Civil War By: Mrs. Brown and Ms. Reardon September/October 2008.

Civil War

By: Mrs. Brown and Ms. ReardonSeptember/October 2008

Fifth Grade Standards• SS5H1: The Civil War: The student will explain the causes, major events, and

consequences of the Civil– SS5H1.a Identify Uncle Tom's Cabin and John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry

and explain how each of these events was related to the Civil War– SS5H1.b Discuss how the issues of states' rights and slavery increased

tensions between the North and South– SS5H1.c Identify major battles and campaigns: Fort Sumter, Gettysburg, the

Atlanta Campaign, Sherman's March to the Sea, and Appomattox Court House. – SS5H1.d Describe the roles of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S.

Grant, Jefferson Davis, and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson. – SS5H1.e Describe the effects of war on the North and the South.

• SS5H2: Reconstruction: The student will analyze the effects of Reconstruction on American Life

• SS5H2.a Describe the purpose of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments.• SS5H2.b Explain the work of the Freedmen's Bureau.• SS5H2.c Explain how slavery was replaced by sharecropping and how African-

Americans were prevented from exercising their newly won rights; include a discussion of Jim Crow laws and customs.

Essential Questions

• What were the causes of the Civil War?

• What important events happened during the Civil War?

• What were the effects of the Civil War?

Our Class: The North versus the South

• Northern Team– Jordan– Evan– Brianna– Patrick– Ashleigh– Bryce– Laura– Jonathan– Rebekah– Madison– Bennett– Esther– Lindsey– Thomas– Griffin– Christina– Afi

• Southern Team– Aubrie– Sarah B.– Kaitlin– Ashley– Marshall– Madie– Sarah R.– Justin– Caroline

Northern States vs. Southern States

Other Names for the Civil War

• The War Against Northern Aggression

• The War for Constitutional Liberty

• The War for Southern Independence

• The War Between the States

• The War for States’ Rights

• Mr. Lincoln’s War• The War for the Union

• The Southern Rebellion• The War to Suppress

Yankee Arrogance• The Brothers’ War• The War of Succession• The War for Southern

Nationality• The War Against Slavery• The War of the Sixties• The Yankee Invasion• The War for Abolition

The Civil War – Differences

• Differences between the North and the South

• North– Many factories (100,000) (industrial)– Also had mines, farms, and businesses– People moving from rural lands to the cities– Immigrants– Larger population (19 million)– Outlawed slavery in 1846

The Civil War – Differences

• South– Although there were factories, there weren’t

as many as the North (20,000) (agricultural)– Smaller population (11 million, 4 million of

those were slaves)– Most Southerners still depended on farming to

earn a living• COTTON, rice, tobacco, sugarcane

Cotton Gin

• South: needed slaves to work the cotton gin (invented by Eli Whitney)– The cotton gin was very important in farming

cotton– Helped to remove the cotton seeds quickly– This meant that the South could produce

cotton more quickly which meant more MONEY

– Without slaves to work the cotton gins, the South would not be able to produce as much cotton

Differences Between the North and South

Northern States Southern States

Economy (how they got their $$)

Factories, mines, farms, businesses

Depended on Farming

Where they lived Cities Farms and Plantations

Causes of the Civil War: The Issue of Slavery

• North– Thought slavery was wrong– Could not make money using slaves because

the cost of feeding, clothing, and housing slaves was expensive

– People were not property, they deserved the same rights as everyone else

Causes of the Civil War: The Issue of Slavery

• South– Slave owners depended on the work of slaves– Slaves worked as miners, carpenters, factory

workers, and house servants– Most slaves worked on large plantations

where they worked in the fields– Not every white Southerner owned slaves

(most did not!)

Underground Railroad

• Formed by Harriet Tubman– Maryland slave who ran

away– Helped more than 300

slaves escape– Large reward offered for

her capture, but she never was captured

Underground Railroad• Not really underground or a railroad• Transported slaves to freedom through a series of “stations” and

were led by a secret “conductors”• Move slaves from states where slavery was legal to states where

slavery was illegal• Slaves would hide in houses and receive secret codes to find the

next “station”• Most of the houses or businesses that were “stations” were owned

by free slaves and white abolitionists• Slaves traveled at night by walking or riding from one place to

another until they crossed the border into a free state• Most slaves wanted to go to Canada because they refused to deport

escaped slaves• If a slave got caught he could face prison time or even death• Anyone who helped slaves become free could also face prison time

or death if they were caught

Underground Railroad

• Helpers along the way provided food, shelter, clothing, and money to escaping slaves

