Climate change adaptation and mitigation measures - Madrid

Tentative Policy Measures for Madrid’s Climate Change Plan

2013 - 2017Alessandro Faia, Judith Cruxent, María Arnal, Mariana Botero

Master in Global Environmental Change

STRUCTURE

BackgroundThe ProblemWork AreasMethodologyPolicy Measures

Background

Madrid is the result of political decisions made centuries ago

Constant annual population growth rate in non urban settlements.Roquer and Blay (2008)

www.avex-asso.org/dossiers/pl/espagne/index.html

3,273,049Population

Source: INE (2010)

7,869,420Incoming Tourists in 2010

Source: Municipality of Madrid (2010)

The Problem

Impacts of climate change in Spain will be harsher for the center-east of the Iberian peninsula

(Garcia and Alvarez, 2008)

Madrid’s climate is mediterranean continental plus Urban Heat Island effect

5.000.000 in a radius<50km20% <5 years old and >65 years old

(Garcia and Alvarez, 2008)

PUSECC 2008 contains 55 measures to achieve 14% emissions abatement by 2012

€101,229,000

Work areas

RCI + Industry + Transport represent the bulk of final energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions

Source: Summary of GHG Emissions Inventory of the City of Madrid. (1990-2007)

Source: Summary of GHG Emissions Inventory of the City of Madrid. (1990-2007)

Methodology

CRITERIA

Environmental effectiveness

Legal competence

Cost effectiveness

Technical viability

Scale issues

Time issues

Stakeholders

Political opportunity

Met

hodo

logy

Review and analysis of official docs and scientific literature combined with emerging data from semi-structured elite interviews

Fulfillment of a set of criteria

Elite

inte

rvie

wsTOPICS QUESTIONS

Energy efficiency certification What kinds of certifications exist in the field of energy efficiency for businesses?

ISO 16001, ISO 50001 What characteristics and improvements have been made to the ISO 50001 from ISO 16001?

Industrial sector What advantages are generated for the industrial sector by certification, beyond enhancing its image? Are there substantial business gains?

The role of public entities

What role can the Municipality of Madrid play with the ISO 50001 in terms of reduction in energy consumption and in emissions?

Possibility and effectiveness of incentives

What are the requirements and advantages of ISO 50001?

Is it probable that the Municipality will give incentives to businesses that get certified under ISO 50001?

What role can the Municipality play with ISO 50001?

Was UNI EN 16001 effective in terms of GHG emissions? How many businesses have undertaken it in Madrid?

Policy Measures

“Ideas are works of bricolage…they are, almost inevitably, networks of other ideas.”

Steven Johnson“Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation"

Proposal A

Cool Roofs

Cool Roofs have higher solar reflectance and thermal emittance than conventional roofs

Cool Roofs have been used in Europe for thousands of years

Santorini, Greece

The cooling potential of cool roofs in all major tropical and temperate cities is equivalent to offsetting roughly 44 Gt CO2

1 year’s worth of global CO2 emissions emissions. (Akbari et al. 2008)

PROS•Adaptation and mitigation •Reduce Urban Heat Island effect•+ Energy savings - Energy costs •Reduced roof maintenance

CONS•Increased heat in winter•Not suitable for cold climates•Cleaning

MATERIALS•Coatings•Single-ply membranes•Reflective tiles•Metal

PRICE RANGE12-40€/square m. (acrylic painting)24€/square m. (single-ply membranes)

Average Insolation (10 year average) kWh/m2/day

Madrid 4.62Athens 4.56Rome 4.21Source: Whitlock, C. E., et al., Release 3 NASA Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy Data Set for Renewable Energy Industry Use.

Ideal conditions

•Flat surfaces•RCI buildings•High A/C consumption•Up to 7 stories buildings

Aestethic and practical reasons rule out implementation of Cool Roofs in the city centre

Bus stations, train stations, public offices are ideal for Cool Roofs

Proposed measure“Cool Roofs campaign”

MunicipalityIntroduce Cool Roofs whenever financially and technically possible

Private SectorWeb Platform

Spot a roof (citizen’s indication)Adopt a roof (for companies)

– Or paint your own!

