl h ghnh cnu, dgmacall sablshd du h dducv mhd anals usnaualsm, ds n jus n an wa gnanc h mpancnbuns mad b auhs h ius commune such as Dcanus and thdc,86 alhugh h dcn was nv b psnd n h nmav ld. A las snadmssbl sa ha h dvsn bwn Gnal and Spcal Pa was a dscv enlghnmn hugh, wh n pcdn.

Hwv, a ga m h cdcan pcss was h dnv nmav lgal capu such a dvsn, dcnall suggsd h cnus al b juss a humans nan.

th ac ha snc h cdcan mvmn sm nsuns hav bn ncpadn h Gnal Pa ds n pvn us m xamnng h hscal vlun bcdcan, alhugh w wuld hav cnsd n ha cas h chang ha culd ccuwh such ncpan.

th mdng ccumsancs spnsbl a a spcc xampl. Whn hspcals Mnans s dndd h nnxsnc aggavang ccumsancs nhscal law, sh was n sang ha h Spansh adn dd n ak n accun, nsanc, madnss nxcan, c., bu ha hs lmns, whch n h cdcanpcss wuld b knwn as mdng ccumsancs cmnal spnsbl (calldxcuss, aggavang, and anuans), n h ld adn w ualng cnsun

lmns h cm sl.87

83 Alhugh n wuld wan valu n a psv wa h ssmasng auhs such as Alnsd Cas Cvaubas (e. Cull Calón, Derecho penal (1937), i, vl. i, pp. 187-189), w mus adm ha hsuls h s w n cmpaabl hs band b h mdn pnal scnc (tmás Valn,n 31 abv, pp. 118, 123, 126, 128, 133, 150).84 tmás Valn, n 31 abv, p. 118.85 fdch Schasn,Die Europäische Strafrechtswissenschaft im Zeitalter des Humanismus. (1954); ansl. J.Mª. rdíguz Dvsa, La Ciencia europea del Derecho penal en la época del Humanismo (1957); alhugh w havwkd wh bh vsns, w u h Spansh vsn, pp. 95-96 and 137 .; tmás Valn, n 31 abv,p. 119; Álvaz Gacía, n 77 abv, pp. 1021-1024.86 Schasn, n 84 abv, pp. 95-96 (Dcanus) and 137 . (thdc); n h cnbun Dcanus, sd, “tbus Dcanus und sn Bduung ü d enshung ds Allgmnn tls m Gmnn duschnSach”, n Abhandlungen zur Strafrechtsgeschichte und zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte (1986), pp. 199-226.87 th nuanc h dsncn s mpan, bu w sks aal cnsuncs can as. th s wuld

b un agund ml n h mnlg, and h scnd sablsh an nsumunabl abss bwnh vald and h hscal law. i ds ma spak aggavang ccumsancs —usng h dgmacchnlg — as lng as h xp s su abu m wha mmn hs mnlg s usd and wha xnhs nsun was ald snc? i n acs wh du ca, w d n s an bjcn h asnabl us hs mhdlg, as lng as h lgal al h hscal mmn ha s bng sud s n damagd. thus,w cnsd accua h samn ha “h s n an dub abu h numus advanags and lack ncnvnnc ha a knwldg h hscal pcdns s n a lgal banch h bs analss anddgmac undsandng s al cnn. Cc alad sad ha Hs s h ach L”. L. Planoga, “eugn Cull Calón cm cnbud a la hsa d la pnlgía”, ADPCP , XVi (1963), . iii, p.

614.


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114 JCL 4:1

Crime: concept and classes

th mdn cncp cm as a pcal, llgal, gul and punshabl ac mgs a hun h nnnh and wnh cnus, bng lnkd wh h nams Vn Lsz and Blng, bu s ngal lmns a n s cn. Sm w nducd b h scnc

h ius commune , and la ngad b h cdcan mvmn. i wuld n havmad sns dsngush n dn lds h dsnc lmns h acual cncp cm, n las bcaus hs cmplx dgmac da s bnd vn h nnnh-cnucdcan pcss. Bu w wll pn hs whch gnad n h ius commune andw la ncpad n h al cds, sm sll xs n h undan cmnallaw dgmacs.

Alhugh h mdval and mdn juss dd n shap a gnal h cm,88 s wll knwn ha h subjcv nn, ha s, h umn gul n cmnal

bhav, cms m cann pnal law89 and mans n all eupan cmnal ssms.90 ths s cla vdnc cnnu. Whas da “pnal dcn dsngushs n cmw undamnal lmns calld llgal and gul”,91 n mus cgnz h rmanand cann gns hs pcps; phaps n n h dnmnan, bu n h cnnand smancs, as pnals dcn sl ds.92

th vaus mdn hs mpuan hav h gns n cann law dcn.i h gul lmn had undamnal mpanc n rman-cann pnal scnc, s nunxpcd ha h cncp ndvdual spnsbl pvald, ha s, ha punshmnshuld b assgnd nl h cmnal, anh undamnal au h cmnallaw n c,93 a cnbun hius commune dcn,94 and la ncpad n hcdcan. evnuall, cmnal nn ndc wll, a cmpll mdn nn,was h bjc mculus sud b scula and cann dcns n mdn cnus.95 oh aspcs labad b cann dcns whch, whn ncpad b h cdcan

88 tmás Valn, n 31 abv, p. 208; s, hwv, h cnbuns al juss n hs sns asdducd m h wk Schasn, n 85 abv, p. 211 .89 on hs usn, s h gus wk S. Kun, Kanonistische Schuldlehre von Gratian bis auf die Dekretalen Gregors IX . (1935); and wks cd n Mas, n 6 abv, p. 118, n 311.90 S, nsanc, h Acls 5, 10, 19 and 20, Spansh Cmnal Cd; Acls 42 and 43, ialan CmnalCd; and Acls 15, 17-21, Gman Cmnal Cd.91 Ángl tí Lópz, “el cncp ndvdual d culpabldad”, ADPCP, XXXViii (1985), p. 285. ths auhcgnss a las ha h pncpl “h s n punshmn whu spnsbl” has bn “pgssvallnchng hs”, a p samn, bu mnmall pn h als h scula and cann adns.92 “th pnal law h Chuch and cann law nducd n h pnal cncps ha m a dpspual sns ha gav a cnsdabl subjcv valu h cncps mpuabl, cm and punshmn,gvng bh nw das abu spnsbl, cang h cn mal spnsbl. Cann lawugh snghnng h admnsan publc jusc n h bass pva vnganc and pclamdh pscun cm s a du h pnc and h judg. (…) hus cann law cnand h sd hdnl-sucud hs jus h gunds h gh punsh” S Cull Calón, n 82 abv,pp. 73-74.93 Acls 27-31, Spansh Cmnal Cd; and Acls 25-27, Gman Cmnal Cd.94 th pncpllicite punitur quis sine culpa sed non sine causa als had vald n ld cann law accdng Maan Zuwsk, “D esckung d Sasanckn au nch schuldg Psnn, d zum Saällgnn Bzhung shn, nach d Lh d Dksn und Dkalsn”, n Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgechichte. Kannssch Ablung, LiX (1973), pp. 175-190.95 tmás Valn, n 31 abv, pp. 307-310; Lus Jménz d Asúa, El pensamiento jurídico español y su

inuencia en Europa (1958), p. 69; Kun, n 88 abv, pp. 47 . and 81 .


