Climate and the Biosphere 1. What is the biosphere? ► The biosphere, (from Greek bios = life, sphaira, sphere) is the layer of the planet Earth where.

Climate and the Biosphere

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What is the biosphere?►The biosphere, (from Greek bios = life,

sphaira, sphere) is the layer of the planet Earth where life exists.

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3 parts of the biosphere

►Atmosphere►Hydrosphere►Lithosphere

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What is the Atmosphere?

►Surrounds the Earth made up of layers of gases

►Argon , Oxygen , Nitrogen►Exosphere, Thermosphere,

Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Troposphere

►Different temperatures

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What is the hydrosphere?

►all the waters on the earth's surface and sometimes including water over the earth's surface, such as clouds

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What is the lithosphere?

►the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle

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►Electromagnetic Radiation from the Sun affects all parts of the biosphere

►These interactions are what determine climate

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► The atmosphere and hydrosphere (water on earth) are essential parts of the climate system

► Both absorb and store thermal (heat) energy ;they are heat sinks

► by absorbing the energy and storing energy, the atmosphere and hydrosphere regulate the temperature of the earth

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How does the atmosphere determine climate?

►all climate is a result of► absorption►Reflection►Scattering►Transmitting►These factors result in a

redistribution in the atmosphere of the electromagnetic radiation from the sun

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Atmosphere – absorption of energy

►Water vapor, carbon dioxide and ozone absorb most of the EM radiation from the sun

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►solar radiation is absorbed by a substance and converted into heat energy

► The creation of heat energy also causes the substance to emit its own radiation

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Atmospheric Reflection of EM radiation from sun

►energy reflects off of a surface at the same angle at which it initially struck the surface

►a third of the energy from the sun is reflected

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Reflection

►Most of the reflection in our atmosphere occurs in clouds when light is intercepted by particles of liquid and frozen water.

►The reflectivity of a cloud can range from 40 to 90%.

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Amount of surface reflectivity

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Transmission of Sun’s Energy

►Radiation that does not get absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere

►It makes it though the atmosphere and reaches earth

►Most visible light reaches earth

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Radiation is transmitted and eventually absorbed by Earth’s surface

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Scattering of Sun’s energy

►sunlight comes into the atmosphere and can be scattered in any direction as it passes through a medium

► This diffuses the light-- spreading it out in all directions so it is not just a single, straight beam

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Scattering of EM radiation in atmosphere

atmospheric scattering image

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HyO0w0WQtkI

Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere

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Lab

►Energy Storage and Redistribution

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How Energy is further Redistributed in the

Atmosphere?

►Conduction, convection, radiation

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Radiation

►when particles or waves are transferred in a medium or space, in the form of electromagnetic waves

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The Sun’s Energy is Radiated to Earth!

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Conduction

►when heat gets transferred in solids and fluids by molecules bumping into each other

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How conduction redistributes energy

►the transfer of heat through a solid, liquid or gas by direct contact

►Air is a really poor conductor of heat►Conduction happens in really low level

of atmosphere by the Earth’s surface (land)

►Energy isn’t distributed very much via Conduction

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Convection

►when molecules (heat) moves throughout a liquid or gas

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How convection redistributes energy

►Convection currents – a major mechanism by which energy is redistributed on Earth!

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Convection Currents►the suns rays hit the equator with greatest

intensity, the air at the equator heats up and becomes less dense.

►The colder air moves the dense air above it, forcing the warm air up in the atmosphere, this creates a area of low pressure below it.

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► When the warm air is high in the atmosphere, it spreads out towards the poles and cools down

► the cooler air sinks back to the earths surface, creating an area of high pressure

►These cold and warm air creates a circular current called a convection current.

►Convection currents generate WIND

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►WIND - The movement of air, from high pressure to low pressure.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

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Winds

► Air going from high pressure to low pressure causes WIND

► Wind carries warm air from equator to poles► Wind carries warm water from ocean to the

poles► Winds move around in a curved pattern due

to Earth’s rotation

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As air is heated, it expands and becomes lighter, it rises, less dense, lower in pressure

As air is cooled, it condenses, and becomes heavier, it sinks, more dense, higher in pressure

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Low Pressure – when hot air rises

High Pressure – when cool air falls

Wind is created when air moves from high to low pressure areas

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►The wind is caused by the different temperatures (and therefore air pressure differences) around a planet.▪This is caused by the Sun.


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►The wind is caused by the different temperatures (and therefore air pressure differences) around a planet.▪This is caused by the Sun.


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►Activity! Draw the globe below.

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►Doldrums- Areas of no wind , occurs at the equator, air here heats up fast causing low pressure, as air rises, it loses its moisture.


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►Horse Latitudes- Areas of no wind occurs at 30°N + 30 °S, air stops moving toward the poles and sinks.


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When boats couldn’t find winds they would drop their weight. Often horses.


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►Trade Winds- Surface winds are blown toward the equator because the horse latitudes produce areas of high pressure.▪Coriolis force curves the wind.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. MurphyCoriolis Effect

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2mec3vgeaI


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►Prevailing Westerlies- Winds blowing toward the pole, move from west to east, occurs between 30°+ 60°


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►Polar Easterlies- Cold air sinks and heads toward the equator,


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►Polar Easterlies- Cold air sinks and heads toward the equator, Coriolis Effect curves the winds (due to the rotation of earth)


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Wind redistributes energy from the Sun!!

