Climate change is one of the most complex, multifaceted and serious threats the world faces. The response to this threat is fundamentally linked.

““Climate change is one of the most Climate change is one of the most complex, multifaceted and serious complex, multifaceted and serious

threats the world faces. The response to threats the world faces. The response to this threat is fundamentally linked to this threat is fundamentally linked to

pressing concerns of pressing concerns of sustainable sustainable development and global fairness; of development and global fairness; of

economy, poverty reduction and society; economy, poverty reduction and society; and of the world we want to hand down to and of the world we want to hand down to

our childrenour children.” - UN Secretary General .” - UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moonBan Ki-moon

Innovate to save the planetInnovate to save the planet

Necessity is the mother of inventionNecessity is the mother of invention . . An An inventor knows no gender.inventor knows no gender.

What everyone wants are solutions which are What everyone wants are solutions which are not only good for the planet, but also good for not only good for the planet, but also good for business and good for development. business and good for development. Technological innovation is seen as the best Technological innovation is seen as the best hope of delivering this state.hope of delivering this state.

Technological solutions are needed for the challenges of Technological solutions are needed for the challenges of both both mitigationmitigation and  and adaptationadaptation. .

MitigationMitigation is about slowing is about slowing down global warming by down global warming by reducing the level of greenhouse gases in the atmospherereducing the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. . Among the many mitigation technologies already on – or Among the many mitigation technologies already on – or nearing – the market are renewable energy sources, such as, nearing – the market are renewable energy sources, such as, biofuels, biomass, wind, solar and hydro power; low carbon biofuels, biomass, wind, solar and hydro power; low carbon building materials; and emerging technologies which aim to building materials; and emerging technologies which aim to capture carbon out of the atmosphere and lock it awaycapture carbon out of the atmosphere and lock it away..

AdaptationAdaptation involves dealing with the involves dealing with the existing or anticipated existing or anticipated effects of climate change, particularly in the developing, least effects of climate change, particularly in the developing, least developed and small island countries, which are most severely developed and small island countries, which are most severely affectedaffected. In addition to . In addition to “soft” technologies“soft” technologies, such as, , such as, crop crop rotation, hard technologies for adaptation include improved rotation, hard technologies for adaptation include improved irrigation techniques to cope with drought, and new plant irrigation techniques to cope with drought, and new plant varieties which are resistant to drought or to salt watervarieties which are resistant to drought or to salt water..

Gender-sensitive technologies to Gender-sensitive technologies to support climate change support climate change adapatation and mitigationadapatation and mitigation

OutlineOutline What is technology? What is technology? Why do we need technology? How do we develop Why do we need technology? How do we develop

and transfer technology?and transfer technology? What are the issues in technology development and What are the issues in technology development and

transfer?transfer? What is technology development and transfer? What What is technology development and transfer? What

are the legal framework?are the legal framework? What Africa has and knowWhat Africa has and know What are the challenges for now and beyond?What are the challenges for now and beyond?

What comes to mind What comes to mind when you hear the word when you hear the word ““technology”?technology”?

TechnologyTechnology

refers to the process by refers to the process by which humans modify which humans modify nature, products, process, etc. nature, products, process, etc. to meet their needs and wantsto meet their needs and wants

CSD-17 LEARNING CENTRE COURSEFriday, May 8, 2009, 10:00am to 1:00pmConference Room C, United Nations Headquarters

Evaluating the Role of Biofuels in Sustainable Rural Development

Introduction to the Course

Gail Karlsson, Senior Policy Advisor to ENERGIA, the International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy, editor of The Role of Biofuels in Rural Development and Empowerment of Women, and a member of IUCN’s Commission on Environmental Law Overview on the Potential of Biofuels for Economic and Social Development Professor Richard Ottinger, Dean Emeritus of the Pace University School of Law and Chair of the Energy and Climate Specialists Group within IUCN’s Commission on Environmental Law, and author of Biofuels – Potential, Problems & Solutions.”

