Civil Project

CHAPTER- I

1.1. ROAD DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION TERMS

2. Abutment An abutment is made from concrete on piling and supports the end of a

bridge deck.

3. Aesthetics In the highway context, the considerations of landscaping, land use and

structures to ensure that the proposed highway is pleasing to the eye of the viewer from

the roadway and to the viewer looking at the roadway.

4. Aggregate Stone and gravel of various sizes which compose the major portion of the

surfacing material. The sand or pebbles added to cement in making concrete.

5. Aggregate Base Course The layer of the material immediately beneath the pavement. It

may be composed of crushed stone, crush crushed sand and gravel, or combinations of

these materials. To provide service intended it must be uniform in strength to support the

pavement.

6. Air pollutants Those impurities which cause the atmosphere to become contaminated.

These include: carbon monoxide, nitric oxides, sulphur dioxides, particulates, and

hydrocarbons.

7. Alignment The vertical and horizontal location of a road.

8. Average Daily Traffic or ADT A measurement of the number of vehicle which use a

highway over a period of a year divided by 365 to obtain the average for a 24-hour

period.

9. Backfill Material is used to replace, or the act of replacing, material removed during

construction. Also, may denote material placed, or the act of placing material adjacent to

structures.

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10. Back slope The slope from the bottom of the ditch to natural ground, on the opposite

side of the fore slope.

11. BAM Bituminous Aggregate Mixture.

12. Bitumen A natural asphalt or substance found in a natural state or a residue by-product

from petroleum refinement.

13. Bituminous Containing Bitumen.

14. Borrow Excavation When the Department specifies a new roadway to be constructed,

the roadway embankment is usually constructed from earth available on the right-of-way,

however, if there is insufficient earth the contractor is required to obtain the needed

additional material from off the state’s right-of-way (land). This material is called

excavation.

15. Borrow pit The source of approved material required for the construction of

embankments, or other portions of earthwork requirements.

16. Box Culvert A box culvert is cast-in-place or pre-cast reinforced concrete and has a box

shape that is located under the embankment to drain water from one side of the road to

the other.

17. Bridge Deck Satisfaction To remove the existing concrete driving surface in preparation

for a concrete overlay. This is usually done with a cold milling machine consisting of

hardened steel bits attached to a revolving drum.

18. Bridge Pier A bridge pier is a supporting structure at the junction of connecting spans of

a bridge.

19. Bypass Routes An arterial highway that permits traffic to avoid part or all of an urban

area.

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20. Capacity Maximum number of vehicles which has a reasonable expectation of passing

over a given section of a lane or a road way in one direction during a given time period

under prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.

21. Centroid An assumed point in a zone that represents the origin or destination of all trips

to or from the zone. Generally, it is the trip ends rather than a geometrical centre of zonal

area. (Also called Zone Centroid).

22. Channel Excavation When the department builds a new bridge or drainage structure

over an existing waterway it is sometimes necessary to dredge out or straighten the

existing waterway channel. This work is called channel excavation.

23. Channelization (of road) the direction of the traffic flow into definite paths, by means

of traffic knowledge, island, or other means.

24. Concrete it is a building material made of sand and gravel bonded together with Portland

cement into a hard, compact substance.

25. Concrete Revetment Mats As an alternative to concrete riprap along a ditch or

waterway bank, sometimes a concrete revetment mat will be used. The mat is a heavy

fabric envelope which is pumped full with cement mortar that hardens sand conforms to

the shape of the surface upon which it is placed.

26. Cost Benefit ration A method of determining the economic justification of alternative

schemes for highway system improvements. The benefits and respective costs for each

alternative and determined and the ration of benefits to cost for each project is compared

to the others.

27. Cul-de-sac A local street open at one end only, which allows vehicles to turn around.

28. Design Capacity Maximum number of vehicles which can pass over a lane or roadway

during one hour without operating conditions falling below a preselected design level.

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29. Design Hourly Volume A volume determined for use in design representing the traffic

that is expected to use the Highway in any designated year. It is an hourly volume,

usually the 30th highest hourly volume expected during the design year.

30. Design life Initially figured to be a 20-year period for pavement.

31. Design Speed A speed determined for design and correlation of physical features of a

highway which influence vehicle operation.

32. Design standards Specifications for such design features as curvature, grades, roadway

width, drainage facilities etc.

33. Design volume A volume determined for use in design, representing traffic expected to

use the highway 20 years in the future. Unless otherwise stated, it is an hourly volume.

34. Expressway A divided arterial highway for through traffic with full or partial control of

access and generally with grade separations at major intersections.

35. External survey The phase of the survey in which traffic data was obtained by

interviewing motor vehicle drivers passing through survey stations on the principal

highways or streets entering the survey area.