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JCL 4:1 115

mvmn, cnbud h analzan cmnal law a h pncpls in dubio proreo96 andnon bis in idem.97

Accdng rdguz Dvsa, “n all u cds and das was ncludd, as anssnal lmn, wllulnss”,98 whch shws h xn whch hs undamnalpncpl cmnal law had akn amng juss.

And wha can b sad abu h classcan cms?

on hs ma h enlghnmn mvmn had n vw h dsncn bwncms, nss, and bachs. Cms a hs ha, n pncpl, vla such nauallaws as l; nss hs ghs dvd m h scal cnac, .. pp;and bachs mans acns ha vla ds h plc. ths classcan n crimes ,délits andcontraventions was ncpad n h fnch Cd n 1791 wh h am capung n nl h dn gav h cms, bu als h pcdual dvs.99 ths fnch classcan spad hughu eup. th Spansh cds, hwv, nvncpadd a cla dsncn bwn nss and cms; h nl spak gav lss gav nss , n an cas, nl nss.

th s hs classcan da back h rman adn and la h iuscommune (delicta atrocissima, gravia et levia).100 th undamnal dnc bwn hclasscan h ius commune and ha h cdcan mvmn s bvus: whash pan h ius commune was basd n h s punshmns ha h cmsmpld, h cdcan mvmn – du h enlghnmn nunc – cnbud anw classcan d n h gunds cnsdng h bhav b cmnal.

Principle of guilt: some concepts and categories

Wh h Hgh Mdval pd l bhnd, whn vaus sgns bjcv spnsblsll mand, was m h Lw Mdval Ag and a sul h nunc rman-cann dcn ha cmnal spnsbl bgan b basd n gul. ths appachlgmas h mpsn punshmn. ths pvsns ha sablshd punshmnml damagng smhng, gadlss wh h ppa was (mn, dmndpsn, anmal), w ncasngl bsl.

96 P Landau, “D Bduung ds kannschn rchs ü d enwcklung nhlch rchspnzpn”,n H. Schll (d.), Die Bedeutung des kanonischen Rechts für die Entwicklung einheitlicher Rechtsprinzipien (1996),pp. 36-37; n hs nn s P Hlappls, Die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Grundsatzes “in dubio pro reo” (1965); as wll as J. Maínz Val, “el pncp «n dub p »”, Revista General de Legislación y Jurisprudencia ,XXXii (2d ss, 1956), pp. 330-355; s Gac fnándz, “Ls pncps pnals d las Padas”, p. 42.97 P. Landau, “Uspüng und enwcklung ds Vbs dppl Savlgung wgn dsslbnVbchns n d Gschch ds kannschn rchs”, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgechichte.Kannssch Ablung, LVi (1970), pp. 124-156.98 J. M. rdíguz Dvsa, Derecho penal Español . Parte general (10th d., 1987), p. 339.99 Cms w pvnc hcours d’assies; ncs a n h dman tribunaux correctionnels , and

bachs a pvnc tribunaux de police , wh a pgssvl smpld pcdu.100 fm hius commune cms h dsncn bwndelicta atrocissima, delicta gravia et delicta levia. ths, als knwn as atrociora , w hs whch h gavs punshmn (m han smpl dah) wgvn; gravia (atrocia), w hs whch had as a cnsunc h naual cvl dah pnal; and levia ,

h ns assgnd h manng punshmns.


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116 JCL 4:1

rspnsbl basd n gul n nl xcludd damag and njus causd banmals, bu als hs abud ppl wh w mnall ll; h w dmd n hav acd wh wll and h, h cm culd n b mpud hm.

th mpanc h subjcv lmn had bn dnd n h Aslan,Augusnan and thms dcns, bcmng h c cm.101 Sm mdval

lgslav xs, amng hm h Sachsenspiegel Padas,102

ncpad hs da.Pus Abladus was h s dna bwn sn and cm.in lgal dcn hs subjcv nn cm xsd n h wks juss m h

sxnh cnu, amng hm Ann Gmz,103 Pd d la Plaza,104 and Cvaubas;105 and suvvd n h svnnh106 and ghnh107 cnus, whn n sm xs vn bcms law, as n h Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana (1769).108 rdíguz Dvsa lgcall sas ha “h s n unusual ha w nd nn as a dnn cmn h nnnh cnu. th pnns unvss and cus n h 1822 Cd shw wha xn ha dnn was ppula amng juss”.109

i s mpssbl spaa gul m h h cm,110 dvd h da gulm publc pnal law n h eupan cmnal adn.111 Cmnal law dcn sasha “an vlun ha llwd n pnal law sablshs h pgssv and ssblaman gul: a dnv mans a h mpuan ha wuld b sublsudd bh n cann and gula law, as hs lgal ssms dcsvl cnbu h “spualzan” law punshng. thn h subjcvs pspcv mgd.An damagng vn s n punshd b jus h maal abun an ndvdual anm, bu nl ha dvd m gul bhav”.112

rman law shapnd “h nvsgan h nn and spual sd cm, bngabl lmna an m ansv pnal and cllcv spnsbl, unl clal