Course Instructors:Barbara Bramble, Chair of the Board of the Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels, and Senior Program Advisor for International Affairs of the National Wildlife Federation Stephen Gitonga, United Nations Development Programme, Bureau for Development Policy, Environment and Energy Group, Sustainable Energy Programme, Energy Policy Specialist. Sabina Anokye Mensah, Gender and Development Coordinator, GRATIS Foundation, Ghana, contributing author to ENERGIA’s publication The Role of Biofuels in Rural Development and Empowerment of Women Coordinated by: Professor Ottinger, tel: 914-422-4121, [email protected] and Gail Karlsson, tel: 212-267-4239, [email protected]

International Union for the International Network on Gender andConservation of Nature Sustainable Energy

Technology is a product of engineering and Technology is a product of engineering and science, the study of the natural worldscience, the study of the natural world

2 parts2 parts

body of knowledge accumulated over timebody of knowledge accumulated over time

process-scientific inquiry that generates knowledge (K process-scientific inquiry that generates knowledge (K of design & creation of human-made products & of design & creation of human-made products & process for solving problems)process for solving problems)

Technology Technology ObjectsObjects, i.e., tools, machines, instruments, , i.e., tools, machines, instruments,

weapons, appliances or the physical as devise weapons, appliances or the physical as devise for performancefor performance

KnowledgeKnowledge or know-how used in or know-how used in technological innovationtechnological innovation

ActivitiesActivities or what people do or what people do ProcessProcess that begins with needs and ends in that begins with needs and ends in

solutionsolution Socio-technical systemSocio-technical system or manufacture and or manufacture and

use of objectsuse of objects

Is technology Is technology

gender-neutral?gender-neutral?

Technology is never gender-neutralTechnology is never gender-neutral

In many developing countries, girls’ and women’s In many developing countries, girls’ and women’s access to information and communication technology access to information and communication technology is constrained by:is constrained by:

Social and cultural biasSocial and cultural bias Inadequate technological infrastructure in rural areasInadequate technological infrastructure in rural areas Women’s lower education levels and fear of or lack Women’s lower education levels and fear of or lack

of interest in technologyof interest in technology

Women’s lack of disposable income to purchase Women’s lack of disposable income to purchase technology servicestechnology services

Technology Development and Transfer : Technology Development and Transfer : What do we know?What do we know?

Investments in clean, energy-efficient technologies are growing Investments in clean, energy-efficient technologies are growing fast, including new financial products and marketsfast, including new financial products and markets

Substantial financing gap for the required scale-up of clean, Substantial financing gap for the required scale-up of clean, energy-efficient technologies for both mitigation and adaptation energy-efficient technologies for both mitigation and adaptation are availableare available

Private sector incentives are being reinforcedPrivate sector incentives are being reinforced Africa has great potential for all of the renewable energy Africa has great potential for all of the renewable energy

technologies in recent years: technologies in recent years: wind, solar, biofuelswind, solar, biofuels Carbon markets (including CDM) can play important role but Carbon markets (including CDM) can play important role but

Africa is yet to see the benefitsAfrica is yet to see the benefits Indigenous adaptation technologies already exist in Africa and Indigenous adaptation technologies already exist in Africa and

need to be documented, scaled-up and diffusedneed to be documented, scaled-up and diffused

Areas of focus for Areas of focus for technological interventiontechnological intervention

Technology needs and needs assessmentTechnology needs and needs assessment Technology informationTechnology information Enabling environments for technology transferEnabling environments for technology transfer Capacity building for technology transferCapacity building for technology transfer Mechanisms for technology transferMechanisms for technology transfer

FinancingFinancing

Gender in Energy

Kitchen Improvement for Indoor Air Quality and Health

Name of respondent : Salvacion Calimlim Particulate Matter

Before After Percent reduction 18 -19 Mar 26 -27 May

0.60 mg/m3 or 0.26 mg/m3 or 56.67%

600 ug/m3 260 ug/m3

Carbon Monoxide Before After Percent

reduction18 -19 May 26 -27 May 2.66 ppm 1.12 pm 57.89%

USEPA PCIA & University of Berkeley,

Aprovecho, ARECOP, ENERGIA,

UNDP REP-PoR, CIDA-AIT SEA UEMA,

WBDM 2007

Group work (15 minutes)Group work (15 minutes)

Group 1Group 1For technology intervention For technology intervention What are your reasonsWhat are your reasons Group 2Group 2Against technology intervention Against technology intervention What are your reasons?What are your reasons? Group 3Group 3For innovationFor innovation

Key issues to considerKey issues to consider What technology development and transfer issues are key What technology development and transfer issues are key

challenges for African countries? How do we integrate gender challenges for African countries? How do we integrate gender dimensions in TDT?dimensions in TDT?

