FRO M CLUSTERS TO INNO VATIO N SYSTEM S IN TH E W INE SECTO R LYNN K.M YTELKA CARLETO N U N IVER SITY UNU/INTECH ISR N C O NFERENCE RENAISSANCE HO TEL,TO R O N TO , 5-6 M A Y 2005
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Clone development Rootstock development Virus diagnostics Canopy management Irrigation and drainage Climate controls/ monitoring Vineyard software management.
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Clone development Rootstock development Virus diagnostics
Canopy management Irrigation and drainage Climate controls/
monitoring Vineyard software management Integrated pest management
Harvesting methods VITICULTURE KNOWLEDGE BASES &
INNOVATION
Appellation and quality standards Tourism and hospitality Wine
competitions Wine education Exports Mergers and acquisitions
Vertical integration Premium contracts for grape growers Brand
development Online retailing ORGANIZATIONAL & MARKETING
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The SA wine sector in the apartheid era KWV controlled prices
and surpluses through quota system Production focussed on
maximising yields Standardised production methods KWV sole
exporter, marketer, distributor Exploitative labour practices
Stagnant domestic market
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Learning to Change: 1994 - 1999 Quota system abolished end 80s
Sanctions lifted Competency gaps in marketing revealed KWV converts
to a company leaving a void Dramatic increase in exports Limited
industry coordination and strategic planning
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The Emergence of a Strategy: 1999 2003 Focus on quality and
terroir New regions and new players established Planting change in
line with world trends Co-ops converting to companies Winetech
launches Vision 2020 Wosa focused on building Brand South
Africa
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Innovation Production terroir focussed Labour intensive
viticulture Strong soil science knowledge Winemakers combine modern
technology with tacit knowledge Significant investment in cellar
upgrades Create unique South African cultivars: Pinotage across
between Pinot Noire and Cinsaut Brand South Africa International
distribution Funding for research and development Increasing skills
of labourers and managers
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The Chilean Model Foreign Direct Investment Flows 1975 - 2001:
118.1 million 1990 - 2001: 94.5 million (origin: US, Canada,
France, Spain) Knowledge Flows Foreign Oenologist, French, at the
beginning Flying Winemakers Highly skilled national
Oenologists
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Contradictory performance of the Chilean innovation system
Strengths 1. Rising degree of knowledge intensity primarily
embodied in capital goods, and partially stimulated by the massive
flow of foreign investment. 2. Remarkable capacity of technological
absorption and adaptation, based on the presence of dynamic leading
firms, skilled human resources, and initial constructive
public-private sector interaction.
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3. Dynamic and increasingly articulated industrial structure 4.
Quality Regulatory Body (SAG) 5. Expansion of export markets and
increased export price per unit 6. Increase of fine grape
plantations 7. Innovation in wine cepages & viniculture:
carmeniere
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Current weaknesses 1. Low degree of cooperation and interaction
among wine producers 2. Lack of institutional support (e.g.
Prochile) and of coordination among the different instutional
actors (e.g. SAG, associations, universities, etc.) 3. Low
Investment in Marketing & Promotion 4. Good quality but low
price niche market 5. No endogenous research or technological
Development
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POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES OF CLUSTERING OPPORTUNITIES FOR LINKAGES
COLLECTIVE EFFICIENCIES POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES EVEN WHEN THESE
POTENTIALS ARE REALIZED THE CLUSTER MAY NOT BECOME A DYNAMIC
INNOVATION SYSTEM
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ANALYZING INNOVATION SYSTEMS ACTORS POLICY LINKAGES KNOWLEDGE
LEARNING
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The Paradox Number of wineries increases to over 80 But small
wineries do not grow A surplus of vinifera grapes appears despite
the marketing board Wine output grows from 645,000 litres in 1991
to over 3.9 million litres in 2002 Value of VQA wines sales
increased from $5.6 million dollars to $50 million dollars between
1991 and 2002 But Ontario wines lose market share in the domestic
market Exports do not grow
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Ideal natural conditions and timing No phylloxera No plagues
and fungi (low humidity) Sunshine and high luminosity Low labour
costs Rising external demand for quality wines Increasing number of
new entrants, despite the hegemony of old world producers Consumer
sympathy for new world wines