101 tmás d Aun,Summa theologica , ii, u.18, 6: “Acus dcunu human, n uanum sun vluna”;Schasn, n 84 abv, pp. 111 and 175.102 Gac fnándz, n 95 abv, pp. 24-31.103 Ann Gómz,Variarum Resolutionum Juris Civilis, Communis et Regis (1552), bk iii, D Hmcd, n. 30:“…ud n dlcs gula a cnsdanu, sclc. anmus, acum, dlcum, u p lgm s punbl”;Cals M. d Landch, “La ía juídca dl dl n Ann Gómz”, Estudios Penales. Homenaje al P. Julián Pereda en su 75º aniversario (1965), p. 237.104 Epitome delictorum, causarumque, criminalium ex iure ponticio regis et causa reo, liber primus (1558), chap.X:«Vlunas dsngu dlcum a nn dlc pccaum a nn pcca dscn. Dlcum sudm nuauamps accd absu mala llud cmmns».105 Cvaubas, Relectiones II, de homicidio, Init . n.1: “Dlcum au pccaum cmm nn pss absuvluna...Vlunas dsngu dlcum a nn dlc”.106 Mahu Sanz,Tractatus de re criminali (7th d., 1702) (3d.d., 1676), Cnvsas, XX, 4 (“Cmncnahu s vlunas ncnd ncda»), and XL, 6 («Cmn nn n sla vluna cnss”).107 Vcn Vzcaín Péz,Código y práctica criminal (1797), bk iV, n. 1: “ths Wd, cm, s gnc, andncluds an acn, ac, wd xcud sad b a halh and upgh man, wh cmnal nn andmalc bddn und sm pnal b a nn-pald law whch cann b xcusd b an asn amv”.108 Acl 1, Cmnal CdTheresiana: “Dlcum n gn ud . en Vbchn, s, wnn vn Jmadnwssnlch, und wllng nwd, was duch d Gs vbn, unnmmn, d was duch dGs gbn s, unlassn wd”.109 rdíguz Dvsa, n 97 abv, pp. 339-340.110 Gnzal D. fnándz,Culpabilidad y Teoría de delito (1995).111 Sphan Sübn,Schuld, Strafrecht und Geschichte. Die Entstehung der Schuldzurechnung in der deutschenStrafrechtshistorie (2000), pp. 13-20.112

fnándz, n 109 abv, p. 138.


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JCL 4:1 117

dsngushng h lato sensu gul (mpudnc nglgnc) h m cmnalnn, bul upn h bass mmal wll”.113

La “mdval hugh cnbus h slmn h da cm, bascallhugh h wk San Augusn (Confessions), wh hs da sn and punshmnn puga, h undnabl dns human wll, as wll as hs vsn

msundsandng as a dc wll, as an ambguus pn h ndvdual, cadu dung hs nmda dm”;114 n ha sam pd, thmas Aunas dvlpd “ wll as a cndn spnsbl, abung asn h abl cgnzngand dsngushng bwn gd and vl. th, b dlba acn, punshmn– n sl, a jus bun – s ml a mans pmng h mal am. thus, h

bass h laban cann law s mpvd. ths law wll dnd h nn sd h punshabl dd, gvng a dcsv mpanc wll (h nnn)…”.115

in h Mdn Pd — and whn rnassanc hugh — auhs such as Danus,thdc, and Cvaubas dn “n wll h cn caus cm, shapn hnn dolus – ‘Dolus voluntatis sit vitium, culpa intellectus et memoriae’ – lnkng wh apma h acn (actus corporis, causa eciens)”;116 nx, wh h advn classcalusnaualsm, h cnbuns mgd hugh h wks Hug Gus, thmasHbbs, Samul Pund, Jhn Lck, and hs.

ths s n h mmn analzng h spcc cnbun ius commune dcn h scnd schlasc schl hs usn. ths ma has bn ad b hsuds whch h ad can .117 W shuld pn u ha h hscal s hpncpl gul n gnal, wh h dsncn bwn gul and cmnal nn, hversari in re illicita , h actio libera in causa , c. can b ncludd, has bn sudd xnsvl

b cmnal law dcn. in gnal h mpan cnbuns mad b ius communehav bn cgnzd.

f nsanc, rdguz Dvsa, dsplang ga udn, dscussd n hs Derecho penal español h gns hs nns. H sad ha “h h man ms blng rman law, and hn cann law and h ialan juss h Mddl Ags”.118

113 fnándz, n 109 abv, p. 143.114 fnándz, n 109 abv, p. 144.115 fnándz, n 109 abv, p. 144.116 fnándz, n 109 abv, p. 145.117 S a cn and gus sud n h vlun mpuan n Gman dcn Lucía Maínz Gaa,“Apxmacón hsóca al sugmn dl cncp d mpuabldad subjva n la dcna pnal almana”, Revista de Derecho Penal y Criminología , n. 8 (2d ss, 2001), pp. 34-126; h auh uss dcnal sucsm h svnnh cnu, alhugh sh pbs dpl n h al pd and s a w analss Gman hsgaph.118 rdíguz Dvsa, n 97 abv, p. 473: snhszng h cnbuns h adn h mdnnn gul, h sas: “th Aslan das pna hugh h Sc schl n rman law. W w rman law, alng wh h subsun s glssas and psglssas, h da gul as a bass cmnal-law mpuan. th dvlpmn lgcal hugh, a pduc h schlascs, hlps clanscmnal spnsbl achac lmns nn ha ld assgnng punshmns nanma bjcs anmals. th cags dolus andculpa , h pps casus , sablshd hmslvs, as a umn

bng gul man ha n mus hav sm phscal and mnal cndns ag (mpuabl), unl hs bcam pa h cmmn hag eupan lgslan. th amus dcsn Adan: “in malcs

vlunas spcau, nn xus”, s pad n h cmmn law. th ld Aslan-tms hss s mlsablshd. ths hss sas ha an gul s culpabilidad de la voluntad (gul wll); whu a wlul lmn,an nnn h subjc, h s n gul. Unl h las cnu ann was cusd n mpuabl andh s-calld ms, classs, spcs gul (cmnal nn and gul). N unl h wnh cnu d w

nd an dmn whch a h cmmn pns hs and h ngal lmns gul, a sach


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118 JCL 4:1

th nns gul and cmnal nn pda cdcan, h scnc iuscommune , n h bass h rman-cann sucs,119 mad mpan cnbuns hs das ha a sll psn n h asks h hs cm and mpuan.

Concept of criminal intent

th cmplx concept of criminal intent (dolus) ncpad n h cds h nnnhcnu was n a pduc enlghnmn cmnal law dcn n all s classs. i has

bn sasacl dmnsad ha h dolus generalis was a h dvlpd b vnWb n d slv sm cass n whch h subjc ds n kll whn h/sh hadh nn d s, and klls whn h/sh dd n hav ha nn.120 f nsanc, ahavng sabbd hs vcm, and blvng hm b dad, n hws h allgd cps nh v; h vcm ds b dwnng and n as a cnsunc h wunds. th dolus generalis, whch gadd dah as hugh was h sul cmnal nn, s bsl.

th dolus indeterminatus was als an enlghnmn can cncvd b fubach,accdng whm an undmnd nnn s assumd and cmnal spnsbl sassgnd accdng h gvn sul121.

