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Citrus Rootstock/Scion Interaction:
The scion’s effect on rootstock performance
Eran Raveh
Institute of Plant Sciences
Agricultural Research Organization
Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
CREA-ENEA-Israel Workshop WORKING TOGETHER FOR SUSTAINABLE
AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Scion
Rootstock
Citrus is usually grown as a grafted tree
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
A range of citrus graft union shapes, presumably indicating
rootstock-scion compatibility
A range of citrus graft union shapes, presumably indicating
rootstock-scion compatibility (reproduced from Webber, 1948;
https://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdf;
https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/get-grafting/9438216;
http://pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/269993/Fact_sheet_-_Navelina_Orange_Rootstock_Incompatibility.pdf).
https://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdfhttps://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdfhttps://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdfhttps://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdfhttps://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdfhttps://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdfhttps://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/get-grafting/9438216https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/get-grafting/9438216https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/get-grafting/9438216https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/get-grafting/9438216https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/get-grafting/9438216
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Influence of rootstock on Navelina yield
Prof. Tahir Khurshid (Australia)
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Rootstock effects on scion:
• Date of fruit maturity
• Internal and external fruit quality
• Yield
• Fruit size
• Physiological characteristics of the fruit such as colour
and
rind characteristics (creasing, splitting and rind
thickness)
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Rootstock’s influence on tree growth, production and fruit
quality
https://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdf
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Florida
Citrus
Rootstock
Selection
Guide
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
What about the scion’s effect on the rootstock?
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Scion’s effect on the rootstock resistance to salinity
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Citrus is known as a salt sensitive crop
Citrus*
*Average yield loss of 17% for each EC unit above 1.5 dS/m
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Salinity (NaCl) has negative effects on trees:
•Limits water uptake from soil (osmotic effects)
•Limits mineral uptake
•Creates a toxicity effect
•Reduces yield
Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Irrigation with reclaimed waste water
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Sodium level in Israeli Produce (% of USDA standarts)
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
NaCl in diagnostic citrus leaves from Israel
Results of samples routinely sent to national labs ~30,000
citrus leaf samples tested for Cl between 1993 and 2012. 110-985
samples/year Raveh and Ben-Gal 2016 Agric Water Man
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Roots are a sink organ that get their energy from the scion.
Hypothesis: Rootstock characteristics will be strongly dependent
on carbohydrate supplies from the scion.
Source
Sink
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Sunki mandarin Cleopatra Rangpur lime Rough lemon Sour orange
Citrumelo 4475 Trifoliate orange Sweet lemon Sweet orange Troyer
citrange Carizo citrange
Ranking citrus rootstock resistance to chloride uptake
Very sensitive
Non-sensitive
Maas E.V., 1997. Salinity and Citriculture. Tree Physiology 12,
195-216.
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Max Cl –
Susceptible Medium Tolerant Scion Range Reference
SwL SO SwO 500 Oppenheimer 1937
CTRN> CTRM> RL SwO> SO CLEO> RANG grapefruit 1800
Cooper and Gorton 1952
SO CLEO grapefruit 1200 Cooper et al. 1958
MACR> CARZ> TROY SwL> SO> CTRM CLEO> RANG>
SUNKI grapefruit 1200 Peynado and Young 1962
CARZ CLEO FA5= FA13 seedlings 4690 Forner et al. 2000
RL> TRIF CARZ> TROY> SwO RANG> CLEO> MACR
seedlings 1775 Grieve and Walker 1983
MACR SO* CLEO* lemon 1490 Nieves et al. 1990
RL SO> CLEO grapefruit 680 Levy and Shalhevet 1990
SO VOLK MACR lemon 3550 Garcia Legaz et al. 1992
TROY SO> CITR CLEO grapefruit 3400 Boman 1994
CARZ= TROY RL VOLK seedlings 1147 Combrink et al. 1995
SO CLEO RANG> VOLK seedlings 3000 El Hammady et al. 1995
SO SB812 RT803> GT> CLEO seedlings 1680 Levy et al.
1999
Levy, Y., and J.P., Syvertsen, 2004.
Ranking of rootstock tolerance to chloride in different
studies.