36. Forecasting Procedure for estimating future land use, population and traffic patterns.

37. Grade Separation A crossing of two highways, or a highway and a rail road, and

different levels. The bridge that spans highways or rail tracks (as in an overpass) is a

grade separation structure.

38. Gradient the percent of vertical or longitudinal slope.

39. Horizontal Curve (or Highway) Bend from a straight line or course along a roadway.

40. Hydrology The study of water in the atmosphere, on the surface, and underground.

41. Jacking and Cribbing Underground construction of tunnels, conducts and structures

require the excavations be kept from caving in by the use of a supporting framework.

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42. Level of Service The term used to indicate the quality of service provided by a facility

under a given set of operating conditions. These conditions include speed, travel time,

traffic interruptions, freedom to manoeuvre, safety, driving comfort and convenience,

and operating costs.

43. Mapping A method by which any number of different factors can be examined

individually and in combination in relation tone common objective. (e.g., the best route

for a highway after consideration of the factors).

44. Median The portion of a divided highway separating the travelled ways for traffic in

opposite directions.

45. Median Lane A speed-change lane within the median to accommodate left-turning

vehicles.

46. Meteorological Conditions Weather conditions; temperature, wind speed and direction,

and thermal gradient; used to define the mixing layer depth (height of inversion).

47. Minimum Design Standards Adopted by the Board of Public Roads Classification and

Standards. These standards ensure the teach road segment can handle the traffic pattern

and volume it is expected to carry.

48. Mobilization The Department typically reimburses the contractor when completed

portions of work are performed. Contractors therefore must find financing to help start a

new project. The pay item mobilization was created a few years ago to help the

contractor with these early start-up costs.

49. Operating speed the highest overall speed at which a driver can travel on a given

highway under favourable weather conditions and under prevailing traffic conditions

without at any time exceeding the same speed as determined by the design speed on a

section-by-section basis.

50. Origin The zone in which a trip begins.

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51. Origin-Destination Studies Trip data is obtained from vehicle drivers also where they

started, where they are going, and the purpose of their trip. This data helps the

Department to forecast traffic patterns.

52. Over-All Speed Total distance divided by total time, including all delays.

53. Overpass A grade separation where the highway passes over a highway or railroad. (See

Grade Separation).

54. PAM Pozzolanic Aggregate Mixture.

55. Pavement The part of a roadway having a constructed for the surface for the facilitation

of vehicular movement.

56. Pavement Fabric These are prefabricated sheets of steel much that are occasionally

placed into new concrete pavements.

57. Pavement Life The design life for a road way is 50 years.

58. Pavement Marking The lane lines or symbols painted on pavement surfaces, marking

can be done with several different types of materials.

59. Peak Hour That one-hour period during which the maximum amount of travel occurs.

Generally, there is a morning peak and an afternoon peak and traffic assignments may be

made for each period, if desired.

60. Radial Highway An arterial highway leading to or from an urban centre.

61. Railroad Grade Crossing The general area where a highway and a railroad cross at the

same level, within which are included the railroad, roadway, and roadside facilities for

traffic traversing that area.

62. Random Selection Every combination of samples of a given size from a population, no

matter how small or how large, has an equal chance of being selected.

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63. Rate of Change The proportional and consistent change in the size of a variable from

one period to the next.

64. Recreation Road A roadway which is not part of the state highway system but which

has been developed and improved by money from the State Recreation Road Fund in

accordance with Section 39-1390 of the State Statutes.

65. Reflective Crack Control Treatment A method used to retard the reflective cracking

into thru the new asphalt surface; fabric, heavy overlay or other strategies are used.

66. Registration the registration certificate or certificates and registration plates issued

under the laws of this State pertaining to the registration of vehicles.

67. Relocation Assistance Program for providing advice and assistance to persons,

business etc. Which have to be relocated due to highway construction?

68. Retaining wall Structure used to certain an embankment, also used on a back slope.

69. Right of Survey Entry The right to enter property temporarily to make surveys and

investigations for proposed highway improvements.

70. Right-of-Way Land acquired by purchased, gift or eminent domain in order to build and

maintain a public road.

71. Right-of-Way Appraisal A determination of the market value of property including

damages, if any, as of a specified date, resulting from an analysis of facts.

72. Right-of-Way Estimate An approximation of the market value of property including

damages, if any, in advance of an appraisal.

73. Right-of-Way Strip Map A plan of highway improvement showing its relationship to

adjacent property, the parcels or portions. Therefore, needed for highway purposes, and

other pertinent information.

74. Roadway Embankment A raised structure of soil, soil-aggregate, sand or rock.

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75. Rural Area An area whose character is rural in nature and which may include towns of

less than 5000 population.

76. Salvage Saving different materials from projects where existing surfacing and structures

are removed and using these in other construction.

77. Sawing Concrete Pavement When patching a failed area of existing pavement the

contractor is required to make a full depth saw cut around the perimeter of the patch so

that the segment can be dislodged and removed. Also done to control cracking in

concrete.