Hwv, h xss anh class cmnal nn ha, labad b h dcn h ius commune n h bass h rman-cann sucs,122 was la ncpad bdn cds: h vnual cmnal nn ( ndc).

th gns h h dolus indirectus hav bn h subjc dnnpans. An pnn gnad n Gman (englmann and Schasn) sas hah nn ndc cmnal nn das back Dg d Cvaubas. Accdng hsdsngushd jus, h xss vluna hmcd n nl whn h agn wans klland dcl nnds dah, bu als whn hs h wll nnds a ac llwd b dah.

ssnal psv chaacscs. th mpuls nw cms m an amp xplan a ss cass nwhch gul s sablshd, alhugh h s n al wllul lmn n h ac ha mpus h subjc” (p. 433).119 rgadng h vlun hs cncps n rman law, w can sa ha s dsncn cnsdd m apschlgcal pn vw as calssnss lack skll n h ac a cmnal, whch appas n h XII Tables gadng a gul hmcd, was shapnd v m n h wngs juss h Pncpal as Calsa(D. 48, 8, 14) n Maan (D. 48, 19, 11.2), als und whn h cncp gul h imperitia ha gvs s, nsanc, h spnsbl h dc as happns n Ulpan (D. 1, 18, 6.7). Hwv, h punshmn wll

b lss han was a wllul cm. in psclasscal and Jusnan cmnal law all cass n whch h was ncmnal nn w ncludd und h m casus (ha h had a wd manng han jus a uus cas):hus n Paul. Sent . 5, 23, 12; C. 9, 16, 1; D. 47, 9, 9; D. 48, 19, 28, 12. th a xs n whch h uan casu idest negligentia can b und (J. M. Blanch Ngus, “Dch pnal man: dls pnas”, n www.usl.cm(Maals paa l sud dl Dch /Dch man: da cnsulng: 14 Mach 2003).120 Vn Wb, “Üb d vschdnn An ds Dlus”, Neues Archiv des Criminalrechts (NarchivCrimR), Vii (1824/25); Wndaus, Die Streitfrage über den “dolus generalis” und die Verantwortung des Kausalzusammenhangs (1898); Mawald, “D dolus generalis. en Bag zu Lh vn d Zuchnung”, ZStW , LXXViii (1966), pp.30 .121 Anslm fubach, Lehrbuch des gemeinen in Deutschland gültigen Peinlichen Rechts. (1803), p. 59: “th aw classs cmnal nn, whn h sul llgall pducd s h exclusive goal mmda n haappals h cmnal nn was alternatively amd a dn vlans law a can spcs knd.tha s calld dolo determinado (dolus indeterminatus); hs dolo indeterminado or eventual (dolus indeterminatus s. Eventualis)”.122 in h pncpal h assumpn “pnnnal cm” as whn m h cmnal bhavuh ccud a m damagng cnsunc han was plannd b h auh: nsanc, h cas an njunnnall causd ha ld v a pd m h dah h vcm bcaus ha nju, n whch cash punshmn s manslaugh – n cmnal nju – alhugh hs cm s much lss gav han whn

dah s nnnall causd (D. 48, 8, 4, 1 D. 48, 8, 1, 3). Blanch Ngus, n 118 abv, n www.usl.cm.


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JCL 4:1 119

thus, h wh nl pnds nju, bu wh a had blw causs dah, has cmmda homicida voluntarius , as hs wll s dcd ncng njus and all h naualcnsuncs ha mmdal sul m hm. Wll, wh gad h dadl sul,can b dcd such sul directe et per se , can b dcd indirecte et per accidens. thdc wll n hmcd s h animus occidendi , and hs was Cvaubas h pc

cmnal nn tunc vere dolum homicidio voluntario perfectum adesse. Whn h wllul acnmpls, as an mmda cnsunc, dah, h xss an indirecta voluntaria occisio.Accdng englmann, Cvaubas dvlpd h dcn h ndcl amdwll h sul s hughl ha h shuld b cnsdd b h u und h dcn dolus indirectus , alhugh h ds n mnn ndc nn ndccmnal nn.123 Schasn gadd hm as h “u und” h cncp ndccmnal nn.124 ths pncpl hus gnas wh Dg d Cvaubas125 , alhugh sdmac gns cm m Capzv.126

Pda la sad ha h cncp ndc nn was n gnal Cvaubas, bu San thmas, m hm hugh Ann Gmz’s dcn Cvaubas and

Suaz, whn hs cncp bcam m subjcv. ths, n hs pnn, s a dcncmmnl llwd b Spansh sachs h pd.127 i hs s h cas, fubach was wng whn h ascbd Nlblad-Glän h cncp cmnal nnindeterminatus o eventualis,128 as Cvaubas and Suaz had pcdd hm b alms wcnus.129

The versari in re illicita

on h h hand, h sad dolus indirectus sgnd cnsdabl pgss n jcnganh pncpl ncpad b cdcan a h nd h wnh cnu: hversari in re illicita. ths nsun, cann gn, was adpd b scula pnal law

und h nunc ialan juss. i psnd a m bjcv spnsbl, as abud und h dnmnan cmnal nn, all cnsuncs, ncludng hsunknwn n dsd b h subjc, whn h dv m an llgal ac animusnocendi. th mula was: versanti in re illicita imputantur omnia quae sequuntur ex delicto.

Concept of guilt and the actio libera in causa

th concept of guilt ncpad b h cdcan cmnal law was n a cnbun b nl ascbd enlghnmn hugh. Hscall, gul appad a cmnalnn. f m han w cnus dn mnlg has bn usd, smms

xpss h sam da. thus, nsanc, n rman law h xsd, n n hand, h

123 englmann, Die Schuldlehre der Postglossatoren und ihre Fortentwicklung. Eine historischedokmatische Darstellung der Kriminellen Schldlehre der italienischen Juristen des Mittelalters seit Accursius (1895), p. 107.124 Schasn, n 84 abv, p. 110; Schasn, n 84 abv, , pp. 170 .125 on Dg d Cvaubas (1512-1577), s Schasn, n 84 abv , 153 .126 ibd., pp. 170 .; n hs dsngushd Gman jus, s G. Juschk, W. Schld, and W. Gpp (ds), Benidict Karpzov. Neue Perspektiven zu einem umstrittenen sächsischen Juristen (2000).127 J. Pda, El “versari in re illicita” en la doctrina y en el Código penal (1948), pp. 149 .128 De homicidio ex intentione indirecta commisso ( Diss.) (Hala, 1756).129

Cull Calón, n 82 abv, i, p. 446.