What key issues Africa should focus on?What key issues Africa should focus on? What key sectors Africa needs to focus on in TDT?What key sectors Africa needs to focus on in TDT? What can AMCEN and other regional institutions do to support What can AMCEN and other regional institutions do to support

actions by African Countries on gender-responsive TDT?actions by African Countries on gender-responsive TDT? Do you think Africa requires a regional technology action plan Do you think Africa requires a regional technology action plan

for mitigation and adaptation? Why? How will you go about this for mitigation and adaptation? Why? How will you go about this plan? What will be the mechanism, esp. in gender plan? What will be the mechanism, esp. in gender considerations?considerations?

How quickly can Africa move to low carbon emission How quickly can Africa move to low carbon emission economies? How will gender be integrated in the initiative?economies? How will gender be integrated in the initiative?

What policy approach is needed in Africa to accelerate gender-What policy approach is needed in Africa to accelerate gender-responsive technology development and transfer for mitigation responsive technology development and transfer for mitigation and adaptation?and adaptation?

What level of investments are required for sustainable What level of investments are required for sustainable technology development and transfer within Africa?technology development and transfer within Africa?

How will Africa address the issue of intellectual How will Africa address the issue of intellectual property rights? property rights?

What form of international R&D sharing and co-What form of international R&D sharing and co-operation should take place?operation should take place?

What should be the role and ultimate scope of carbon What should be the role and ultimate scope of carbon markets and CDM in TDT?markets and CDM in TDT?

What incentive mechanisms should be in place to What incentive mechanisms should be in place to stimulate private sector participation in TDT in Africa?stimulate private sector participation in TDT in Africa?

What institutional arrangements should be put in place What institutional arrangements should be put in place both at the national, sub-regional & international level both at the national, sub-regional & international level to facilitate and enhance TDT?to facilitate and enhance TDT?

Agenda 21: Chapter 34Agenda 21: Chapter 34Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology, Cooperation Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technology, Cooperation

and Capacity-buildingand Capacity-building

34.1 Environmentally sound technologies protect the 34.1 Environmentally sound technologies protect the environment, are less polluting, use all resources in a environment, are less polluting, use all resources in a more sustainable manner, recycle more of their more sustainable manner, recycle more of their wastes and products, and handle residual wastes in a wastes and products, and handle residual wastes in a more acceptable manner than the technologies for more acceptable manner than the technologies for which they were substitutes.which they were substitutes.

34.2 ESTs …”process and product technologies”…. 34.2 ESTs …”process and product technologies”…. “end of the pipe technologies”“end of the pipe technologies”

The United Nations Framework Convention The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol have paid attention to the need for Protocol have paid attention to the need for development and transfer of environmentally development and transfer of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries, sound technologies to developing countries, For the purposes of enabling these countries to achieve For the purposes of enabling these countries to achieve

advancement in their development whilst limiting their advancement in their development whilst limiting their greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the impacts greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change.of climate change.

The Article 4.1 (c) of the UNFCCC commits all The Article 4.1 (c) of the UNFCCC commits all Parties to the Convention to promote and cooperate Parties to the Convention to promote and cooperate in the development, application and diffusion, in the development, application and diffusion, including transfer of technologies, practices and including transfer of technologies, practices and processes that control, reduce or prevent processes that control, reduce or prevent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases not anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in all relevant controlled by the Montreal Protocol in all relevant sectors, including the energy transport, industry, sectors, including the energy transport, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste management sectors.agriculture, forestry and waste management sectors.

Article 4.5 commits the developed country Article 4.5 commits the developed country Parties and other developed Parties in Annex Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II to the Convention to II to the Convention to “take all practicable “take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of or access to, appropriate, the transfer of or access to, environmentally sound technologies and environmentally sound technologies and know-how to other Parties, particularly know-how to other Parties, particularly developing country Parties to enable them developing country Parties to enable them implement the provisions of the implement the provisions of the Convention….”Convention….”

Article 4.7 states that Article 4.7 states that “the extent to which “the extent to which developing countries under the Convention will developing countries under the Convention will effectively implement their commitments under effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention related their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources (Article 3.1) and transfer of to financial resources (Article 3.1) and transfer of technology (Article 4.5) and will take fully into technology (Article 4.5) and will take fully into account that economic and social development and account that economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties”.priorities of the developing country Parties”.

