Class Name, Instructor Name

Class Name,Instructor Name

Date, Semester

Criminology 2011

Chapter 7SOCIOLOGICAL

THEORIES: EMPHASIS ON SOCIAL

STRUCTURE

© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved


7.2

7.3

Be familiar with the social disorganization and social ecology approaches, including the work of Park and

Burgess, Shaw and McKay, and more recent revivals of these approaches, especially with regard to economic

deprivation and Stark's theory of deviant places.

Be able to critique social disorganization theory.

Be familiar with anomie theory, including Merton's typology of logical adaptations to anomie, and the

defense and extension of this approach.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES7.1

Appreciate Emile Durkheim's contributions toward understanding deviance as a normal phenomenon and

the influence of structural forces on individual behavior.

7.4



7.6

7.7

Be familiar with subcultural theory, including Cohen's status frustration model (and evaluation), Miller's

focal concerns (and evaluation), Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory (and evaluation) and

Wolfgang and Ferracuti's subculture of violence perspective (and evaluation).

Appreciate how structural theories of crime fail to explain why females in poor urban areas have lower

crime and delinquency rates than males in these same areas.

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

7.5 Be acquainted with general strain theory.



Appreciate Emile Durkheim's contributions toward understanding deviance as a normal phenomenon and the influence of structural forces on individual behavior.

Learning ObjectivesAfter this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes

7.1


© 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, IncUpper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved5

7.1

Emile Durkheim



Be familiar with the social disorganization and social ecology approaches, including the work of Park and Burgess, Shaw and McKay, and more recent revivals of these approaches, especially with regard to economic deprivation and Stark's theory of deviant places.


7.2


7.2The Development of Social Disorganization Theory

Chicago School of Criminolo

gy

Clifford Shaw &Henry Mckay

Robert Park &Ernest

Burgess

W. I. Thomas

&FlorianZnaniec

ki



Zone II

Zone III

Zone IV

Zone I

Zone V

Concentric Zones

City CenterZone in TransitionGhetto

SlumLittle SicilyChinatown

VICE

Zone Of Working ClassSecond Immigrant SettlementDeutschland“Two-Flat” AreaRoomers Underworld

Residential Zone

Single-Family Dwellings

Residential HotelsBright-Light Area

Apartment Houses

Restricted Residential

District

Commuter ZoneBungalow Section

7.2



Delinquency

Lack of Informal Social Control

Cultural Transmission

7.2

9

Social Disorganization

Low Socio-Economic

Status

Residential Instability

Ethnic Heterogeneity


Social Disorganization

Concentrated

Disadvantage

7.2

Economic Deprivati

on


7.2

Kinds of Places

Kinds of Peoplevs.





7.3


7.3

Critiques of Social Disorganization Theory

Heavy reliance on using official records for measuring crime and delinquency

Imprecision in the concept of social disorganization

Most people living in the “crime zones” are not offenders



Be familiar with anomie theory, including Merton's typology of logical adaptations to anomie, and the defense and extension of this approach.


7.4


Strain Theory

7.4


7.4

Merton’s Five Modes of Adaptation

Conformity

Innovation Ritualism Retreatism

Rebellion


7.4

Defenses and Extensions of Merton’s Approach

Social Class and Offending Supported for Serious

OffensesCan Be Extended to

Explain White-Collar Crime

Institutional Anomie



Be acquainted with general strain theory.


7.5



7.5 General Strain Theory

Failure to Achieve

Positively Valued Goals

STRAIN

CRIMEPresentation of Noxious

Stimuli

Removal of

Positively Valued Stimuli



Be familiar with subcultural theory, including Cohen's status frustration model (and evaluation), Miller's focal concerns (and evaluation), Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory (and evaluation) and Wolfgang and Ferracuti's subculture of violence perspective (and evaluation).


7.6



7.6 Reaction Formation

Individual Deviance

Gang D

elinquency

Collective Solution:Create New

Status SystemOpposite of Middle-Class

ValuesSubcultural

Values Emerge

Status Frustration

and Reaction Formation

Cannot Obtain

Middle Class Status

Lower/Working

Class Youth


7.6

Walter Miller’s Focal Concerns

Trouble Toughness Smartness Excitement Fate Autonomy



AlienationExternalize

BlameAccess to

Others with Same

Problem

7.6 Differential Opportunity Theory

Criminal SubcultureGoals

Lower/Working

Class Youth

Gap

Means

Conflict Subculture

Retreatist Subculture


7.6

Subculture of Violence



Appreciate how structural theories of crime fail to explain why females in poor urban areas have lower crime and delinquency rates than males in these same areas.


7.7



7.7

Social structure theories may

explain only male offending

Economic marginality



7.2

7.3

Be familiar with the social disorganization and social ecology approaches, including the work of Park and

Burgess, Shaw and McKay, and more recent revivals of these approaches, especially with regard to economic

deprivation and Stark's theory of deviant places.


Be familiar with anomie theory, including Merton's typology of logical adaptations to anomie, and the

defense and extension of this approach.

CHAPTER SUMMARY7.1

Appreciate Emile Durkheim's contributions toward understanding deviance as a normal phenomenon and

the influence of structural forces on individual behavior.

7.4



7.6

7.7

Be familiar with subcultural theory, including Cohen's status frustration model (and evaluation), Miller's

focal concerns (and evaluation), Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory (and evaluation) and

Wolfgang and Ferracuti's subculture of violence perspective (and evaluation).

Appreciate how structural theories of crime fail to explain why females in poor urban areas have lower

crime and delinquency rates than males in these same areas.

CHAPTER SUMMARY

7.5 Be acquainted with general strain theory.

Class Name, Instructor Name

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