Page 1
I. Minerals
• Minerals are the ingredients needed to form the different types of rocks
• Rock - ! ______________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Mineral - ! _____________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Inorganic - ! ___________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Crystalline - ! __________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Minerals form by three methods:
1. Crystallization - a process of organizing ________________ to form crystalline solids
2. Recrystallization - the cooling and hardening of _________________ or magma into minerals
3. Rearrangement - the realignment of atoms in minerals under high !______________________and _________________________
• Most rock forming minerals are silicates that result in a tetrahedron shape
• Four-sided units of 4 ____________________ and 1 ____________________
Leigh-Manuell - "1
Class Notes: Minerals and Rocks
Name: ___________________________________________ Minerals and RocksDate: __________________________ Period: ___________ The Physical Setting: Earth Science
Page 2
• Crystal structure or “_____________________________________________________” are responsible for the physical and chemical properties a mineral possesses
• Each mineral has a set of physical and chemical properties that can be used to identify the sample
• The methods we use to classify minerals are:
1. Color - a visual attribute of an object based on perception
• One of the most obvious, but not the most reliable
• Many of the 4000 known minerals share similar colors
2. Streak - ! _______________________________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
• Weathering changes the outside color, but streak gives the true color
3. Luster - ! _______________________________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
• Two types of luster:
• Metallic Luster - shines like stainless steel
• Nonmetallic Luster - earthy or dull shine
4. Density - ! ______________________________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
• Sample Problem: a student measures the mass of a mineral to be __________ g and calculates the volume to be __________ mL. What is the density?
Leigh-Manuell - "2
Write the Formula:
Show All Work:
Answer:
Class Notes: Minerals and Rocks
Page 3
• The methods we will use are (continued):
5. Hardness - ! ____________________________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
• Mohs Hardness Scale is used to classify hardness
6. Cleavage - !____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Mohs Hardness Scale is used to classify hardness
7. Fracture - ______________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
• Tends to lack preferred zones of weakness
8. Acid Test - ! ____________________________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
• Calcite and Dolomite both react with acid
Hardness Mineral Test
1 Talc Finger nail scratches easily
2 Gypsum Finger nail scratches
3 Calcite Copper penny scratches
4 Fluorite Steel knife scratches easily
5 Apatite Steel knife scratches
6 Feldspar Steel knife will not scratches
7 Quartz Will scratch glass and steel
8 Topaz Harder then any common mineral
9 Corundum Scratches topaz
10 Diamond Hardest mineral
Leigh-Manuell - "3
Class Notes: Minerals and Rocks
Page 4
II. Igneous Rocks
• Igneous Rocks - ! ______________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Methods to classify igneous rocks:
1. Environment of Formation - ! ______________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
• Magma - ! _______________________________________________________________
! _______________________________________________________________________
• Plutonic - ! _______________________________________________________________
! _______________________________________________________________________
• Intrusive - ! _______________________________________________________________
! _______________________________________________________________________
• Lava - ! __________________________________________________________________
! _______________________________________________________________________
• Volcanic - ! _______________________________________________________________
! _______________________________________________________________________
• Extrusive - ! ______________________________________________________________
! _______________________________________________________________________
Leigh-Manuell - "4
Magma / Intrusive
Lava / ExtrusivePlutonic Rock
Volcanic Rock
Class Notes: Minerals and Rocks
Page 5
2. Color - ! _______________________________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
3. Composition - a mixture of materials that make up an igneous rock
• Felsic -! _________________________________________________________________
! _______________________________________________________________________
• Mafic -! __________________________________________________________________
! _______________________________________________________________________
4. Texture - ! ______________________________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
• Vesicular - ! ______________________________________________________________
! _______________________________________________________________________
• Porphyritic - ! ____________________________________________________________
! _______________________________________________________________________
5. Crystal Size - ! __________________________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
• Crystal size is an important factor to determine the environment of formation
• The _______________ the cooling time the _______________ the crystal size (coarse or very coarse)
• The _______________ the cooling time the _______________ the crystal size (glassy or fine)
Leigh-Manuell - "5
Fine Grained Coarse Grained
Class Notes: Minerals and Rocks
Page 6
Leigh-Manuell - "6
Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification
Pyroxene(green)
Amphibole(black)
Biotite(black)
Potassiumfeldspar
(pink to white)
(rel
ativ
e by
vol
ume)
MIN
ER
AL
CO
MP
OS
ITIO
N
Quartz(clear towhite)
CH
AR
AC
TE
RIS
TIC
S
MAFIC(rich in Fe, Mg)
HIGHER
DARKER
FELSIC(rich in Si, Al)
LOWER
LIGHTER
CRYSTALSIZE
TEXTURE
Pumice
INT
RU
SIV
E(P
luto
nic)
EX
TR
US
IVE
(Vol
cani
c)
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
OF
FO
RM
AT
ION
Plagioclase feldspar(white to gray)
Olivine(green)
COMPOSITION
DENSITY
COLOR
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
IGN
EO
US
RO
CK
S
non-
crys
talli
ne
GlassyBasaltic glassObsidian
(usually appears black)
less
than
1 m
m FineBasaltAndesiteRhyolite
1 m
mto
10
mm
CoarsePeri-dotiteGabbro
DioriteGranite
Pegmatite
10 m
mor
larg
er Verycoarse
Scoria Vesicular(gas
pockets)
Du
nit
e
Non-vesicular
Non-vesicular
Vesicular basaltVesicular rhyolite Vesicularandesite
Diabase
Class Notes: Minerals and Rocks
Page 7
III. Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks - ! __________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Lithification - ! _________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Methods to classify sedimentary rocks:
1. Texture - ! _____________________________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
• Texture is the main factor in sedimentary rock identification
• Clastic - ! _________________________________________________________
! _________________________________________________________________
• Crystalline - ! ______________________________________________________
! _________________________________________________________________
• Bioclastic - ! _______________________________________________________
! _________________________________________________________________
Leigh-Manuell - "7
Bioclastic Contains Shell Fragments
Class Notes: Minerals and Rocks
Page 8
• Methods to classify sedimentary rocks (continued):
2. Formation - ! ___________________________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
• Most sedimentary rocks form under large bodies of water by the following:
• Cementation - ! ____________________________________________________
! _________________________________________________________________
• Occurs as water between sediments dissolves and the remaining materials hold the clasts together
• Compaction - ! _____________________________________________________
! _________________________________________________________________
• Usually results in a decrease in pore space and sediments become more tightly packs
• Chemical Action - ! _________________________________________________
! _________________________________________________________________
3. Characteristics - ! _______________________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
• Form at or near Earth’s surface where weathering can break down rocks into pieces
• Forms in horizontal layers
• May contain fossils
Leigh-Manuell - "8
Horizontal Layers
Fossils
Class Notes: Minerals and Rocks
Page 9
Leigh-Manuell - "9
INORGANIC LAND-DERIVED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Rounded fragments
Angular fragmentsMostlyquartz,feldspar, andclay minerals;may containfragments ofother rocksand minerals
Pebbles, cobbles,and/or bouldersembedded in sand,silt, and/or clay
Clastic(fragmental)
Very fine grain
Compact; may spliteasily
Conglomerate
Breccia
CHEMICALLY AND/OR ORGANICALLY FORMED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Crystalline
Halite
Gypsum
Dolomite
Calcite
Carbon
Crystals fromchemicalprecipitatesand evaporites
Rock salt
Rock gypsum
Dolostone
Limestone
Bituminous coal
. . . . .. . . .
Sand(0.006 to 0.2 cm)
Silt(0.0004 to 0.006 cm)
Clay(less than 0.0004 cm)
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
Fine to coarse
COMPOSITIONTEXTURE GRAIN SIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME MAP SYMBOL
Fineto
coarsecrystals
Microscopic tovery coarse
Precipitates of biologicorigin or cemented shellfragments
Compactedplant remains
. . . . .. . . .
Bioclastic
Crystalline orbioclastic
Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification
Class Notes: Minerals and Rocks
Page 10
IV. Metamorphic Rocks
• Metamorphic Rocks - ! _________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Parent Rock - ! ________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Heat
• Rock expands when heated causing the atoms to break apart and move freely
• As temperature decreases atoms join with other atoms to form different compounds
• The result is a structural and chemical change
• Pressure
• Under extreme pressure at great depths inside the Earth, atoms bonds are broken and re-arranged into a denser and more compact structure
• Methods to classify metamorphic rocks:
1. Texture - the general appearance of the rock
• Foliation -! _______________________________________________________________
! _______________________________________________________________________
• Banding -! _______________________________________________________________
! _______________________________________________________________________
• Non-foliated -! ____________________________________________________________
! _______________________________________________________________________
Leigh-Manuell - "10
Foliated Banding Non-foliated
Class Notes: Minerals and Rocks
Page 11
• Methods to classify metamorphic rocks (continued):
2. Grain Size - ! ___________________________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
3. Composition- ! __________________________________________________________________
! ______________________________________________________________________________
4. Type of Metamorphism-
• Regional Metamorphism -! _________________________________________________
! _______________________________________________________________________
• Most metamorphic rocks form regionally under a mountain or deep in-side the Earth
• Contact Metamorphism -! __________________________________________________
! _______________________________________________________________________
Leigh-Manuell - "11
FO
LIA
TE
D
Fine
Fineto
medium
Mediumto
coarse
Regional
Low-grademetamorphism of shale
Platy mica crystals visiblefrom metamorphism of clayor feldspars
High-grade metamorphism;mineral types segregatedinto bands
Slate
Schist
Gneiss
COMPOSITIONTEXTUREGRAINSIZE COMMENTS ROCK NAME
TYPE OFMETAMORPHISM
(Heat andpressureincreases)
MIN
ER
AL
ALI
GN
ME
NT
BA
ND
-IN
G
MAP SYMBOL
Foliation surfaces shinyfrom microscopic micacrystals
Phyllite
GA
RN
ET
PY
RO
XE
NE
FE
LD
SPA
R
AM
PH
IBO
LE
MIC
AQ
UA
RT
Z
Hornfels
NO
NF
OLI
AT
ED
Metamorphism ofquartz sandstone
Metamorphism oflimestone or dolostone
Pebbles may be distortedor stretched
Metaconglomerate
Quartzite
Marble
Coarse
Fineto
coarse
Quartz
Calcite and/ordolomite
Variousminerals
Contact(heat)
Various rocks changed byheat from nearbymagma/lava
VariousmineralsFine
Anthracite coalRegional Metamorphism ofbituminous coalCarbonFine
Regional
or
contact
Scheme for Metamorphic Rock Identification
Class Notes: Minerals and Rocks
Page 12
V. Rock Cycle
• Rock Cycle - ! _________________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Any rock type can change into another rock type
• Therefore any rock could contain materials that were one part of another rock
• Igneous Rock - ! _______________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Sedimentary Rock - ! ___________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Metamorphic Rock - ! __________________________________________________________________
! _____________________________________________________________________________________
• Driving Forces - the processes that create uplift, weathering, erosion, pressure, and melting to form the different rock types
• ______________________________________________
• ______________________________________________
• ______________________________________________
Leigh-Manuell - "12
Class Notes: Minerals and Rocks