The Article 3.14 of the KP on commitments, The Article 3.14 of the KP on commitments, acknowledges the acknowledges the need to minimize the need to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change on adverse impacts of climate change on developing countriesdeveloping countries and notes among the and notes among the “issues to be considered shall be the “issues to be considered shall be the establishment of funding, insurance and establishment of funding, insurance and technology transfer”.technology transfer”.

Article 10.6(b) of KP recognises that Article 10.6(b) of KP recognises that adaptation technologies would improve adaptation technologies would improve adaptation to climate change.adaptation to climate change.

Article 10.6 (c) of KP commits Parties to Article 10.6 (c) of KP commits Parties to “cooperate in the promotion of effective “cooperate in the promotion of effective modalities for the development, application modalities for the development, application and diffusion of, and take all practicable steps and diffusion of, and take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance practices to promote, facilitate and finance practices and processes pertinent to climate change, in and processes pertinent to climate change, in particular to developing countries including particular to developing countries including the formulation of policies and programmes the formulation of policies and programmes for the effective transfer of environmentally for the effective transfer of environmentally sound technologies that are publicly owned or sound technologies that are publicly owned or in the public domain and the creation of in the public domain and the creation of enabling environment for the private sector, enabling environment for the private sector, to promote and enhance the transfer of access to promote and enhance the transfer of access to, environmentally sound technologies.to, environmentally sound technologies.

Furthermore, Article 11.1 (b) of the KP Furthermore, Article 11.1 (b) of the KP commits developed countries Parties and other commits developed countries Parties and other developed Parties in Annex II to the developed Parties in Annex II to the Convention to Convention to “provide financial resources, “provide financial resources, including the transfer of technology, needed including the transfer of technology, needed by developing countries to meet the agreed by developing countries to meet the agreed full incremental costs of advancing the full incremental costs of advancing the implementation of existing commitments implementation of existing commitments under Article 4.1 of the Conventionunder Article 4.1 of the Convention

The design of Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol The design of Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol i.e. Clean Development Mechanism should i.e. Clean Development Mechanism should also lead to the transfer of environmentally also lead to the transfer of environmentally sound technologies. sound technologies.

According to the According to the World Development Report 2010: World Development Report 2010: Development and Climate ChangeDevelopment and Climate Change, ... a two-degree Celsius , ... a two-degree Celsius warming above pre-industrial levels could permanently reduce warming above pre-industrial levels could permanently reduce Africa's annual per capita consumption by four to five per Africa's annual per capita consumption by four to five per cent....The report calls on industrialised countries, which have cent....The report calls on industrialised countries, which have released most of the greenhouse gases, to lead the way in released most of the greenhouse gases, to lead the way in charting a new low-carbon economic path. In addition, the charting a new low-carbon economic path. In addition, the report calls for financial support to enable developing countries report calls for financial support to enable developing countries adapt to climate change and lay the foundation for low-carbon adapt to climate change and lay the foundation for low-carbon economies.economies.

Several decisions have been made since the adoption Several decisions have been made since the adoption of the UNFCCC and later the KPof the UNFCCC and later the KP

In Marrakech, 2001 the Expert Group on Technology In Marrakech, 2001 the Expert Group on Technology Transfer (EGTT) was established and with a 5-year Transfer (EGTT) was established and with a 5-year mandate mandate

EGTT was placed under the Subsidiary Body for EGTT was placed under the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) to Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) to provide advice and recommendations to SBSTAprovide advice and recommendations to SBSTA

The Special Climate Change Fund was also agreed The Special Climate Change Fund was also agreed upon – but with limited fundsupon – but with limited funds

The EGTTThe EGTT Over the years (since 2001) EGTT has produced Over the years (since 2001) EGTT has produced

very good technical papersvery good technical papers But has not lived to the expectations of But has not lived to the expectations of

developing countries in terms of actual developing countries in terms of actual technology development and transfer to technology development and transfer to developing countries.developing countries. Because the EGTT under the Because the EGTT under the SBSTA has failed to addresses the followingSBSTA has failed to addresses the following

The setting up of specific technology goalsThe setting up of specific technology goals Development of indicators and accounting systems to Development of indicators and accounting systems to

track progress on technology transfer?track progress on technology transfer? Unable to undertake implementation actions under Unable to undertake implementation actions under

SBSTA because of the limitations of the SBSAT itself.SBSTA because of the limitations of the SBSAT itself. In 2006 in Nairobi, developing countries did not see In 2006 in Nairobi, developing countries did not see

the need to renew the mandate of the EGTT the need to renew the mandate of the EGTT

In Bali in 2007 an agreement was reached to renew the In Bali in 2007 an agreement was reached to renew the mandate of the EGTTmandate of the EGTT

Now the EGTT reports both to the SBSTA and the Now the EGTT reports both to the SBSTA and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI).Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI).