78. Scheduling The process of developing a plan of operations to carry out the program. The

process first involving breaking down projects into activities, setting starting and ending

times for those activities, determining the resources required toper from the work, then

adjusting the times as necessary to balance the resource requirements.

79. Screening The use of any vegetative planting, fencing, ornamental wall of masonry, or

other architectural treatment, earthen embankment, or a combination of any of these

which will effectively hide from view any undesirable areas, especially junkyards, from

the main travelled way.

80. Seal Coat An existing country or township road, or state highway can be rehabilitated or

given a new wearing surface by spraying it with liquid asphalt followed by a uniform

sprinkling of aggregate. This procedure is called a seal coat or chip and seal.

81. Shoulder The portion of the roadway adjacent to the travelled way for accommodation

of stopped vehicles, for emergency use, and for lateral support of the base and surface

courses. On secondary roadways the shoulder usually consists of turf. On heavily

travelled roads the shoulder is usually a bituminous mixture or concrete.

82. Sight Distance the line of sight available to the driver to see another car for passing sight

distance or to see a fixed object for stopping sight distance.

83. Sight Line Easement An easement for maintaining or improving the sight distance.

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84. Slope Drains The drainage structures used to prevent water erosion damage to slopes.

85. Slope Easement An easement for cuts or files.

86. Speed-change Lane An auxiliary lane including tapered areas, primarily for the

acceleration or deceleration of vehicles entering or leaving the through traffic lanes.

87. Station (Survey) A numerical designation for points on a project centreline which

denote the distance of that point from another point on the project.

88. Surfacing Material used to construct the roadway. There are four types: Asphalt,

Bituminous, Concrete, and Gravel.

89. Survey Period That time during which the external origin and destination survey is

conducted. The survey period begins the day that the first interview station is operated up

to and including the day of the last interview station.

90. Topography Representation on maps or charts depicting natural and man-made features

of an area or region.

91. Traffic Count A count of total vehicular traffic passing a given point on a highway

during a specified time period. This might be a manual or machine count.

92. Traffic Demands The number of vehicles desiring to use a particular route.

93. Traffic Volume The amount of traffic on a particular route.

94. Traffic Time The time of travel, including stops and delays, except those off the

travelled way.

95. Underpass A grade separation where the highway passes under an intersecting highway

or railroad. (See Grade Separation).

96. Vertical Curve A smooth transition between two sloping grade lines; a hill or valley.

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97. Vertical Curve (or Highway) A curve on the longitudinal profile of a road to provide

for change of gradient.

98. Viaduct A bridge for carrying a road over a valley, another road, or railroad.

99. Visibility The farthest object that can be observed. In daylight landmarks are used; but at

night unfocused lights serve.

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CHAPTER-2

CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE EXTENDING 2-LANE ROAD

2.1. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:

Generally, stage construction technique is adopted in highway construction to improve the

pavement structure in stages to match with increase in road traffic. Generally the road crust

consists of the following layers.

Earth work: Earth work consists of embankment and sub-grade. It is mainly adopted for

bringing the road profile to the desired grade and camber. Thickness of the embankment and

sub-grade are decided depending on the CBR Value of the existing soil and geometrical

design of the road to be constructed.

Sub-base and Base Courses: Sub-base or granular sub base is a layer consisting of crushed

stone, broken aggregate, natural sand and gravel or combination thereof compacted at

optimum moisture content to the designer of compaction. This layer will act as a drainage

layer.

Base course may be water bound macadam or wet mix macadam with the

combination of crushed aggregate and water at designed proportions. This will act as a

strength course for the pavement.

Surface course: Surface course may be of bituminous macadam, dense bituminous

macadam, Semi dense bituminous macadam. These layers will designed with different

proportions of aggregate and bitumen to meet the designed parameters. Thickness of these

layers will be decided mainly based on the traffic intensity on the proposed road. These will

act as strength course.

Wearing Course: Wearing course is dense graded premixed bituminous mix which is well

compacted to form a high quality pavement surface course. Thickness of the wearing course

layers usually ranges from 40 to 75mm.

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2.2. SITE CLEARANCE AND EXCAVATION:

This work shall consist of cutting, removing, disposing and excavating of all materials such

as trees, bushes, shrubs, stumps, roots, grass, weeds and topsoil to the required thickness in

accordance with clauses 200 and 300 of MOST.

MACHINARY:

Excavator

Dozer

End dumpers

Rollers

Survey kit. Etc.,

METHODOLOGY:

1. The material which is unsuitable for construction of road such as trees, bushes,

stumps, roots, grass, weeds, top organic soil shall be disposed of by using excavator

and end dumpers.

2. High way property/Amenities such as trees, shrubs, any other plants, pole lines and

sewers shall be protected from injury or damage during clearance.