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120 JCL 4:1

culpa lata , cnsdd as cmnal nn; and n h h hand, gul was n juxapsd cmnal nn, bu h casus.130 La h ialans — h al cas h dcn gul — dvdd gul n lata, levis and levissima. Whn culpa lata (magna) h bulh culpa dolo proxima as a subspcs gul sm,dolus praesumptus hs, alscnsdd b a spcal p gul pu dolus. Als gnang wh ialan juss

s h dnmnan quasimalecium appld gul,131

la adpd b hius commune:delictum verum was h vlnal n, whas gul was aquasidelictum.on h h hand, dcn hld a h nd h nnnh cnu ha h

cnsucn h actio libera in causa h gnad m ialan cannss and ps-glssas.132 Cmnal law dcn sll supps hs vw h hscal gns,accdng an xhausv sud hs nsun.133 ths pncpl manl cncndnxcan, a suan n whch cann law cnsdd ha gul la n h ac gngdunk, s h cm cmmd n ha sa was ml h sul a pvus llgal ac.in cnas, h ialan juss dd n hav a sandad pnn, alhugh h agd ha asmall dg nxcan was n nugh lmna gul, dmandng hn a cum exiliomentis nxcan.134 th dsagmns amng juss hius commune abu smaspcs hs nsuns paall xplan h la vlun,135 ull dsagmnscausd b h sus dubs ha h ma auss.

thughu h cdcan pcss, h w h ms dvs pnns, m hswh sad ha mpuabl has b sad alwas hs ha cnsdd ha hsubjc s spnsbl n all cass, as wll as nmda sluns, ha nl accpdspnsbl b wa gul ha blv whn w ac an actio libera in causa halwas xss a cas mgan.

As rdguz Dvsa pns u, “nwadas h pvalng pnn s avabl h appcan a vlnal gul cm dpndng n subjcs bng wllull gull n a suan n bng abl cnl h acs a h mmn cmmng

130 S rdíguz Dvsa, n 97 abv, p. 474.131 W. englmann, “rchsum und Dlus m ömschn und gmnn alnschn rch”,GerS , LXXXVi(1918), pp. 198 .132 englmann, n 122 abv, pp. 30 .; als s an ialan sud: o. Vannn, “L’ac lba n causa nlnuv cdc pnal”, Studi in memoria del Prof. Pietro Rossi (1935), pp. 59-75.133 U. Jsh Jub, La doctrina de la “actio libera in causa” en Derecho penal (ausencia de acción o inimputabilidad provocadas por el sujeto) (1992); Gman dcn has dal m han an hs wh h hscal s hsnsun, as h bblgaph cllcd n Jsh shws; and h Gmans a sll nsd n accdng cn sach b Jachm Huschka, ncludng hs “odnlch und außdnlch Zuchnung bPund. Zu Gschch und zu Bduung d Dnz vn actio libera in se undactio libera in sua causa”, ZStW , XCVi (1984), H 3, pp. 661-702.134 englmann, n 122 abv, p. 30.135 rdíguz Dvsa, n 97 abv, pp. 452-453, cllcs sm h dsagmns: “Bal Bald saw acaus mgan, admng ha a culpose actio libera in causa. ohs suppd mpun, and h majundsd ha hs culd nl b punshd as h actio libera in causa dolosa. fanac suggsd h psblhphss, ha s: a) “dlcum n ba cmmssum, n u nc dlum nc culpam hab”;b) “u scnss slum n ba dlnu als pcu ac nd, nn absnu s a vn mmdca pan s nbav”; c) “ba pcuaa acaa ad cum, u bus dlnu dlnund s cuma xcusa”. fanac hnks ha n h s assumpn, llwng h cann dcn, h s “culpa aclva”; n h scnd, a gul acn, and n h hd, an actiodolose libera in causa. th nc nxcan,slpwalkng and dlum pducd b v a cnsdd n h sam wa as nxcan. th dormiensdelinques was cmpad h furiosus culd n pvn, akng h apppa pcauns, h damagngcnsuncs. i n, h was spnsbl b wa gul accdng h maj auhs, alhugh

sm pnd h pssbl vn a vlnal cm”.


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JCL 4:1 121

h cm. th subjc has als bn usd as an nsumn, s mpuabl s nugh a hmmn h pvus acn b vu bcmng an nsumn sl”.136

Theory of imputation

th h mpuan, dvlpd whn h phlsphcal naual analsm hsvnnh cnu, s a dcn abu assumpns spnsbl human acns,abu h pncpal ns ha ul human bhav and dmn h spnsbl ha ha sam bhav cspnds ha h auh. i s als h bas m whchndvdual ghs a dducd, as wll as h pncpls ha s h lanshps bwnppl whn ganzans such as aml and Sa, and, nall, h lanshps bwnSas.137 th mpanc hs h cmnal law ls n h ac ha hughuh ghnh cnu h eupan pnalss, spcall h Gmans, ncpads pncpls xplan cmnal law. ths had vaus cnsuncs. fm h malpn vw, dcsvl cnbud h ssmazan h ma and hcnsldan a Gnal Pa cmmn dn cms; m a maal pn vw, asssd h sculazan cmnal law and s ncpan n h plcal das h enlghnmn. rgadng wha w knw da as gul, h cmnal law k mh h mpuan h wll h human bng as a bass spnsbl.138

Snc h nd h ghnh cnu and hughu h nnnh cnumpuan, undsd as dscnmn h xsnc a lanshp bwn anxnal vn and a dmna subjc as causng h vn, bcms a basc cncpn Gman pnal dcn, alhugh s cnn cnnus vlv. on n hand, hGman dcn ncpas h dsncns ha naual anal phlsph had bnnducng n h cncp, manl h dsncn bwn imputatio facti andimputatioiuris , and dcn sablshs dnad gups n h vall assumpns n whch

mpuan dpnds.139 on h h hand, and spcall as a cnsunc h nunc Kanan phlsph and h dvsn ha hs mpsd n h sphs law andmals, h hcal cnn cmnal spnsbl was acd. Sm auhs bgn dna dm n an hcal sns m dm n h lgal sns.

An mpan cncp pnal dgmacs ha mgd n h wnh cnulnkd h cncp mpuan s ha subjcv mpuabl. evn hugh dah cass xpland m hs pspcv (mnal dsds, mn ag, dsdsm dugs) had alwas akn n accun hs acs md cmnal spnsbl,gnall dmnng s xclusn mgan, n h nnnh cnu, llwng hdnan dvs ps assumpns mpuan, hs ss ccumsancs

mvd awa m hs ha als s back cmplcad h mpuan cmnal

136 rdíguz Dvsa, n 97 abv, p. 453.137 th s auh nduc h m ‘mputatio’ n lgal scnc was Samul v. Pund. thaa dcn dvlpd cncnng h assumpns spnsbl ha cnsud h sang pn h mand h iusrationalist phlsphs. See E. Schmidt, Einführung in die Geschichte der deutschenSrafrechtspege (3rd ed., 1965), pp. 169 ff.; H. Welzel, Die Naturrechtslehre Samuel Pufendorfs: Ein Beitrag zur

Ideengeschichte des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts (1958).138 S, bsds h auhs n h pvus n, Maínz Gaa, note 116 above.139

on h dsncn bwnimputatio facti –imputatio iuris vid . Hruschka, note 132 above, pp. 661-702.


