Climate MRV for Africa – Phase 2 Development of National GHG Inventory Iron & Steel (IPPU) Project of the European Commission DG Clima Action EuropeAid/136245/DH/SER/MULTI Amr Osama Abdel-Aziz, Assen Gasharov, Mike Bess and Laura Lahti Team Leader and Key Experts April 2017 Lead partner
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Climate MRV for Africa – Phase 2
Development of National GHG Inventory
Iron & Steel (IPPU)
Project of the European Commission
DG Clima Action EuropeAid/136245/DH/SER/MULTI
Amr Osama Abdel-Aziz, Assen Gasharov, Mike Bess
and Laura Lahti
Team Leader and Key Experts
April 2017
Lead partner
Global Iron & Steel Production and Trend
Uses of Steel
Construction: columns, beams, cables, etc.
Transport: vehicle parts, etc.
Energy infrastructure: oil & gas wells and platform
components, power turbines, transmission towers, etc.
Packaging: Food and beverage packaging, etc.
In the home: Cutlery, appliances, casings
And others…
Source: wikipedia, Georg Jensen
Iron & Steel Production and Global GHG
Emissions
Source: Taras Berezowsky, MetalMiner (2013); ASN Ecofys 2013
Process emissions
(mainly from coke)
contribute
significantly to
overall iron & steel
emissions
About 4.8% of total
emissions
worldwide, including
sectors 1 & 2 (2010)
Essentials of Iron Production
Source: Jindal Trading , Metalloinvest
Two main methods:
Blast furnace ➤ pig iron
Direct reduction ➤ direct reduced iron or “sponge
iron”
Iron Production: Blast Furnace
Source: American Iron & Steel Institute, United States Steel Corporation
400 deg C
1800 deg C
Also: sinter,
pellets
Iron Production: Direct Reduction
Source: midrex.com, steelmaking.wordpress.com
900 deg C
Essentials of Steel Production
Source: http://www.stahlseite.de/ Stahlseite Industrial Photography
Two main methods:
Basic Oxygen
Steelmaking
Furnace: relies
mainly on pig iron
Electric Arc
Furnace: relies
mainly on scrap steel
Open hearth process is
disappearing
Steel Production: Basic Oxygen Furnace
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/technology/basic-oxygen-
furnace, Stahlseite Industrial Photography
Process is “basic” due to the role of
bases as a flux, e.g. MgO, CaO
Steel Production: Electric Arc Furnace
Source: INTECO; Gajic, Savic-Gajic, Savic, Georgieva & Di Gennaro. Energy, Vol. 108
(01/08/16)
Emissions Sources from Iron
& Steel Production
Energy use (Energy, Sector 1)
Production of metallurgical coke for use in
the blast furnace (Category 1A)
The CO2 emissions from all fuels burned
to heat this process (e.g. coke oven gas,
blast furnace gas, others) are considered
as energy emissions
Emissions Sources: Coking Coal for Iron
& Steel – IPCC 2006 Subcategory 1.A.2a
Emissions Sources from Iron
& Steel Production
CO2 and CH4 emissions from a variety of sources (IPPU,
Sector 2, Sub-Sector 2.C.1)
Emissions from sintering and pelletizing are considered
IPPU
Oxidation of coke and other inputs (e.g. lime)
Emissions from the blast furnace process are IPPU
Oxidation of coke and other inputs. Chemical reactions:
Coke: Iron ore:
Emissions Sources from Iron
& Steel: IPPC 2006, Subcategory 2.C.1.
Emissions Sources from Iron
& Steel Production
Sintering is a process with significant emissions in an integrated
steel mill.
Source: EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook (2013), Iron and Steel
Production
Source: Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Major Industrial Sources
(2000), Iron and Steel Production
Source: Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Major Industrial
Sources (2000), Iron and Steel Production
Emissions Sources from Iron
& Steel Production
Natural gas or coal may be used as fuel for pelletisation plants.
In pelletisation plants located onsite at an integrated iron and steel
facility, coke oven gas may be used as a fuel.
Source: Kobelco (2010), KOBELCO Pelletizing Process
Emissions Sources from Iron
& Steel Production
Direct reduced iron
Use of natural gas (as
reformed gas), coke
breeze, coke as
reducing agents
Source: steelmaking.wordpress.com
Emissions Sources from Iron
& Steel Production
Basic oxygen furnace
Use of limestone,
dolomite as reducing
agents
Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/technology/basic-oxygen-
furnace,
Emissions Sources from Iron
& Steel Production
Electric arc furnace
Consumption of the
carbon electrodes
Emissions Potential for the Category
The emission factor per tonne of steel produced varies
greatly by technology
Basic oxygen furnace (includes iron making):
1.46 tCO2/tonne steel
Electric arc furnace (steelmaking only):
0.08 tCO2/tonne steel
Open hearth furnace (includes iron making):
1.72 tCO2/tonne steel
Source: Default EF from IPCC 2006 Vol. 3, Ch. 4, Table. 4.1
Decision Tree for Iron & Steel CO2
Emissions IPCC 2006
Source: IPCC 2006 Vol. 3, Ch. 4, Fig. 4.7
Decision Tree for Iron & Steel CH4
Emissions IPCC 2006
Source: IPCC 2006 Vol. 3, Ch. 4, Fig. 4.8
Tier 1 Method
IPCC 2006: Tier 1 Method for CO2 emissions
from Iron and Steel production
Based on multiplying production data by default emission factors
Emissions per unit of steel production vary widely depending on the
method of steel production.