3. Boulders, stones, stumps and other materials usable in road constructions shall be

neatly stacked at specified locations.

4. The pits resulting from uprooting of trees and stumps shall be filled with suitable

material with proper compaction.

5. Original ground levels shall be taken in both longitudinal and transverse direction at

specified intervals.

6. Marking shall be done for excavation to its lines width and length.

7. The excavator shall carry out the excavation true to lines, curves, slopes, grades and

sections as per marking.

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8. Excavated material shall be disposed from excavated area by using and dumpers.

9. Rolling shall be carried out on excavated portion till it reaches 95% compaction or as

specified by the project specifications.

QUALITY CONTROL:

Dressed and compacted surface of the excavated area shall be checked for field density as per

IS 2720 Part-28 and the degree of compaction shall not be less than 95%.

QUALITY TIPS:

Excavated material should not be allowed to mix with the material using for road work or

it will spoil homogeneity of the layer.

Proper drainage provision shall be made to avoid pounding or erosion of the cuts due to

water stagnation.

The excavated portion shall be inspected for marshy swamps and water springs, etc., this

should be rectified to the standard of adjacent strata before proceeding for construction.

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2.3. EMBANKMENT

SCOPE:

This work shall consist of laying, spreading and compacting Embankment layer with

approved material in accordance with clause 305 of MOST specification.

MATERIAL:

As per clause 305.2 of MOST, the material to be used for construction of embankment shall

be satisfying the following requirements.

The particle size of the course material shall not be more than 75mm.

Free swell index of the material shall not be more than 50 percent when tested as per

IS: 2720(Part-40).

Dry unit weight of the material shall not be less than 1.52gm/cc and 1.6gm/cc for

embankment up to 3mm height and embankment exceeding 3m height when tested as

per IS:2720 (part-8).

Liquid limit shall not be more than 70 percent.

Plasticity index shall not be more than 45 percent.

MACHINERY:

Excavator

End dumpers

Dozer

Grader

Water tanker

Vibratory roller of capacity 80-100KN

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Survey kit.

METHODOLOGY:

The original ground levels shall be taken in both longitudinal and transverse direction

at specified intervals.

Base shall be prepared by removing all vegetation and foreign matter and original

ground should be loosened and compacted in layers to achieve 97 percent

compaction.

Marking shall be done on both sides by fixing the better pegs at regular intervals to its

line and length.

The approved material from borrow area shall be transported by means of end

dumpers and dumped in the form of heaps.

Material shall be spread by means of motor grader to its loose thickness and specified

grade.

Roots and stumps shall be removed if any while spreading.

Moisture content shall be checked before commencing the compaction, if it is less

than OMC, water shall be added by sprinkler and if it is more than OMC it shall be

dried by aeration and exposure to the sun till reach the OMC.

Rolling shall be carried out from lower edge to upper edge with 80-100KN vibratory

roller till to achieve the required compaction and no tyre impression or drum

impression on the surface.

Cross fall shall be provided by trimming the slopes as specified.

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QUALITY CONTROL:

Quality control for the above work shall be as per table 900-3 of MOST.

Moisture content shall be checked before compaction for preceding the work.

The compacted surface shall be checked for field density at the frequency of 1 test per

1000sq.m. The degree of compaction shall not be less than 95%.

The surface shall be checked for levels at 5m/10m intervals longitudinally and

transversely and the same shall be within +20/-25mm.

QUALITY TIPS:

In the field one can estimate OMC without instrument just by adding water or drying

borrow material until a squeezed handful of soil is deformed with finger marks for

about an average squeeze effort and the molded soil resists breaking apart.

Roots and stumps shall be removed at barrow area before loading.

The area where cracks are developed after compaction shall be removed and it should

be filled with approved material with proper compaction.

The surface can be ensured that it has achieved required compaction by continuing the rolling

until there are no wavy or sponge action.

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2.4. SUBGRADE:

SCOPE:

This work shall consist of laying, spreading and compacting sub grade layer with approved

material in accordance with clause 305 of MOST specification.

MATERIAL:

As per clause 305.2 of MOST, the material to be used for construction of subgrade shall be

satisfying the following requirements.

i. The particle size of the course material shall not be more than 50mm.

ii. Free swell index of the material shall not be more than 50 percent when tested as

per IS: 2720 (Part-40).

iii. Dry unit weight shall not be more than 70 percent.

iv. Plasticity index shall not be more than 45 percent.

MACHINERY:

1. Excavator

2. End

3. Dozer

4. Grader

5. Water tanker

6. Vibratory roller of capacity 80 – 100 KN

7. Survey kit

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METHODOLOGY:

1. The Embankment top shall be cleaned off if there is any extraneous material. If the

surface is dry, it should be made wet by sprinkling water.