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122 JCL 4:1

spnsbl. thn hs bgan b aunmusl cnsdd.140 Nvhlss, hasng subjcv mpuabl as a dgmac cag wh smla cnn ha whchnwadas s cgnzd dd n cncn nl cncpual vlun whn dgmacs.oh acs cnbud h cnsldan pscha as a scnc dscpln ands nvlvmn n h pnal pblm. thus, n Span, wh, unlk Gman, h h

mpuan dd n hav a maj l n h scnc cmnal law, h cncp subjcv mpuabl als appad n h nnnh cnu as w gad nwadas,cusd n h pahlgs h mnal aculs h acv subjc h cm. 141

th nnnh cnu s als h bgnnng h nd mpuan as a cnalcncp n h scnc cmnal law. th pgssv mgnc cmnal cdsncuagd juss cncl pncpls Naual Law wh psv lgslan and,n h h hand, h hugh pcal h enlghnmn was bng l bhnd b hpsvs paadgm. A h dgmac lvl, h cnsldan h acn (snc h wk Hglan pnalss) and gul (snc Kal Bndng) as cmnal law cncps, gh whh cnsdan chanc as a man h cm, man h pgssv sablshmn a dn ssm xplan h cmnal spnsbl ha wuld culmna a h

bgnnng h wnh cnu n h classc schm cm dvlpd b Lsz-Blng, n whch hs s dnd as a pcal, llgal, gul and punshabl acn, ladng ssmacs n whch h cncp mpuan has dsappad. 142 onl n h lasdcads h wnh cnu has mpuan bn cvng mpanc n pnaldgmacs, bh n h ld pc – llgal (bjcv mpuan), and h ld gul (subjcv psnal mpuan).143

Circumstances of crime: self defense

th mpanc wha da a calld “causs juscan” s wll knwn. Alhugh

ms had bn gulad n pvus pds b cann pnal law and cnsdd b iuscommune dcn, spcall sl- dns, s nsng cnsd h vlundung h cdcan sag.144

Sl-dns was whu dub amng h ms dvlpd nsuns b h scnc cmnal law p h nnnh cnu. Du dvlpmns n rman-cannlaw,145 h scnc cmnal law n h nnnh cnu cvd h ssnal uss

140 S Maínz Gaa, n 116 abv, pp. 81 ff.141 Subjcv mpuabl s s mulad n Spansh cmnal law dcn b Lus Slvla; s J. Gnzálz, La imputabilidad en el Derecho penal español: imputabilidad y locura en la España del siglo XIX (1994); also Lucía

Martínez Garay, Imputabilidad penal y consumo de drogas: revisión del concepto de imputabilidad a partir de algunas de

las causas que la excluyen (unpublished PhD thesis, Valencia, 2004), pp. 219 ff.142 th m “mpuabl” and m h ld mnlg ml d h mnal abls hauh, wh a manng hn v dn m ha h h mpuan.143 Amng h man achcs h ncpan h da mpuan n dgmacs (and n h h mpuan naual analsm h svnnh cnu, bvusl) a rxn, Huschka and Jakbs. onh manng mpuan n cun pnal law, manl cusd n bjcv mpuan, s Sanag M Pug,“Sgncad alcanc d la mpuacón bjva n Dch pnal”, n VVAA, Modernas tendencias en la cienciadel derecho penal y en la criminología (2001), pp. 389-408.144 S Mgul Ángl iglsas r, Perspectiva histórico-cultural y comparada de la legítima defense , Plgu bD. D. Ángl tí Lópz (1999).145 th ms mpan aspcs vlvd aund h uss ud ncssa dns, sucud

aund h gnc xpssn “cum moderamine inculpatae tutelae”, nducd b inncnc iii n h Decretales


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ha, wh bu “anh nan”, wuld cngu hs nsun n h cdcansag and da (llgma aggssn, lvanc aggssn and ppnal dns).146

Hw dd h cdcan mvmn ncpa hs nsu?th fnch Pnal Cd 1791 was h s subsu h ld xpssn “moderamen

inculpatae tutelae” wh “sl dns”, and m h mvd n h Cd Napln 1810, alhugh bh cds cuusl placd h nsun n h Spcal Pa and n n hGnal Pa. in h scnd hal h nnnh cnu h cncpual sucu sldns achd “chncal-dgmac pcn”, lavng bhnd h pvus casusm.Undubdl, “ hs dnvl cnbud h nunc h dcns analsusnaualsm and fubach’s enlghnmn hugh ha bgan appach a gnalcncp sculazd sl-dns n xclusvl lmd cms hmcd”.147

Apa m spcc xcpns, “n n hand h eupan cdcan mvmnplacs sl-dns n h Gnal Pa (...); n h h hand, h nl uss n whchs xcs s cndnd a h llgma aggssn and dnsv ncss”,148 annc ppnal dsappang, and all hs umns cmng m iuscommune dcns.

As chaacsc aus h amn sl-dns n h cdcan pcss,w shuld mnn: (a) s unlmd nau basd n h ndvdualsc psn ha hhuman bng has n sc; (b) h sucu sl-dns bng whn h xclusvpspcv h vcm and xaggadl xllng h ghs h vcm, spcalldm and pp; and (c) magnalzan h dscus cncnng h umn scap avd una aggssn.

Such amwks dd n alwas g h gund wh h sam nns n allcuns, as s adl vdn whn analzng sl-dns n h eupan cds. inSpan, nsanc, alhugh h lack a umn scap pvald – a las n

dcnal wngs – sm das mphaszd h necessitas inevitabilis (unavdabl nd)

( De Homicidio c.18, X ): h cun llgal aggssn; h moderamen inculpatae tutelae , ha s, hmodus defensionis ,ha cnsud “h u nnvan” nducd b cann law n sl-dns, and h dns h walhgds. rgadng h hcal mplcan gvn b cann law sl-dns, hs lgcall casd wh henlghmn. th cann law sngl cnbud h la vlun.146 th man nnnh cnu cmmnas cgnzd h subsanal cnbun nmav sucsp cdcan: Pachc, n 2 abv, pp. 169 .; tmás Maa d Vzmans, and Cl Álvaz Maínz,Comentarios al nuevo Código penal (1848), pp. 80-82; A. Gzad and Gómz d la Sna, El Código penal de 1870concordado y comentado (1870-1899), i, p. 220, wh, cnsdng h dmand llgma aggssn, sas:“th Partidas had mnnd . th naual hng s ha v man has h gh dnd hmsl smnwans kll hm; h has n wa b njud, culd happn ha, bng h s b njud, h culdd and hn h culd n dnd hmsl”; and whn dalng wh h dmand anal, h sad: “oulgslas usnd hmslvs abu h sam hng and agd n ha bu nssd n h cncunc h ccumsancs: 1. ha h bugla was nndd b a bb: 2. ha happnd a ngh: 3. ha hwn wand as h h hand hm v jusc and dndd hmsl wh wapns. th samansw was gvn hs usn b h laws Fuero Real and h Recopiladas , alhugh h dd n uh cncunc h las h sad ccumsancs; h s w w nugh hm dcla n gul manslaugh” (p. 228); accdng hs auh, Acl 8.4, 1870 Cmnal Cd ags wh D. 11, 2, 1; C. 9,14, 2; Padas Vii, 8, 2-3; Nr 12, 21, 1.147 iglsas r, n 143 abv, p. 119.148

ibd., p. 122.


