Classification Chapter 1.4. Vocabulary 1. taxonomy 2. binomial nomenclature 3. classification 4. domain 5.Eubacteria 6. Archaebacteria 7. Eukarya 8. Protista.

ClassificatioClassificationn

Chapter 1.4

VocabularyVocabulary

1.1. taxonomytaxonomy

2.2. binomial binomial nomenclaturnomenclaturee

3.3. classificationclassification

4.4. domaindomain5.5. Eubacteria Eubacteria

6.6. ArchaebactArchaebacteriaeria

7.7. EukaryaEukarya8.8. Protista Protista 9.9. Fungi Fungi 10.10. PlantaePlantae11.11. AnimaliaAnimalia

I. Why Classify?I. Why Classify?A.A. Why group things?Why group things?

1.1. easier to find information about an organismeasier to find information about an organism2.2. easier to identify an organismeasier to identify an organism3.3. shows evolutionary relationshipsshows evolutionary relationships

B.B. Biologists use a classification system to name Biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical mannerorganisms and group them in a logical manner

1.1. taxonomytaxonomy = scientific study of classification = scientific study of classification

C.C. binomial nomenclaturebinomial nomenclature = each species = each species is assigned a two-part scientific nameis assigned a two-part scientific name

1.1. genusgenus = a group of closely related species, first = a group of closely related species, first part of the scientific name, capitalizedpart of the scientific name, capitalized

2.2. speciesspecies = second part of a scientific name, lower = second part of a scientific name, lower casecase

3.3. Scientific names are always Scientific names are always italicized italicized or or underlinedunderlined1.1. Ex: Ex: Homo sapiens Homo sapiens or or Homo sapiensHomo sapiens

II.II. Historical BackgroundHistorical BackgroundA.A. Aristotle - (350 B.C.E.) Aristotle - (350 B.C.E.)

First scientist to group First scientist to group organisms as either plants organisms as either plants or animalsor animals

B.B. Carolus Linnaeus (1701-Carolus Linnaeus (1701-1778) - “Father of 1778) - “Father of Modern Taxonomy”Modern Taxonomy”

1.1. grouped things grouped things according to structural according to structural similaritiessimilarities

2.2. developed a “binomial developed a “binomial nomenclature” system nomenclature” system for identifying every for identifying every organismorganism

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES

CLADOGRAM

Appendages Conical Shells

Crab Barnacle Limpet Crab Barnacle Limpet

Crustaceans Gastropod

Molted exoskeleton

Segmentation

Tiny free-swimming larva

III.III. Modern Modern TaxonomyTaxonomy

A.A. We still look at We still look at structural structural similarities, but similarities, but primarily we look primarily we look at at evolutionary evolutionary relationshipsrelationships to to classify organismsclassify organisms

1.1. Homologous Homologous structuresstructures

2.2. EmbryologyEmbryology3.3. DNA similaritiesDNA similarities

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITIES

CLADOGRAM

Appendages Conical Shells

Crab Barnacle Limpet Crab Barnacle Limpet

Crustaceans Gastropod

Molted exoskeleton

Segmentation

Tiny free-swimming larva

DRAWB.B. Diagrams Diagrams showing showing classificationclassification

1.1. cladograms cladograms or or phylogeniesphylogenies

IV.IV. Classification Categories (taxa)Classification Categories (taxa)A.A. different levels, from the most general different levels, from the most general

characteristics to more specific characteristicscharacteristics to more specific characteristics

B.B. Eight levels of taxonomy are: Eight levels of taxonomy are: (example in (example in yellow)yellow)

DomainDomain Eukarya Animal

ia

Mammalia Prima

ta Homidae

Chordata

Homosapiens

KingdoKingdomm PhylumPhylum

FamilyFamily

SpeciesSpecies

ClassClass

OrderOrder

GenusGenusCome up with your own sentence to remember the order: Definitely Keep Pots Clean Or Family Gets Sick

Grizzly bear Black bearGiant panda Red fox

Abert squirrel

Coral snake Sea star

KINGDOM Animalia

PHYLUM Chordata

CLASS Mammalia

ORDER Carnivora

FAMILY Ursidae

GENUS Ursus

SPECIES Ursus arctos

C.C. Three Domains (developed in 1990)Three Domains (developed in 1990)

1.1. ArchaeaArchaea- - Kingdom ArchaebacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria

2.2. BacteriaBacteria- - Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Eubacteria

3.3. EukaryaEukarya- - Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and AnimaliaPlantae and Animalia

D.D. Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms

C.C. Kingdom Kingdom ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria ((archae archae =“ancient”)=“ancient”)

1.1. Prokaryotes, cells walls Prokaryotes, cells walls withoutwithout peptidoglycan peptidoglycan

2.2. Live in extreme environments: thermophiles, Live in extreme environments: thermophiles, halophiles, acidophileshalophiles, acidophiles

2.2. Kingdom Kingdom EubacteriaEubacteria

a.a. Prokaryotes, cells walls Prokaryotes, cells walls withwith peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan

b.b. ex: ex: StreptococcusStreptococcus and and E. coli E. coli

3.3. Kingdom Kingdom ProtistaProtistaa.a. Simple, many are unicellular, no specialization of tissuesSimple, many are unicellular, no specialization of tissues

b.b. ex: protozoans, algaeex: protozoans, algae

Protozoans

Algae

4.4. Kingdom Kingdom FungiFungia.a. Multicellular heterotrophs that have a cell Multicellular heterotrophs that have a cell

wall (absorb food through the cell wall)wall (absorb food through the cell wall)b.b. ex: mushrooms, molds, and yeastex: mushrooms, molds, and yeast

5.5. Kingdom Kingdom PlantaePlantaea.a. Multicellular organisms, contain chlorophyll, Multicellular organisms, contain chlorophyll,

have organs and tissues, autotrophshave organs and tissues, autotrophs

6.6. Kingdom Kingdom AnimaliaAnimaliaa.a. Multicellular organisms, heterotrophs, have Multicellular organisms, heterotrophs, have

organs and tissuesorgans and tissues

Evolutionary Evolutionary Relationship of Relationship of

Domains & KingdomsDomains & Kingdoms

KingdomsEubacteria

Archaebacteria

Protista

Plantae

Fungi

Animalia

DOMAIN EUKARYA

DOMAIN ARCHAEA

DOMAIN BACTERIA