SO = Sour Orange rootstock
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
A seven year old
orchard with 21
rootstock/scion
combinations
Scions
‘Mor’ ‘Nur’ ‘Newhall’ ‘Or’
Rootstocks 812 +
C35 + +
Cleo + +
Rang + + + +
SO + + + +
Troyer + + + +
Volka + + + +
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Scion
‘Mor’ ‘Nur’ ‘Newhall’ ‘Or’
Rootstock 812 0.29
C35 0.25 0.64
Cleo 0.20 0.24
Rang 0.17 0.29 0.36 0.28
SO 0.20 0.23 0.44 0.46
Troyer 0.33 0.42 0.44 0.96
Volka 0.29 0.50 0.51 0.92
The effect of
rootstock/scion
combination on leaf
chloride content (% DW)
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Root starch content (mg glucose per g DW)
50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
Roo
t ch
lorid
e c
once
ntr
atio
n (
% D
W)
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
‘Or’ mandarin
‘Nur’ mandarin
‘Mor’ mandarin
‘Newhall’
navel
Y= 4.11 - 0.08X + 4.67e-4X2
R ²=0.990
Volka rootstock
starch vs. chloride
concentrations.
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Restricting cotyledon carbohydrate supplies and its effects
on
NaCl uptake in germinated seeds.
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
The effect of partial cotyledon removal on shoot length and NaCl
uptake
Cotyledon Shoot Shoot chloride Shoot sodium
removal length (% DW) (% DW)
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0% 6.9 cm 1.5 ± 0.6 1.5 ± 0.2
25% 6.4 cm 2.2 ± 0.7 1.8 ± 0.3
50% 5.8 cm 3.7 ± 0.9 3.1 ± 0.5
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*3 week-old Volkamariana seedlings were grown at room
temperature and exposed to
40 mM NaCl for 28 days.
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Effects of girdling on citrus sensitivity to salinity
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Girdled Control
Ro
ot
chlo
rid
e c
on
ten
t (%
DW
)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Treatment
Girdled Control
Ro
ot
sod
ium
co
nte
nt
(% D
W)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Root chloride
Root sodium
Girdled Control
Xyl
em
sap
chlo
rid
e(m
M)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Treatment
Girdled Control
Xyl
em
sap
sodiu
m(m
M)
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
Xylem chloride
Xylem sodium
Treatment
Girdled Control
Le
af
ch
lori
de
(%
DW
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Treatment
Girdled Control
Le
af
ch
lori
de
(%
DW
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Treatment
Girdled Control
Ro
ot
sta
rch
(m
g g
luco
se p
er
g D
M)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70Starch
Leaf chloride
Treatment
Girdled Control
Ro
ot
resp
ira
tio
n r
ate
(mic
rom
ol C
O2 p
er
g F
W)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Root respiration
Root iodine staining
Girdling was
found to
increase the
salt sensitivity
of the trees
Control
Girdled
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
The effect of rootstock/scion combination on leaf chloride
content
(% DW) Rootstock
Scion
Lane Late Navelina Eureka Imperial
Anjiang hongju 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.06
Cao Shixiangju 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.06
Zhoupi jiangjin 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.08
Zao Yang 0.22 0.17 0.13 0.09
Tri 22 0.52 0.51 0.39 0.24
ACIAR Chinese rootstocks (salt tolerant) Anjiang hongju, Cao
shixiangju (Erythrosa type) Zhoupi Jiangin (Mandarin type) Zao Yang
(Trifoliata type) Prof. Tahir Khurshid (Australia)
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Influence of scions on rootstock phloem sap metabolites
Rootstocks: 812 Volka SO
Orra Shani
Michal
Meirav
Scions:
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Effect of scion on rootstocks phloem sap metabolites
(distribution and relative content in sap)
SO
Vo
lka
81
2
SO
Vo
lka
81
2
SO
Vo
lka
81
2
‘Meirav’ ‘Michal’ ‘Orra’ SCION
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Effect of scion on rootstocks phloem sap
metabolites (distribution and
relative content in sap)
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Conclusions
As a sink organ, rootstock’s resistance to salinity is dependent
on carbohydrates supplied from the scion.
As was hypothesised, rootstock performance is strongly dependent
on the scion.
It can be assumed that other rootstock characteristics will also
be affected by scion carbohydrate supplies.
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Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of
Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel
Thank you for your attention