• The entire escape would take days and weeks to complete

Follow the Drinking Gourd

• A secret song that helped slaves escaped

• Contained directions to follow instructions and a map to their next destination

• Drinking gourd = hollowed out gourd used for drinking water

• The song, entitled "Follow the Drinking Gourd," refers to the constellation called the Big Dipper, whose end stars, the "pointers," guide one's gaze to Polaris, the North Star

Causes of the War – States’ Individual Rights

• 10th Amendment to the Constitution:– “The Powers not delegated to the United

States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”

– North and South couldn’t agree on what the 10th Amendment meant

Causes of the Civil War – States Rights

• South– Thought that individual

states should have more power

– Wanted to allow states to make their own laws (such as slavery laws)

– Thought states could CHOOSE which federal laws to obey

– Believed states could break away (secede) from the Union

• North– Supported the federal

government– States had to obey all

the laws passed by the federal government

– Thought the federal government should control all states (no individual rights)

– Believed states could not secede from the Union

Causes of the Civil War - Economics

• North– Had factories, farms, mines, and businesses

to keep its economy going (diverse)– Wanted tariffs in order to make improvements

to roadways, canals, etc.– Had more banks, were able to collect interest– Taxed less

Causes of the Civil War - Economics

• South– Depended on farming as its main economy– Did not want to pay taxes (tariffs) on foreign

products because they felt it was unfair since they imported more products than the North

– Taxes placed on products exported to foreign products

– Paid higher interest rates on loans from banks

Causes of the Civil War – A Summary

• North– Slavery: Against

slavery– States’ Rights: Up to

the National Government

– Economics: North had more money, controlled most banks, collected tariffs on traded goods

• South– Slavery: Needed

slaves for farming– States’ Rights: Up to

the individual state– Economics: South had

less money, had less control over banks/money, and had to pay tariffs to the North

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Anti-slavery book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Describes the cruel life of a slave, Tom

• Huge impact on the views of slavery

Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry

• John Brown was an abolitionist

• In 1859, he took control of U.S. military weapons (located at Harpers Ferry) in order to take a stand against slavery

• Thought people would join him, especially slaves, but that didn’t happen

• Military captured Brown and sentenced him to death

• Abolitionists thought his death meant that slavery was supported by the government and Brown became a martyr

United States Elects a New President

• Abraham Lincoln– Some southern states said

that if Lincoln was elected, they would secede from the Union

– Elected in November 1860– Became president in 1861

• 16th President– Republican

• Republicans were against slavery, but Lincoln said that he would allow slave states to remain slave states and free states to remain free states, but any new states would be free states

• Lincoln said he hoped slavery would eventually stop in the south

– President throughout the Civil War

Southern States Secede

• South Carolina (1st state to secede)– “We, the people of the State of South

Carolina, in Convention assembled, do declare and ordain that the union now subsisting between South Carolina and other States under the name ‘The United States of America’ is hereby dissolved.” (Declaration of the Causes of Secession)

Southern States Secede

• The Charleston Mercury Newspaper Reported:– “On yesterday, the 20th of December, 1860,

just before one o’clock p.m., the Ordinance of secession was presented…upon the announcement…that South Carolina was no longer a member of the Federal Union, loud shouts of joy rent the air. The enthusiasm was unsurpassed. Old men went shouting down the streets…and bright triumph was depicted on every countenance.”

“Bonnie Blue Flag”

First gallant South Carolina, nobly made the stand,

Then came Alabama with Mississippi close at hand,

Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas joined the fight,

Along came brave Virginia, seceding for her rights.

“Bonnie Blue Flag”

Then cheer, boys, cheer and raise a joyous shout,

Arkansas and North Carolina now have both gone out.

Tennessee’s another light to shine in Southern heavens,

The Union of Confederate States has grown to be ELEVEN.

“Bonnie Blue Flag”

Refrain:

Hurrah, hurrah for Southern rights, hurrah!

Hurrah for the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star.

“Bonnie Blue Flag”

As long as the Union was faithful to her trust,

Like neighbors, friends and brethren, kind we were and just;

But when the Southern way of life, you attempt to mar,

We hoist on high the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star.

“Bonnie Blue Flag”

We are a band of brothers and native to the land,

Like patriots of old, our heritage so grand,

And when our rights were threatened, the cry rose near and far,

Hurrah for the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star.