2. The approved material from barrow area shall be transported by means of end


3. Material shall be spread by means of motor grader to its loose thickness and specified

grade.

4. Roots and stumps shall be removed if any while spreading.

5. Moisture content shall be checked before commencing the compaction, if its is less

than OMC, water shall be added by sprinkler and if it is more than OMC it shall be

dried by aeration and exposure to the sun till to reach the OMC.

6. Rolling shall be carried out from lower edge to upper edge with 80 – 100 KN

vibratory rollers till to achieve the required compaction and no tire impression or

drum impression on the surface.

7. Cross fall shall be maintained as per the design.

QUALITY CONTROL:


Moisture content shall be checked before compaction for preceding the work. The

same should be -2 to +1 of OMC.


500 sq.m.

The degree of compaction shall not be less than 97%.

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transversely and the same shall be within +20/-25 mm.

QUALITY TIPS:

In the field one can estimate OMC without instrument just by adding water or drying

borrow material until a squeezed handful of soil is deformed with finger marks for

about an average squeeze effort and the molded soil resists breaking apart.

Roots and stumps shall be removed at loading place.



The surface can be ensured that it has achieved required compaction by continuing the

rolling until there are no wavy or sponge action.

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2.5. GRANULAR SUB BASE:

SCOPE:

This work shall consist of laying and compacting well-graded material on prepared and grade

in accordance with clause 401 of MOST specification.

MATERIAL: As per clause 401.2 of MOST, the material to be used for construction of

granular sub base shall satisfy the following requirements.

Maximum particle size of the material shall not be more than 75mm.

The ten percent fines value shall be of 50KN or more when tested in accordance with

BS: 812 (part-3).

Water absorption value of the course aggregate shall not be more than 2% when tested

as per IS: 2386 (part-3).

Soaked CBR value should be minimum 30.

Gradation of the material should satisfy the following requirements.

IS Sieve Designation in mm Percent by passing the IS Sieve(%)

75.00 100

53.00 80-100

26.50 55-90

9.50 35-65

4.75 25-55

2.36 20-40

0.425 10-25

0.075 3-10

MACHINERY:

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End dumpers

Motor grader

Vibratory roller of capacity 80-100KN (or) Preumatic tyred roller of 200-300 KN

weight.

Water tanker

Survey kit

METHODOLOGY:

The base shall be prepared by removing all vegetation and other extraneous matter;

sprinkled the water if necessary and rolled with two passes of 80-100KN smooth

wheeled roller.

Marking shall be done by fixing the better pegs on both sides at regular intervals to its

length and depth.

Well-graded material shall be transported and dumped at site by means of end


The material shall be spread by means of motor grader to the required slope and

grade.

Water shall be sprinkled uniformly and it should be maintained that the moisture

content at the time of compaction is in the range of -2 tp +1 percent of OMC.

The material shall be processed by means of mechanical disc harrows and rotators or

ploughed until the layer is uniformly wet.

If there is any segregation after spreading, the same shall be rectified by spreading

fines before rolling.

The rolling shall be carried out from layer edge to upper edge with 80-100KN

vibratory roller or pneumatic roller of capacity 200-300KN weight having tire

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pressure of 0.7MN/sq.m; and it should be maintain that the speed of the roller should

not more than 5km/hr.

Rolling shall be continued until there are no tire impressions marked on the surface.

Depressions and high spots shall be rectified by adding or removal of fresh material

with proper compaction.

The gradation of the material shall be controlled at crusher by making necessary

adjustments.

The compacted surface shall be checked for field density at the frequency of I test per

500sq.m. The degree of compaction should not be less than 98% when tested as per

IS: 2720(part-8).


transversely and the same shall be within +/-10mm.

The material shall be loaded at quarry and also dumping at site in proper way so as to

avoid segregation.

Fines shall be added if necessary before compaction wherever the material is

segregated.

The surface shall be ensured that it has achieved required compaction by continuing

rolling there are no impressions of the roller on the surface.

QUALITY CONTROL:


The gradation of the material shall be controlled at crusher by making necessary

adjustments.

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500 sq.m. The degree of compaction should not be less than 98% when tested as per

IS: 2720 (part-8).



QUALITY TIPS:

The material shall be loaded at quarry and also dumping at site in proper way so as to

avoid segregation.

Fines shall be added if necessary before compaction wherever the material is

segregated.

The surface shall be ensured that it has achieved required compaction by continuing

rolling there are no impressions of the roller on the surface.

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2.6. WET MIX MACADAM

SCOPE:

This work shall consist of laying spreading and compacting clean, crushed, graded aggregate

and granular material, pre-mixed with water, to a dense mass on prepared granular sub base

in accordance with clause 406 of MOST specification.

MATERIAL:

As per clause 406.2 of MOST, the material to be used for the construction of Wet Mix

Macadam (WMM) shall satisfy the following requirements.