Build white roof map

Software simulation (Metris Archiwizard)

Residential Building681m2 façade - 245m2 roof

Cooling costs: 3,046€/yearDecrease: 3,275€/year Heating costs: 18,873€/year Increase: 2,331€/year

Total savings: 944€/ year

245(sqm) * 12€ (low market price) = 2,940€Energy savings in 4 years: 944€ * 4 = 3,776€

PROPOSAL A COOL ROOFS

CRITERIA EVALUATION

Environmental effectiveness

Legal competence

Cost effectiveness

Technical viability

Scale issues

Time issues

Stakeholders

Political opportunity

Proposal B

Intermodal parkings

120 international missions to gather insights about Madrid’s public transportation system (Comunidad de Madrid, 2010)

Source: www.esmadrid.com

Beltways

Source: www.esmadrid.com

Freeways

Source: www.esmadrid.com

Tolled Highways

Cong

estio

n

1,100,000Circulating vehicles

532,000Experience congestion

Source: RACC, 2009

329,000h/day

3.4m€/day

Source: RACC, 2009

7 work daysPer each citizen per year

839m€/year

Source: RACC, 2009

CMT - PARKING PLAN50.000 spots50.000 spots30 locations30 locations16 «ideal»16 «ideal»2 completed2 completed

Additional capacity

Parking lots in the outskirts

1.Private

2. ADIF (RENFE) parking (railroad public transport)

3. Legal competence of other municipalities

4. Unregulated free parking lots near train stations

Proposed measure

Create a brand for “Park&Ride”

Preminent role of the municipality

Introduce a fee – that includes public transport

Offer discounts – with metro pass Create interactive website:

Map: location,access and type public transportLook for distances, how to get to a spot, time saved, reduction in emissionsCreate a forumInform about parking fees

Dissemination•Use social media•On site advertising•Install highway billboard publicity

Budget•Price interactive website: 10,000€/year•Publicity in highway: 5,040€/year•Web manager salary (24,000€)

PROPOSAL B INTERMODAL PARKINGS

CRITERIA EVALUATION

Environmental effectiveness

Legal competence

Cost effectiveness

Technical viability

Scale issues

Time issues

Stakeholders

Political opportunity

Proposal C

ISO 50001

Why do companies choose certification?

Saving costsRequirement from clientsImage buildingContinuous improvement

Energy Management Systems are a growing market in Spain (+240% in 2010 for Aenor)

Companies can achieve reductions in energy consumption of 3% to 15% (according to our interviewees)

ISO 50001 will be released at the end of 2011

Potential to save up to 60% of the world’s energy use in industry and commercial and institutional sectors (McKane et al. 2009)

Transition to ISO 50001 easier for companies that already have energy policy and efficiency goals

16,527 ISO 14001 certificates in Spain (Source: AENOR, 2010)1st country in Europe, 3rd in the world

Potential market to exploit:Companies with implemented energy policy (ISO 14001 – UNI EN 16001)

Target: Energy Managers

Proposed measuresIntroduction of ISO 50001 as a requirement in the grading system for public tenders issued by the Municipality

Set up information and awareness campaign for energy managers to facilitate transition to ISO 50001

Returns in energy savings are higher than the costs for certification (based on experience from current schemes)

Costs of transitioning to another certification are reasonable

PROPOSAL C ISO50001

CRITERIA EVALUATION

Environmental effectiveness

Legal competence

Cost effectiveness

Technical viability

Scale issues

Time issues

Stakeholders

Political opportunity

Conc

lusi

ons Solutions to climate change can come from cities but they

have to be tailored (no «one size fits all»)

In a crisis responses to climate change can rely on optimizing existing infrastructures or knowledge

Measures proposed are simple, effective and address both mitigation and adaptation

These measures do not alter people’s livesThey don’t require abrupt behavior changes

Q&A