It is good practice to determine the share of steel produced in different
types of steelmaking processes, calculate emissions for each process,
and then sum the estimates.
Source: IPCC 2006 Vol. 3, Ch. 4, Eq 4.4
Where:
IPCC 2006: Tier 1 Method for CO2 emissions
from Direct Reduced Iron production
Source: IPCC 2006 Vol. 3, Ch. 4, Eq 4.6
IPCC 2006: Tier 1 Method for CO2
emissions from Sinter Production
Where:
It is good practice to estimate separately the emissions from sinter production
and pellet production, using the equations provided.
Source: IPCC 2006 Vol. 3, Ch. 4, Eq 4.7
IPCC 2006: Tier 1 Method for CO2
emissions from Pellet Production
Where:
Source: IPCC 2006 Vol. 3, Ch. 4, Eq 4.8
Tier 1 Method Emission Factors
Source: IPCC 2006
Vol. 3, Ch. 4, Table
4.1
Tier 1 Activity Data
Production data at the national level, from government entities, trade associations, individual plants, or etc.
Pig iron not processed to steel
Direct reduced iron
Sinter
Pellets
Metallurgical coke
Steel production, by method (BOF vs. EAF)
Tier 1 CH4 Emissions Method
Source: IPCC 2006 Vol. 3, Ch. 4, Eq 4.12-4.14
Tier 1 CH4 Emissions Factors
Source: IPCC 2006 Vol. 3, Ch. 4, Table 4. 2
IPCC 2006: Tier 2 Method for CO2 emissions
from Iron and Steel production
Source: IPCC 2006 Vol. 3, Ch. 4, Eq. 4.9
Appropriate if there are national data on amounts of
process materials for iron & steel production
IPCC 2006: Tier 2 Method for CO2 emissions
from Iron and Steel production
Source: IPCC 2006 Vol. 3, Ch. 4, Eq. 4.9
IPCC 2006: Tier 2 Method for CO2 emissions
from Direct Reduced Iron Production
Tier 2 method based on:
fuel consumption
fuel carbon content.
Emissions from DRI production are derived from combusting fuel, coke breeze,
metallurgical coke or other carbonaceous materials, and are to be reported as
IPPU emissions. Source: IPCC 2006 Vol. 3, Ch. 4, Eq 4.11
Tier 2 Method Emission Factor
Source: IPCC 2006 Vol. 3, Ch. 4, Table 4.3
Tier 2 Activity Data & Sources
If a key category, then Tier 2 is preferred
over Tier 1
Data on amount of inputs of limestone,
dolomite, and carbon electrodes may be
available from government entities or trade
associations, but it may be necessary to
receive information from individual plants
Default carbon contents from the
Guidelines may be applied, or plant-specific
carbon contents, if available
IPCC 2006: Tier 3 Method
The Tier 3 emission estimate uses plant specific
data:
Plant-specific mass balance approach (for CO2
emissions), and
Direct emissions monitoring data (mainly for CH4
emissions)
It must address the use and offsite-transfer of all
process materials listed in Tier 2
Uncertainty in Iron & Steel Emissions
Estimates
Source of uncertainty Range How to mitigate
Tier 1
•Default emission factors
•National production data
•±25%
•±10%
N/A
Tier 2
•Material-Specific Default Carbon
Contents
•National Reducing Agent & Process
Materials Data
•±10%
•±10%
•Use site-specific
carbon contents
Tier 3
•Company-Derived Process Materials
Data
•Company-Specific Measured CO2 and
CH4 Data
•Company-Specific Emission Factors
•±5%
•±5%
•±5%
N/A
Based on: IPCC 2006 Vol. 3, Ch. 4, Table 4.4
Special Considerations for Iron & Steel
Emissions Estimates
Special care should be taken to avoid double-counting or
omissions of CO2 from the use of coke, especially in integrated
production facilities
Limestone or Dolomite used as carbonate fluxes in iron and
steelmaking, should be accounted for as part of the iron & steel
inventory emissions
QA/QC for Iron & Steel Emissions
Check site-specific emission factors and carbon contents
against IPCC defaults
Review consistency of activity data between sites / plants
Make use of expert reviews, for example by main industrial
trade organizations
Cross check against emissions reported in category 1A for
double-counting or omissions of emissions from coke, coal,
natural gas, and etc. used as reducing agents in iron &
steelmaking
Reporting Considerations for Iron &
Steel Emissions
Link reporting with emissions reported in category 1A, to
demonstrate there is no double-counting of emissions from
coke or coal used as reducing agents in iron & steel
production
Thank you!
Amr Osama Abdel-Aziz, Assen Gasharov, Mike Bess and Laura Lahti
Related Documents