The difference The difference here is that Parties now recognize that here is that Parties now recognize that implementation of the UNFCCC and the KP implementation of the UNFCCC and the KP commitments on technology development and transfer commitments on technology development and transfer has not been met and that there is the need to urgently has not been met and that there is the need to urgently address DTT implementation under SBI. address DTT implementation under SBI.

As a consequence the COP by its decision 4/CP.13 As a consequence the COP by its decision 4/CP.13 called the GEF to elaborate on a strategic programme to called the GEF to elaborate on a strategic programme to scale up investment in technology development and scale up investment in technology development and transfer.transfer.

TDT and TDT and the Bali Action Plan (BAP)the Bali Action Plan (BAP)

Decision 1/CP.13 - the BAP rightly recognizes Decision 1/CP.13 - the BAP rightly recognizes againagain that development and transfer of that development and transfer of technologies to developing countries as one of technologies to developing countries as one of the means to support implementation of the means to support implementation of actions on mitigation and adaptation to climate actions on mitigation and adaptation to climate change.change.

TDT is one of the four major building blocks TDT is one of the four major building blocks to be discussed and agreed upon in to be discussed and agreed upon in Copenhagen.Copenhagen.

Achievements after BaliAchievements after Bali Following from Bali (4/CP.13), the GEF has Following from Bali (4/CP.13), the GEF has

now elaborated a strategic programme aimed now elaborated a strategic programme aimed at scaling up development and transfer of at scaling up development and transfer of technologies – the Poznan Strategic technologies – the Poznan Strategic Programme Programme

GEF has already issued a call for proposals GEF has already issued a call for proposals (CFP) for pilot technology development and (CFP) for pilot technology development and transfer projects – CFP closes in August 2009transfer projects – CFP closes in August 2009

Key issues under the Key issues under the Bali Action Plan on TDTBali Action Plan on TDT

Effectiveness of tools & mechanisms for technology co-Effectiveness of tools & mechanisms for technology co-operation operation

Removal of barriers to promoting technology transfer Removal of barriers to promoting technology transfer including:including: FinancingFinancing Intellectual property rightsIntellectual property rights Tariffs and non-tariffsTariffs and non-tariffs Capacity buildingCapacity building

Ways to accelerate deployment, diffusion and transfer of Ways to accelerate deployment, diffusion and transfer of technologiestechnologies

Co-operation on research and developmentCo-operation on research and development

What should Africa look for What should Africa look for under the BAP?under the BAP?

Call for the creation of an Call for the creation of an international international framework agreement for technology framework agreement for technology development and transfer or new development and transfer or new mechanism mechanism that addresses both mitigation and that addresses both mitigation and adaptation, in order to boost the effectiveness adaptation, in order to boost the effectiveness in innovation and investment required around in innovation and investment required around the world to address climate change. the world to address climate change.

TDT mechanism of framework agreement should:TDT mechanism of framework agreement should: Be informed by the shared vision for long-term Be informed by the shared vision for long-term

cooperative action, including a long-term global goal cooperative action, including a long-term global goal for emission reductions, to achieve the ultimate for emission reductions, to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and the urgent need for objective of the Convention and the urgent need for adaptation to the impacts of climate changeadaptation to the impacts of climate change

Include an incentive package to scale up technology Include an incentive package to scale up technology development and transfer to developing country Parties development and transfer to developing country Parties in order to promote access to affordable in order to promote access to affordable environmentally sound technologies environmentally sound technologies through creation through creation of additional value and crediting for participationof additional value and crediting for participation in in technology development, deployment, diffusion and technology development, deployment, diffusion and transfer for greenhouse emissions reduction and transfer for greenhouse emissions reduction and enhanced resilience to impacts of climate change enhanced resilience to impacts of climate change

Incorporate an institutional mechanism and tools for Incorporate an institutional mechanism and tools for supporting, supervising, monitoring and evaluating supporting, supervising, monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation of agreed the effectiveness of the implementation of agreed actions on technology development and transfer; actions on technology development and transfer;