“Bonnie Blue Flag”

Refrain:

Hurrah, hurrah for Southern rights, hurrah!

Hurrah for the Bonnie Blue Flag that bears a single star.

Southern States Secede

• Mississippi• Florida• Alabama• Georgia• Louisiana• Texas• Virginia• Arkansas• North Carolina• Tennessee

• Together these 11 states would make up the Confederate States of America

President of the Confederate States of America

• Jefferson Davis– Attended West Point– Plantation owner in

Mississippi– Representative and

Senator (strongly supported Southern causes, including slavery)

Fort Sumter

• The South now believed that anything in the South was theirs, including forts

• April 12, 1861• Confederates (South) opened fire on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South

Carolina• Union (North) surrendered after 34 hours of fighting because they ran out of

ammunition, the South gained Fort Sumter• Fort Sumter is important because it marks the beginning of the Civil War

Fort Sumter – 1860

Fort Sumter - 1861

Fort Sumter – Today

Famous Leaders of the Civil War (Union)

• Ulysses S. Grant– General in the Union

Army– Attended West Point– Although never a

strong student, he proved to be a strong leader

– Elected president in 1868

Famous Leaders of the Civil War (Union)

• George B. McClellan– Lincoln thought

McClellan would bring a quick end to the war

– McClellan’s arrogance got in the way and he began to make bad choices

– Eventually ran for president against Abraham Lincoln but lost

• William Sherman– Was a successful

leader because he split the Confederacy apart (Sherman’s March to the Sea)

Famous Leaders of the Civil War (Confederate)

• Robert E. Lee– General in the

Confederate Army– Turned down

command of the Union army to support his home state of Virginia

– West Point graduate

Famous Leaders of the Civil War (Confederate)

• Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson– Officer in the

Confederate army– Given the nickname

“Stonewall” because he was tough to beat

• President Jefferson Davis and Generals Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson

First Battle of Bull Run

• July 21, 1861• Fought near a creek called “Bull Run” in

Virginia• First real battle of the war• Northerners thought this would be a quick

battle that would end the war• People came from all around to watch the

battle• Confederate troops won

First Battle of Bull Run

Second Battle of Bull Run

• August 26 – September 1, 1862

• Also fought near Bull Run Creek in Virginia

• Confederate troops won again, even though Union troops had more soldiers

• Confederate troops had better leaders and were better at planning than the North

Battle of Antietam

• September 17, 1862

• Single bloodiest day of fighting in the Civil War

• More than 27,000 casualties

• Union victory

• Led Lincoln to declare his Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation Proclamation

• January 1, 1863• Freed slaves in the

South• Began by declaring

freedom for all escaped slaves

• Then moved to include all slaves in areas taken over by the Union army

• Nearly all slaves were freed by July 1865

Battle of Gettysburg

• July 1 – 3, 1863

• Fought in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

• Both sides lost many men

• Put a quick end to the second (and final) Confederate invasion of the North

• Confederate troops retreated back to Virginia, losing the battle and many men

Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address

• November 19, 1863• Abraham Lincoln’s

speech was given during his dedication of a cemetery at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania

• Wanted to bring equality to all citizens, grant new freedoms

• Ensure that our government was “of the people, by the people, for the people”

Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address

"Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth."

Sherman’s March to the Sea

• Began on November 15, 1864 and ended December 10, 1864• Sherman and his troops burned down anything in their path from Atlanta to

Savannah• They were trying to destroy anything that could help Confederate troops

(crops for food, shelter, businesses)• They destroyed railroads, bridges, telegraph lines, manufacturing plants,

plantations, and anything else that Sherman thought was valuable to the South

• Sherman’s soldiers took any food and livestock they could find, giving their army anything they wanted to eat and leaving Confederate troops starving

• Even though Sherman ordered his troops not to take anything from private citizens, many Southerners were taken for all they had and had their homes and farms destroyed

• Finally after reaching Savannah, Sherman went north towards South Carolina, who it was believed was the main cause of the war, and continued to destroy everything

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Lincoln Reelected

• In 1864, Abraham Lincoln is reelected for a second term as President of the United States of America

The War Ends

• After Union troops defeated Confederate troops to take control of Richmond, Virginia (the capital of the Confederate States of America), the South begins to realize the war is over and they have lost their fight

• On April 9, 1865 General Robert E. Lee surrenders to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia

President Lincoln Assassinated

• April 14, 1865 President Lincoln is shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth while he was attending a performance at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C.

• Lincoln dies the following morning• Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes 17th President