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124 JCL 4:1

dvlpd b ius commune dcn and “a dnal n wads h cunshugh h umn a anal nd h mans usd”.149

th, sl-dns achvd n h cdcan pd “sm aspcs b dndand chncall nd han n h pvus sag. on n hand, a gnalzd cnsnsuss achd whn ascbng hs nsun a asn juscan; n h h hand,

s ld applcan mbacs h unvsal dnsbl all gds and ghs”.150

on shuld add h unlmd chaac h dns, pcal h ndvduals lbalhugh whch h dlgcal cnx h wnh cnu wuld sn, akng sl-dns “ an ssnall scv dsn”.

N unl h nnnh cnu was h cnvs abu gul bng a asn juscan xclusn undsd. B ha m h Spcal Pa was spaad n h

cmnal cds, bng dnvl lnkd wh h cspndng acls h GnalPa,151 alhugh h fnch Cmnal Cd kp sudng hw gula cms agansl and bdl ng.152 th vaus Spansh cds h nnnh and wnhcnus and h gm sl-dns sablshd b h cmnal cd 1848unuchd xcp sm mn ms n h cds.

Other modifying circumstances of responsibility (exculpatory, mitigating and

aggravating) and judicial criteria

th ccumsancs h cmnal ac, whch n h cdcan pd w knwn asaggavang, mgang xculpa and nwadas a sll vald, w dscussd n alnmav and dcnal sucs p h nnnh cnu. Spccall, mdvaland mdn lgal dcns had pnd h mpan l sm ccumsancs assl-dns: h sa ncss and bdnc ha da a cnsdd as asns juscan (whn h cn unlawulnss), bu als ag, gnd, madnss —

nwadas “pschc anmal alan” “ans mnal dsd” — nxcan, backsldng and ach, amng hs.

th ma aggavang ccumsancs, sudd b Mnans a dn ms,has bn cnvsal bu s n lng. Unl h nd h 1980s, Spansh dcn –alng wh eupan – agd ha aggavang ccumsancs had xsd n u lgalhs, cnsdng hm b a cla and dc pcdn ha wuld la ak n n hnnnh cnu, alhugh wh sm changs, h ask cdcan.

An al sud b Mnans, publshd n 1989, usnd wha h hsgaph cmnal law k gand and sad ha such ccumsancs dd n xs n hSpansh pnal adn. Accdng hs sud, h analss pnnsula nmav

sucs l ll dub ha aggavang ccumsancs, as h had bn cnsdd bcdcan, dd n xs.153

149 ibd., p. 133.150 ibd., p. 145.151 th Cmnal Cd 1822 sll gulad sl-dns whn punshng manslaugh and wunds msamn causd b acs (Acls 621, 622, 655).152 Acl 328, Cmnal Cd fanc.153 e. Mnans fn, “La nxsnca d ccunsancas agavans n l dch hsc”, RFDUCM, LXXiV (1988-89), pp. 399-441; publshd n hs – gh wh J. Mª Sanchz-Aclla – Estudios de Historia del

Derecho criminal (1991), pp. 77-130.


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JCL 4:1 125

in hs nal sud Mnans msaknl cusd xcssvl n nmavsucs, undsmang and avdng alms all dcnal sucs. Havng xamndman nmav sucs ha, n hs pnn, dmnsad h nnxsnc suchccumsancs, whn dlvng dp n lgal dcn and ndng juss wh hadspccall mnnd h m “aggavang”, h pnd u ha hs auhs (Ann

Gmz and Mahu Sanz) “gn lgal adn and ds h cncp h dncms”,154 whas n ac bh lgslan and dcn a pa h lgal adn nd pvn us m allng n h ducns da lgslan and makng hSpansh adn cmnal law bsl.

in h scnd appach hs usn, and n h bass a gus and xmplasach manuscps b dvs juss h hnh cnu, Mnans, b nw h mhdlgcal pjudcs ha cndnd hs s sud, bcam awaha a an al sag h lgal scnc h ius commune undsd h ccumsancs cm n as an nnsc lmn cmnal bhav, bu m an xnal pn vw, as pscbng h dg gul h cmnal and h gav h punshmn b assgnd b h judg usng hs arbitrium.155 i lgal dcn usd hs cncp “ccumsancs h cm” a such an al mmn, s pbabl ha can nmavsucs mpld h cncp n h sam sns. t cnm hs hphss wuld ua nw sud.

Lavng asd h dn npans ha can b basd n an analss nmavsucs, s cla ha lgal dcn pvs h xsnc such ccumsancs accdng h adnal hss Spansh dcn. fllwng hs asnng, h glssas h hnh cnu knw hw spaa hs ccumsancs m h cmnal

bhav sl, s asnabl blv ha h cmmnas, hs m h mos italicus as wll as hs m h mos gallicus , kp ha pah. ths usn als dsvs bsubjc uh sach.156

A cls analss h ccumsancs h cmnal ac vals h cnncn bwnhs and h judcal awad n h Mdval and Mdn pds, 157 akng n accunha, alhugh h aba pnal claus was h man lmn h cc slcn h punshmn n a pacula cas, hs was dn n h bass h cmnal’s gul.th ccumsancs w hs ha b psnd h gul lmn h cmnal

bhav, msl cndnng h pacula cmnal spnsbl.158 i s wll knwnha an aba claus h cmnal law pvdd ha, n bcaus h cmnal

154 Mnans fn, n 152 abv, p. 127.155 e. Mnans fn, “An d d vl d nc”, Rivista Internazionale di Diritto Commune, iX (1998), pp. 49-80;d, “¿P ué suna la campana?, Rivista Internazionale di Diritto Commune , X (1999), pp.37-52.156 fs, n mus bgn m h da ha juss m hmos italicus (h maj n u lgal adn),dsp h acn h schlasc mhd basd n h cas, kp spaang h ccumsancs hcmnal ac m h cm. Nw – and n hs sam ln – n can hnk ha h Spansh juss, wh ddadp n h modus faciendi h pcal ms hmos gallicus cun (Ann Gómz, Dg d Cvaubas,and hs), pbabl advancd m n hs dcn, ha s, n cnsdng hs ccumsancs usd hcm. th mgh hav md a cncpn cnsdabl cls ha ncpad la b h cdcan.in hs gad, was mpan h dsncn bwn dna and xadna punshmn.157 Mas, “La dmnsón jmplazan dl Dch pnal muncpal caalán n l mac d la adcón

juídca upa. Algunas xns ushsóc-pnals d caác mdlógc” AHDE, LXXi (2001), pp.463-464.158

Hand-rudl Hagmann, Basler Rechtsleben im Mittelalter (1981), pp. 241-242.