Provide for a compliance and enforcement regime for Provide for a compliance and enforcement regime for development and transfer of technologies linked to development and transfer of technologies linked to quantified emissions reduction and limitation quantified emissions reduction and limitation commitments and increased resilience of commitments and increased resilience of communities and ecosystems to the impact of climate communities and ecosystems to the impact of climate changechange

Support capacity building and capacity development Support capacity building and capacity development in developing countries for technology development, in developing countries for technology development, adoption, deployment, diffusion and transfer adoption, deployment, diffusion and transfer including, inter alia, support for national systems of including, inter alia, support for national systems of innovation innovation

Ensure improved access to new and additional, Ensure improved access to new and additional, adequate, predictable, appropriate, equitable and adequate, predictable, appropriate, equitable and sustainable public-sector financial resources and sustainable public-sector financial resources and investments to support mitigation and adaptation and investments to support mitigation and adaptation and technology development and transfer and technology technology development and transfer and technology cooperationcooperation

Promote substantial private-sector participation, Promote substantial private-sector participation, finance and investments in technologies for finance and investments in technologies for mitigation and adaptationmitigation and adaptation

Ensure protection of intellectual property rights that Ensure protection of intellectual property rights that guarantees access to and use of technologies by guarantees access to and use of technologies by avoiding over-protectionismavoiding over-protectionism

Ensure access to technology information, including in Ensure access to technology information, including in particular the costs and performance of technologiesparticular the costs and performance of technologies

Provide for international programme for joint or Provide for international programme for joint or collaborative research, demonstration and early stage collaborative research, demonstration and early stage deployment of technologiesdeployment of technologies

Provide guidance on national/domestic government Provide guidance on national/domestic government policies needed to, notably creating a higher level of policies needed to, notably creating a higher level of long-term policy certainty long-term policy certainty (a) over future demands for low carbon technologies, upon which (a) over future demands for low carbon technologies, upon which

the private sector including the industry’s decision makers can rely, the private sector including the industry’s decision makers can rely, and and

(b) for private financing of technologies for adaptation.(b) for private financing of technologies for adaptation.

Pay specific attention to the technology needs of (a) Pay specific attention to the technology needs of (a) major emerging and big economies, (b) emerging major emerging and big economies, (b) emerging but small developing economies, and (c) least but small developing economies, and (c) least developed countries, and (d) small island developed countries, and (d) small island developing states; among developing countriesdeveloping states; among developing countries

Promote and finance south-south cooperationPromote and finance south-south cooperation Support mechanism for early action on sector Support mechanism for early action on sector

specific technology innovation, development, specific technology innovation, development, demonstration, massive deployment and transfer.demonstration, massive deployment and transfer.

Technology Development and Transfer Aspects of Technology Development and Transfer Aspects of the Shared Visionthe Shared Vision

A medium to long-term vision for the entire A medium to long-term vision for the entire technology cycle from innovation through to technology cycle from innovation through to application and transfer be guided and driven by application and transfer be guided and driven by medium to long-term global goal based on:medium to long-term global goal based on: Level of emission reductions, to achieve the ultimate Level of emission reductions, to achieve the ultimate

objective of the Conventionobjective of the Convention Quantum of technology development, deployment and Quantum of technology development, deployment and

diffusion requireddiffusion required Urgent need for adapting to the impacts of climate changeUrgent need for adapting to the impacts of climate change Level of finance and investment requiredLevel of finance and investment required Extent of sectoral coverage, and Extent of sectoral coverage, and Level of participation by all technology development and Level of participation by all technology development and

transfer actorstransfer actors

Incentive Package for Added Value and Crediting Incentive Package for Added Value and Crediting In order to promote access to and use of affordable In order to promote access to and use of affordable

environmentally sound technologies there is the need environmentally sound technologies there is the need to create to create additional value and crediting for participation in additional value and crediting for participation in technology development, deployment, diffusion and technology development, deployment, diffusion and transfer.transfer. International mechanism could be put in place to International mechanism could be put in place to assess and include an incentive package to scale up the assess and include an incentive package to scale up the development and transfer of technology to developing country development and transfer of technology to developing country Parties. Parties.

The international mechanism could lead to rewards/credits for The international mechanism could lead to rewards/credits for participation in development and transfer climate friendly participation in development and transfer climate friendly technologies through a link with Parties commitment in terms technologies through a link with Parties commitment in terms of quantified emission limitation and reduction obligations. of quantified emission limitation and reduction obligations.

