Classroom Demonstration of Experimental Method using Levels of Processing Theory Laura A. Powell and Jack Shelly-Tremblay University of South Alabama, Department of Psychology
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Classroom Demonstration of Experimental Method using
Levels of Processing Theory
Laura A. Powell and Jack Shelly-TremblayUniversity of South Alabama, Department of Psychology
Levels of Processing Theory (LOP) Craik and Lockhart (1972)
depth of processing Sensory analysis (Structural) Pattern recognition (Phonemic) Stimulus elaboration (Semantic)
Depth of processing leads to increases in retention
Craik and Tulving (1975) Experiment 9: A Classroom Demonstration
PSY 320 Research Design and Analysis II Writing Component Course Four progressively longer APA manuscript
papers Paper 1- Results section (Chi Square) Paper 2- Methods and Results sections
(Correlation) Paper 3- LOP literature review Paper 4- full APA manuscript on LOP experiment
One Credit PSY 321 lab course attached R statistical program
LOP Demonstration
Informed Consent Intentional learning- “take a short test”
Answer sheet instructions Structural- upper vs. lower case
Craik and Tulving, 1975 Phonemic- counting syllables Semantic- pleasant vs. unpleasant
Hyde and Jenkins, 1973
Answer Sheet Instructions
Structural Answer Sheet You are about to see a list of 20 words. Your task is to
determine whether the word is written in uppercase or lowercase letters. Below write U for uppercase and L for lower case. Please mark your decision next to the appropriate number for each word. Look carefully because each word will only be presented once. Do not discuss this task with others until the task is complete.
You are about to see a list of 20 words. Your task is to determine whether the word is written in uppercase or lowercase letters. Below write U for uppercase and L for lower case. Please mark your decision next to the appropriate number for each word. Look carefully because each word will only be presented once. Do not discuss this task with others until the task is complete.
1. ______ 2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______ 7. ______ 8. ______ 9. ______ 10. ______ 11. ______ 12. ______ 13. ______ 14. ______ 15. ______ 16. ______ 17. ______ 18. ______ 19. ______ 20. ______
Answer Sheet Instructions
Structural Answer Sheet You are about to see a list of 20 words. Your task is to determine
whether the word is written in uppercase or lowercase letters. Below write U for uppercase and L for lower case. Please mark your decision next to the appropriate number for each word. Look carefully because each word will only be presented once. Do not discuss this task with others until the task is complete.
Phonemic Answer Sheet determine the number of syllables in each word as it is
presented. For example, if the first word has three syllables, write 3 in the first space.
Semantic Answer Sheet rate each word as it is presented in terms of how pleasant the
word is to you. Below write U for unpleasant and P for pleasant.
Stimulus Words
problem TOMORROW enemy MILK religion air CHIEF friend journal machine
winter saturday OCEAN LIBERTY WOUND sister HISTORY MEDICINE rest bear
LOP Demonstration
Recall task Turn your sheet over and write as many words
as you can remember. Debriefing and Paper Assignments
Paper 3- LOP literature review Analysis of data using “R” statistical program
One way ANOVA with post hoc tests if LOP is significant
Two way ANOVA if you add other IVs Paper 4- full APA manuscript on LOP
experiment
LOP Results Spring 2013
Post hoc comparisons
Structural – Phonemic p = 0.085
Structural – Semantic p < 0.001
Phonemic – Semantic p = 0.054
• N = 30 • 19 Females and 11 Males
LOP Results Fall 2008-Spring 2013
Post hoc comparisons
Structural – Phonemic p < 0.001
Structural – Semantic p < 0.001
Phonemic – Semantic p < 0.001
• N = 737
Gender Results Spring 2011-2013
Gender Total
Female 83
Male 50
Total 133
Gender Results Spring 2011-2013
Levels of Processing
Gender
Structural
Phonemic
Semantic
Total
Female
28 26 29 83
Male 17 18 15 50
Total 45 44 44 133
LOP Results Spring 2011-2013
Post hoc comparisons
Structural – Phonemic p = 0.022
Structural – Semantic p < 0.001
Phonemic – Semantic p < 0.001
Interaction Spring 2011-2013
Conclusions
Levels of Processing can be a successful demonstration the experimental method one or two way ANOVA and post hoc tests Full APA manuscript
Encourage students to encode information at the Semantic level
Limitations
PSY students may have some knowledge of Levels of Processing PSY 120 - General Psychology PSY 416 - Cognition
Some PSY students may have encountered LOP experiment in other classes
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