Aggregate impact value shall not be more than 30%.

Combined flakiness and elongation indices shall not be more than 30%.

Water absorption value of aggregate shall not be more than 2%.

The mix gradation shall satisfy the requirements given in the following table.

IS Sieve Designation in mm Percent passing (%)

53.00 100

45.00 95-100

22.40 60-80

11.20 40-60

4.75 25-40

2.36 15-30

600 micron 8-22

75 micron 0-8

MACHINERY:

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Wet mix plant

End dumpers

Motor grader

Paver finisher

Smooth wheeled vibratory roller of 80 to 100 KN

Survey kit

METHODOLOGY:

Base shall be cleaned off all foreign matter and marking shall be done to its length

and breadth.

Wet mix produced from the plant shall be transported to the site by means of end

dumpers.

If the mix is to be laid by means of paver finisher, string line shall be given at

5m/10m intervals to its gradient.

The paver shall be set to required loose thickness and camber.

The mix shall be unloaded gently into the paver hopper and paving shall be started

uniformly as shown in fig7.3.

The levels shall be checked just after paving and after compaction with respect to

designed levels. If there is variation in the levels, the same shall be adjusted in further

paving.

If the mix is to be laid with motor grader, pegging shall be done on either side of the

carriageway at 5m/10 intervals.

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The mix transported to the site shall be dumped at required intervals and shall be

graded to the marked level.

If there is any segregation after spreading or paving, the same shall be rectified by

spreading fines before rolling.

In either case, the rolling shall be carried out from lower edge to upper edge with 80

to 100 KN smooth wheeled vibratory rollers at a speed not more than 5km/hour.

Rolling shall be continued until there are no tyre impressions ordrum impressions on

the surface.

The surface shall be protected from vehicular movement until covered with asphalt

layer.

The surface shall be brushed or broomed to loose dust particles until rough texture is

exposed.

The surface shall be primed with approved prime coat material at the rate of 6 to 9

kg/10m2.

QUALITY CONTROL:


The gradation and moisture content of the mix shall be controlled at plant as per the

approved design mix.


500sq.m. The degree of compaction should not be less than 98%.



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QUALITY TIPS:

The mix while transporting can be covered with Asian cloth to avoid moisture loss.

The mix shall be loaded at the plant in three heaps into dumper so as to avoid

segregation.

The hopper of the paver shall not be emptied completely as it may lead to segregation

while paving successive loads.

The end portions of carriageway shall be confined with hard shoulders or any means

if the mix spreading with grader to avoid end segregation.

The surface can be ensured that it has achieved required compaction by continuing

rolling until there is no wavy action or sponge action or impressions of the roller on

the surface.

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2.7. DENSE BITUMINOUS MACADAM

SCOPE:

This work consists of laying, spreading and compacting the approved bituminous mix in

accordance with clause 507 of MOST clauses.

MATERIAL:

Ass per clause 507.2 of MOST, the material to be used for construction of dense

bituminous macadam shall be satisfying the following requirements.

I. Paving bitumen of grade 60/70 shall be used generally; if it is not available 80/100

shall be used upon approval of the engineer.

II. Course aggregates shall be of clean, strong, durable, cubical shape and free from

other deleterious matter and adherent coating.

III. Los Angeles Abrasion value shall not be more than 40% when tested as per IS:

2386 (part-4).

IV. Aggregate impact value shall not be more than 30%when tested as per IS: 2386

(part-4).

V. Flakiness and Elongation Indices shall not be more than 30% when tested as per

IS: 2386 (Part-I).

VI. Stripping value of bitumen aggregate mixtures shall be of minimum retained

coating 95% when tested as per AASHTO T 182.

VII. Water absorption of the aggregate shall not be more than 2% when tested as per

IS: 2386 (part-5).

VIII. Plasticity index of the filler shall not be greater than 4.

IX. The filler shall be graded within the following limits.

Page 28 of 62

IS Sieve Percent passing

600 micron 100

300 micron 95-100

75 micron 85-100

X. The aggregate gradation shall be satisfying the following limits.

Sieve Designation

37.5 mm 100

26.5mm 90-100

13.2mm 56-80

4.75mm 29-59

2.36 mm 19-45

300 micron 5-17

75 micron 1-7

MACHINERY:

Hot mix plant of suitable capacity (Batch mix type)

End dumpers

Paver finisher with sensor

Vibratory rollers of capacity 80 – 100 KN static weight or pneumatic tired roller of

capacity 150 – 250 KN weight

Survey kit

Bitumen sprayer

Air compressor

Page 29 of 62

Water tanker

METHODOLOGY:

The base shall be thoroughly swept clean free from dust and foreign matter by means

of mechanical broom and compressed air.

Marking shall be done by adjusting paver sensor to its lines, grades and cross sections.

Tack coat shall be applied over the prepared base by using approved cutback to the

required quantity.