Promoting and providing direct incentives for technology Promoting and providing direct incentives for technology programmes such as supporting international technology programmes such as supporting international technology cooperative development networks, national policies/actions, cooperative development networks, national policies/actions, certify credits for special and priority technology programmes, certify credits for special and priority technology programmes, and managing long-term regulatory risk. and managing long-term regulatory risk.

New Mechanisms for a TDT – Institutional and New Mechanisms for a TDT – Institutional and FinancialFinancial

The new mechanisms to operate under the authority The new mechanisms to operate under the authority and guidance of the COP and be accountable to it. It and guidance of the COP and be accountable to it. It shall aim to achieve:shall aim to achieve: Accessibility, affordability, appropriateness and Accessibility, affordability, appropriateness and

adaptability of technologies required by developing adaptability of technologies required by developing countries for enhanced action on mitigation and countries for enhanced action on mitigation and adaptation;adaptation;

Provision of full costs and full incremental costs, as per Provision of full costs and full incremental costs, as per Article 4.3 of the Convention;Article 4.3 of the Convention;

Adequacy and predictability of funds for technology Adequacy and predictability of funds for technology transfer;transfer;

Removal of barriers for technology development and Removal of barriers for technology development and transfertransfer

Institutional Mechanism – Executive Body Institutional Mechanism – Executive Body comprising and be supported by:comprising and be supported by:

Strategic Planning Committee Strategic Planning Committee to: develop strategy; provide to: develop strategy; provide regular guidance; assess and elaborate technology-related regular guidance; assess and elaborate technology-related matters; continuously evaluate progress; and develop updates matters; continuously evaluate progress; and develop updates for the Technology Action Plan,for the Technology Action Plan,

Technical Panels Technical Panels to generate and compile current expert to generate and compile current expert information related to: capacity building; policies and information related to: capacity building; policies and measures; intellectual property cooperation; sectoral, cross-measures; intellectual property cooperation; sectoral, cross-sectoral, and cross cutting cooperation; assessment, sectoral, and cross cutting cooperation; assessment, monitoring and compliance; and other necessary topics.monitoring and compliance; and other necessary topics.

Verification Group Verification Group to verify the financial and technological to verify the financial and technological contributions made to the mechanism in accordance with the contributions made to the mechanism in accordance with the overall “measurable, reportable, verifiable” requirement of overall “measurable, reportable, verifiable” requirement of Decision 1/CP.13.Decision 1/CP.13.

Secretariat Secretariat to support and facilitate the activities of the to support and facilitate the activities of the Executive Body. Executive Body.

Technology Action PlanTechnology Action Plan The Technology Action Plan should define specific The Technology Action Plan should define specific

policies, actions, and funding requirements for all policies, actions, and funding requirements for all relevant technologies under the following classifications:relevant technologies under the following classifications: Public domain technologiesPublic domain technologies Patented technologies. Patented technologies. Future technologies. Future technologies.

The Action Plan should support the establishment of The Action Plan should support the establishment of national and regional technology centers of excellence national and regional technology centers of excellence and should reinforce north-south, south-south and and should reinforce north-south, south-south and triangular cooperation, including joint research and triangular cooperation, including joint research and development.development.

What do you think should Africa do to What do you think should Africa do to prepare a joint action plan for TDTprepare a joint action plan for TDT

Action plan for Technology development, deployment, Action plan for Technology development, deployment, diffusion and transfer for mitigation and adaptation diffusion and transfer for mitigation and adaptation in Africain Africa Legislative instrumentsLegislative instruments Institutional ArrangementsInstitutional Arrangements Capacity development dimensionsCapacity development dimensions Development of a master plan,Development of a master plan, including including

partnership/collaboration platforms, private sector partnership/collaboration platforms, private sector engagement and monitoring and evaluation schemes engagement and monitoring and evaluation schemes

Funding mechanismsFunding mechanisms

Support mechanism for policy formulation including Support mechanism for policy formulation including international negotiationsinternational negotiations

Development of technical papers by experts within Development of technical papers by experts within sub-region, e.g. Africa Technical Expert Panel on sub-region, e.g. Africa Technical Expert Panel on TDT TDT

Assist member countries to develop the necessary Assist member countries to develop the necessary “pull” mechanisms or enabling environment “pull” mechanisms or enabling environment (starting with NAPA)(starting with NAPA)