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and hs h psnal ccumsancs, dncal ncs w b punshd b dnpnals.159

Nvhlss, phaps s n cncdnc ha h scs nmav gulan hmgang and aggavang ccumsancs cmnal spnsbl cncds wh habln h wd dscn whch judgs had n h old rgm. in h cdcan

sag h cv nducn h pncpl lgal and h subsun abln wd judcal dscn snd h l h ccumsancs h cmnal ac nassgnng a punshmn, s ha, snc hn, h ang a judcal dcsn was nclsdwhn w wll dlnad nds, hus allvang h pmnnc ha such ccumsancshad unl h nnnh cnu.

th cls lanshp bwn hs mdng ccumsancs and judcal wllgnad n mpal rman law, wh h judg had pa ann h ccumsancs mans, m, plac and h ndvduals (nd and ndd). th Digesto (D. 48, 19,16) ducd hm svn: causa, persona, loco, tempore, qualitate, quantitate and eventu. All hm had b akn n accun whn assgnng a m a lss sus punshmn.ths dcn h ius commune (svnnh cnu) was h s amp ak gnalaccun ccumsancs spaal m h pacula cms, alhugh man asns mgan ssmacall s u had bn alad dvlpd b h psglssas.160 A h Mdn Pd, dcn dd n vcm hs appach. in pacc h judghad cmpl dscn whn assgnng punshmns.161

th fnch rvlun, as a lgcal acn agans judcal abanss andundsandabl skng achv maxmum lgal scu, adpd a smwhaxm psn. Whl dng awa wh h unlmd dscn h judg, h fnchsubsud hs pncpl h abslu nxbl h law. ths appach, adpd

b h fnch cmnal cd n 1791, was apdl ccd.th cds h nnnh cnu pd gv sm dscn h judg,

bu lmd n sm wa. th cn ha has mand vald hs da cms mh Cmnal Cd 1848:162 h absac lgal pnal gnall s lmd bwn amnmum and a maxmum. Whn hs ang, h mdng ccumsancs pmp aducn s ha h judgs assgn a m lss sus punshmn han h avag.onl n can suans can hs bunds b xcdd, alhugh alwas whn a lmsablshd b h law. thus, n h Spansh ssm – bu n n h eupan163 – h judg

159 fdnand rau, Beiträge zum Kriminalrecht der Freien Reichsstadt Frankfurt a. Main im Mittelalter bis 1532 (1916), pp. 2-6.160 Schasn , n 84 abv, pp. 65 ss.; G. Dahm, Das Strafrecht Italiens im ausgehenden Mittelalter. Untersuchungenüber die Beziehung zwischen Theorie und Praxis im Strafrecht des Spätmittelalters, namentlich im XVI Jahrhundert.

Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Straehre (1931), pp. 293 .161 tmás Valn, n 31 abv, pp. 331 .162 in h Cmnal Cd 1822 h cags mgang and aggavang w cnand n Acls 106and 107; h uls h applcan a punshmn a h ccumsancs w n Acl 101 . th cusculd “nv ncas dcas h punshmns pscbd b h law bu nl n h nsancs and msxpssd n Acl 102”. N “va, cmmu, dspns chang n an wa h punshmns sablshd

b h law, n applng hm n h spcv cass” (Acl 108). Analg was pmd (Acl 109).163 oh eupan cds mand a h sag n whch h mdng ccumsancs, xcp hs lgallscd, w l h dscn h judg, ha s, h ccumsancs w n akn n cnsdanunl h mmn assgnng punshmn. Cncnng fnland, s Hkk Phlajamak, “on h Vg Mdn Law? Mgan Snnc n Nnnh-Cnu fnland”, Ius Commune. Zeitschrift für Europäische

Rechtsgeschichte, XXVii (2001), pp. 269-294.


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JCL 4:1 127

s n cnsd n h accdnal ccumsancs ha ma nunc h absacamwk h punshmn.

th, h abln judcal dscn assgn punshmn n nlcnbud h cnsunalzan h pncpl lgal, bu als h dnvplacmn mdng ccumsancs spnsbl n h Gnal Pa. th magn

judcal dscn was lmd n lan h absac lgal pnal as sablshd bh law. Nvhlss, cmnal law dcn has n alwas bn sasd b h dcul balanc bwn dl lgalsm, pcal lgal ssms h rman adn and judcal dscn. Snc h wnh cnu “h a m pnns ha clam a

wdnng judcal dscn”.164 i s bvus ha judcal dscn has xpncdga pssu n h cnnnal lgal adn han n h Angl-Saxn. Nhxpncd h upu ha rman ssms xpncd a h nd h ghnhcnu.165

W un m spccall h vlun h mdng ccumsancs spnsbl a h cdcan sag.

The state of necessity and obedience w mculusl analzd bius commune dcn.166 obdnc undwn n h al nnnh cnu sm m und hnunc h lbal dcn. Wh h am achvng h sng and una ul h Sa, an uncndnal du bdnc b h cvl svans as, nl cuslallvad b h gh demonstratio. th xn such bdnc, whch appad nh hscal cnx h cdcan pcss, dd n cncd wh h pnns ialan juspudnc h sxnh cnu bcaus h was a lucanc admuncndnal bdnc, n nl h ds h sup, bu hs h pnc.ths has bn h adnal appach Spansh and ialan lgal dcn, s s nunusual ha hs ulmal was h cn chsn b h Spansh cmnal cds. onh h hand, h gabl cnsuncs uncndnal bdnc dmandd and

cvd n alaan eupan Sas h wnh cnu ld h dnvjcn ha pncpl.

Pachc dd n dub hs ac whn h sad ha “u ld laws slvd n h samsns ha h cd ds; and b hns, s uncncvabl ha an lgslan culdslv n an h wa”.167 th man cmmna n h 1870 Cmnal Cd xpssdhs n h sam wds.168

Age had als bn sudd bius commune dcn b h cdcan mvmn.169 A hs pn h nmav sucs h old rgm pnal adn had sablshd

164 Agusín fnándz Alb, “Apacón al sud cmpaad d ls ssmas pnals ups”, ADPCP, XiX (1966), . i, p. 49.165 ibd., p. 54.166 Jménz d Asúa, n 94 abv, p. 66; K

Codification of Spanish Criminal Law in Nineteenth Century a Comparative Legal History Approach

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