Mix produced from the hot mix plant shall be transported to the sire by means of end

dumpers.

The mix shall be unloaded gently into the paver hoper and paving shall be started

uniformly as shown in the figure.8.4.

The levels shall be checked before paving and after compaction with respect to the

designed levels. If there is any variation in the levels, the same shall be adjusted in

further paving.

Initial or break down rolling shall be carried out immediately following close to the

paver in longitudinal direction from lower edge to upper edge with 80 – 100 KN static

weight of smooth wheeled roller. The speed of the roller shall be maintained not more

than 5km/hr.

Intermediate rolling shall be done with 80 – 100 KN static weight of vibratory roller

or with a pneumatic tiered roller of 150 – 250 KN weight having tyre pressure of at

least 0.7 Mpa; and it should be continued till the compaction achieved is at least 98%.

Traffic shall be allowed after completion of the final rolling when the mix has cooled

down to the surrounding temperature.

Page 30 of 62

QUALITY CONTROL:


i. The application of tack coat shall be checked as per the following table.

Type of Surface Quantity/10 sq.m.

1. Nominal bituminous surface 2.0 – 2.5

2. Dry and hungry bituminous surface 2.5 – 3.0

3. Granular surface treated with primer 2.5 – 3.0

4. Non bituminous surface

a) Granular base (not primed)

b) Cement concrete payment

3.5 – 4.0

3.0 – 3.5

ii. The gradation of the mix shall be controlled at plant as per the approved designed

mix.

iii. Mix temperature shall be controlled at plant within the range of 150 – 1630C and

the temperature less than 1200 shall not be used for paving.

iv. The compacted surface shall be checked for field density by taking cores at the

frequency of 1 test for 250 sq.m. The degree of compaction should not be less

than 98%.

v. The surface shall be checked for levels at 5m intervals longitudinally and


vi. Cores will be collected after satisfactory compaction of the layer using mechanical

core cutting machine and will be tested for the parameters like Thickness,

Compaction % of air voids etc as per the table 500-10 of MOST.

Page 31 of 62

QUALITY TIPS:

Laying shall not be taken up when atmospheric temperature is less than 100C.

The temperature difference between bitumen and aggregate shall not be more than

140C during mixing at plant.

The mix shall be loaded at the hot mix plant in three heaps on dumpers so as to avoid

segregation.

Temperature should not be less than 1200C during paving.



The rollers should not stand on pavement which has not been fully compacted and

where temperature is still more than 700C.

The mix while transporting shall be covered with Asian cloth to protect from rain and

temperature loss.

Cold bins and stockpiles shall be covered with Asian cloth during rainy season to

protect from wetness.

Page 32 of 62

2.8. BITUMINOUS CONCRETE

SCOPE:

This work shall consists constructing in single layer of bituminous concrete on previously

prepared bituminous course to the required thickness in accordance with clause 512 of MOST

clause.

MATERIAL:

As per clause 512.2 of MOST, the material to be used for construction of bituminous

concrete shall be satisfying the following requirements.

Paving bitumen of grade 60/70 shall be used generally; if it is not available 80/100

shall be used upon approval of the engineer as per IS: 73.

Coarse aggregates shall be clean, strong, durable, cubical shape and free from other

deleterious matter and adherent coating.

Los Angeles Abrasion value shall not be more than 40% when tested as per IS: 2386

(part-4).

Aggregate Impact value shall not be more than 30% when tested as per IS: 2386 (part-

4).

Flakiness and Elongation |Indices shall not be more than 30% when tested as per IS:

2386 (part-1).

Stripping value of bitumen aggregate mixtures shall be minimum retained coating

95% when tested as per AASHTOT182.

Water absorption of the aggregate shall not be more than 1% when tested as per IS:

2386 (part-5).

Plasticity index of the filler shall not be greater than 4.

Page 33 of 62

The stone polishing value of aggregate shall not be less than 55 when tested as per

BS: 812 (part-114).

The filler shall be graded within the following limits.

IS Seive Percent passing by Weight

600 micron 100

300 micron 95-100

75 micron 85-100

The aggregate gradation shall be satisfying the following limits.

Sieve Designation Percent passing the Sieve by Weight

26.5 mm 100

19.0 mm 90-100

9.5 mm 56-80

4.75 mm 35-65

2.36 mm 23-49

300 micro 5-19

75 micron 2-8

MACHINERY:

Hot mix plant

End dumpers

Paver finisher

Vibratory rollers of capacity 80 – 100 KN static weight or pneumatic tyred roller of

capacity 150 – 250 KN weight

Survey kit

Bitumen sprayer

Page 34 of 62

Air compressor

Water tanker

METHODOLOGY:

The base shall be thoroughly swept clean free from dust and foreign matter by means

of mechanical broom and compressed air.