Support harmonization of regional TDT policy Support harmonization of regional TDT policy frameworksframeworks

Support and develop regional positions on TDTSupport and develop regional positions on TDT

Enhancing women’s leadership and Enhancing women’s leadership and gender equalitygender equality

In many poor communities in developing countries, In many poor communities in developing countries, there are more women-headed households with there are more women-headed households with inherent leadership skillsinherent leadership skills- awareness-raising campaigns on sustainable development and CC - awareness-raising campaigns on sustainable development and CC mitigation and adaptationmitigation and adaptation

- - enabling women with leadership skills to identify, manage sustainable enabling women with leadership skills to identify, manage sustainable development projects using indigenous, ecologically-friendly technologies development projects using indigenous, ecologically-friendly technologies with high potential for carbon market with high potential for carbon market

Elected women in local and national governmentElected women in local and national government - - establish mechanism to train these elected women in knowledge establish mechanism to train these elected women in knowledge

management related to sustainable development projects and CC management related to sustainable development projects and CC mitigation to intelligibly influence policy formulation and reformsmitigation to intelligibly influence policy formulation and reforms

Addressing the needs of poor women Addressing the needs of poor women and menand men

Since they comprise large portion of the Since they comprise large portion of the population, even low carbon technologies population, even low carbon technologies create impactscreate impacts

ExampleExample: 1 improved cookstove reduces 1 ton of carbon a year used by 2M : 1 improved cookstove reduces 1 ton of carbon a year used by 2M poor women and men in the kitchen; up-scaling successful pilot projects; poor women and men in the kitchen; up-scaling successful pilot projects; biogas and methane projects among millions of poor householdsbiogas and methane projects among millions of poor households

Improvement of low carbon technologies for Improvement of low carbon technologies for poor women and men - capability-building poor women and men - capability-building activitiesactivitiesExampleExample: women tend to contribute less to GHG emissions (agriculture) : women tend to contribute less to GHG emissions (agriculture) but CC has severe impacts on women’s socio-economic activitiesbut CC has severe impacts on women’s socio-economic activities

Addressing the needs of poor women and men (cont.)Addressing the needs of poor women and men (cont.) - training them on how to conduct baseline and - training them on how to conduct baseline and

methodologies in analyzing potential amount of methodologies in analyzing potential amount of emission reductionsemission reductionsExampleExample: existing bioenergy systems, use of biomass as : existing bioenergy systems, use of biomass as cooking fuelcooking fuel

- CC policies focus on mitigation, such as, renewable - CC policies focus on mitigation, such as, renewable energy must offer alternative waysenergy must offer alternative ways

Example: Example: government policy prohibiting open field-burning of government policy prohibiting open field-burning of agricultural wastes (Clean Air Act) implemented hand-in-hand agricultural wastes (Clean Air Act) implemented hand-in-hand with energy-efficient and ecologically-friendly technologies with energy-efficient and ecologically-friendly technologies that converts agricultural wastes into compost or energy-that converts agricultural wastes into compost or energy-efficient charcoal briquette or clean cooking energyefficient charcoal briquette or clean cooking energy

Among those funds, mechanisms and Among those funds, mechanisms and technologies on CC mitigation and adaptationtechnologies on CC mitigation and adaptation

What portion of the Civil Society are aware of the existing What portion of the Civil Society are aware of the existing mitigation finance and ESTs? mitigation finance and ESTs?

What portion of the funds have been accessed by Civil What portion of the funds have been accessed by Civil Society, esp. poor women and men? How do they avail of the Society, esp. poor women and men? How do they avail of the funds?funds?

What roles did women and men play in the planning, What roles did women and men play in the planning, implementation and sustainability of development projects?implementation and sustainability of development projects?

What were the gains and pains of women and men? Social-What were the gains and pains of women and men? Social-cultural, economic, technological, environmental?cultural, economic, technological, environmental?

What have women and men contributed to the success/failure What have women and men contributed to the success/failure of the development projects? of the development projects?

How much is the projects’ share in the carbon market?How much is the projects’ share in the carbon market?

Technological solutions to Technological solutions to climate change will be very climate change will be very different if more women were different if more women were in leadership and decision-in leadership and decision-making positions.making positions.

Thank You for our active Thank You for our active participation in the participation in the

discussiondiscussion