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Global Circulation Part 1 and Part 2

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Atmosphere and Hydrosphere interaction

► Oceans are heated more intensely at the equator, there is more warm water near the equator, and cold water in the polar regions.

► The oceans have the ability to hold and move heat

► The atmospheric circulation (wind) that exists between the equator and the poles influences the redistribution of the ocean waters.

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►Wind blowing over the ocean surface exerts drag (friction) and starts to move the surface waters.

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►Wind-driven and ocean-currents move warm water to the poles and cold water to the equator

►Heat transfers from ocean to atmosphere at poles

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Heat transfers to atmosphere

Heat transfers to atmosphere

A general pattern of ocean current is shown in the map below, influenced by wind!

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Why is water able to hold and transfer so much heat?

►HEAT CAPACITY!

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What is heat capacity?

►the amount of heat needed to raise the system's temperature by one degree

►It takes a lot of heat to raise the temp of water, in other words, water is able to store a lot of heat

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What does this mean?

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Heat Capacity of water

► Water has a higher heat capacity than land (by a factor of five)

► therefore oceans store a lot more heat than land

Heat capacity of water - balloons

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUfrhTUAGOw

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUfrhTUAGOw

Where is the heat? Atmosphere or Ocean?

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Heat Capacity of Water

►oceans cover ~70% of the Earth surface

►average 3.8 km deep►major heat sink of the planet►Work as temperature buffers for the

ocean/atmosphere system

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►Majority of heat energy at the Earth surface is stored in the oceans

►Ocean’s ability to store heat is a factor in moderating Earth's climate

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►ocean stores more heat than land

►The majority of energy is stored in the ocean

►absorption and movement of energy on Earth is due to interaction between the ocean-atmosphere.

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►The Oceans - A Driving Force for Weather and Climate

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vgvTeuoDWY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vgvTeuoDWY

►atmosphere is heated by absorption of electromagnetic radiation from the Sun, and contact with the warm surface of the land and water.

►The warm land and water also radiate heat, some of which is absorbed by the atmosphere, adding to its thermal energy

THE BIG PICTURE

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►The remaining heat on the surface is sent out into space

►The unequal heating of the earth, causes high and low pressure, which in turn, causes wind to blow, redistributing energy

►This wind causes the ocean water to move, redistributing energy

THE BIG PICTURE

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Heat Capacity Lab

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► Oceans are warmer near the equator than oceans near the polar region. The atmospheric circulation that is set up between the equator and the poles helps in the redistribution of water masses.

► Wind that blows over the ocean surface drags and starts to move the surface water, these currents are influenced by the Coriolis force. The Coriolis force is used to describe the effect of Earth’s rotation on the motion of moving objects.

► Ocean currents are influenced by the position of landmasses. In the Pacific currents correspond to the patterns of the surface winds; currents are more complex near the Indian and Atlantic Ocean. In the North Atlantic, the Gulfstream pushes the warm water towards the North Pole and cold air back towards the equator.

Ocean Currents and Coriolis Force

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► The region that lies between 23.5 degrees north and 23.5 degrees south of equator is called tropics. This region receives a large amount of solar energy which creates a flow of warm current, which flows towards the poles. When the current reaches the poles it starts its journey back towards the equator, this process is defined by great ocean conveyor belt. In a conveyor the currents carrying warmer and less dense water move in one direction while currents carrying salty and cold water move in the opposite direction.

► The conveyor occurs due to two facts. First reason is due to the variation in water temperature, as warm water is lighter and less dense than the cold water. Second reason is due to the difference in amount of salt present in the ocean water. As freshwater is lighter and less dense than the salty water. Due to these two factors stated the creation of thermohaline circulation is created.

Conveyor Belt and Thermohaline Circulation

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Latent Heat ►The energy required to change the phase of a substance is known as a latent heat. ►The quantity of heat absorbed or released by a substance undergoing a change of state.►Latent Heat can also be called Heat of transformation. ►The latent heat absorbed by air when water vapour condenses is primarily the source of the power of thunderstorms and hurricanes.►EXAMPLE : The polar ice caps are examples of latent heat .

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►The Earth receives 174 petawatts of solar radiation at the upper atmosphere.►30% of that light is reflected back to space. And the other 70% is absorbed by oceans, clouds, and other land masses.►Solar energy warms up the air and the latent energy makes the clouds rain . ►Solar energy keeps the surface level of the Earth at 14 degrees Celsius ►Water in general is evaporated due to solar energy, which eventually leads to condensation and precipitation.

Solar energy and the Oceans.

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►Due to Energy transfer we get form solar energy and other forms we get different weathers. ►The Effects of the energy transfers in the future could result in melting Ice caps, higher sea levels , flooding, and warmer climate . ► The Polar Ice Caps absorb a lot of the CO2 and solar radiation. ►If these melt then there will be nothing to reflect the harmful radiation and to absorb CO2 .

Effects of energy transfer

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Climate and the Biosphere 1. What is the biosphere? ► The biosphere, (from Greek bios = life, sphaira, sphere) is the layer of the planet Earth where.

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