Marking shall be done by adjusting paver sensor to its lines, grades and cross sections.

Tack coat shall be applied over the prepared base by using approved cutback to the

required quantity.

Mix produced from the hot mix plant shall be transported to the site by means of end

dumpers.

The mix shall be unloaded gently into the paver hoper and paving shall be started

uniformly.

The levels shall be checked before paving and after compaction with respect to the

designed levels. If there is any variation in the levels, the same shall be made to good.

Initial or break down rolling shall be carried out immediately following close to the

paver in longitudinal direction from lower edge to upper edge with 80 – 100 KN static

weight of smooth wheeler roller. The speed of the roller shall be maintained not more

than 5 Km/Hr.

Intermediate rolling shall be done with 80 – 100 KN static weight of vibratory roller

or with a pneumatic tiered roller of 150 – 250 KN weight having tyre pressure of at

least 0.7 Mpa; and it should be continued till the compaction achieved is at least 98%.

Traffic shall be allowed after completion of the final rolling when the mix has cooled

down to the surrounding temperature.

QUALITY CONTROL:

Page 35 of 62

Quality Control for the above work shall be as per table 900-3 of MOST.

The gradation of the mix shall be controlled at plant as per the approved designed

mix.

Mix temperature shall be controlled at plant within the range of 150-1630C and the

temperature less than 1200C shall not be used for paving.

The compacted surface shall be checked for field density by taking cores at the

frequency of 1 test for 250 sq.m. The degree of compaction should not be less than

98%.

The surface shall be checker for levels at 5m intervals longitudinally and transversely

and the same shall be within +/-6mm.

Cores will be collected after satisfactory compaction of the layer using mechanical

core cutting machine and will be tested for the parameters like Thickness,

Compaction % of air voids etc as per the table 500-10 of MOST.

QUALITY TIPS:

Laying shall not be taken up when atmospheric temperature is less than 100C.

The temperature difference between bitumen and aggregate shall not be more than

140C during mixing at plant.

The mix shall be loaded at the hot mix plant in three heaps on dumpers so as to avoid

segregation.

Temperature should not be less than 1200C during paving.



The rollers should not stand on pavement which has not been fully compacted and

where temperature is still more than 700C.

Page 36 of 62

The mix while transporting shall be covered with Asian cloth to protect from rain and

temperature loss.

Cold bins and stockpiles shall be covered with Asian cloth during rainy season to

protect from wetness.

Page 37 of 62

2.9. HARD SHOULDERS

SCOPE:

The work shall consist of constructing hard shoulder on either side of the pavement as per the

lines, grades and cross-sections in accordance with clause 407 of MOST.

MATERIAL:

As per MOST clauses 305 and 401, the material to be used for construction of shoulder shall

be satisfying the following requirements.

The particle size of the coarse material shall not be more than 50mm.

Free swell index of the material shall not more than 50 percent when tested as per IS:

2720 (part-40).

Dry unit weight of the material shall not be less than 1.75 gm/cc when tested as per

IS: 2720 (part-8).

Liquid limit shall not be more than 70 percent.

Plasticity index shall not be more than 45 percent.

MACHINERY:

Excavator

End dumpers

Dozer

Grader

Water tanker

Page 38 of 62

Vibratory roller of capacity 80 – 100 KN and survey kit.

METHODOLOGY:

The base shall be prepared properly by cleaning of all vegetation and foreign matter if

any.

Approved material of shoulder shall be dumped by means of trucks in the form of

heaps.

The material shall be spread by means of motor grader to its lines and length of the

shoulder portion.

Rolling shall be carried out till getting required compaction.

QUALITY CONTROL:


Moisture content shall be checked before compaction for preceding the work.


500 sq.m.

The degree of compaction shall not less than 97%.

The surface shall be checked for levels at 5m/10m intevrals longitudinally and

transversely and the same shall be within +20/-25mm.

QUALITY TIPS:

Moisture content of the material shall be checked before loading the material at

barrow area of the material is too wet condition.

Roots and stumps shall be removed at loading place.

Page 39 of 62

Material shall be placed only on shoulder portion to not to damage or dragged on

pavement surface.



The surface can be ensured that it has achieved required compaction by continuing the

rolling until there are no wavy or sponge action.

During the construction care shall be taken to maintain the cross fall to drain off

surface water.

Page 40 of 62

2.10. PRECAUTIONS FOR SAFEGUARDING THE

ENVIRONMENT:

1. General:

The contractor shall take all precautions for safeguarding the environment during the course

of the construction of the works. He shall abide by all laws, rules and regulations in force

governing pollution and environmental protection that are applicable in the area where the

works are situated.

2. Borrow pits for Embankment Construction:

Borrow pits shall not be dug in the right-of-way of the road. The stipulations in clause

305.2.2 shall govern.

3. Quarry Operations:

The contractor shall obtain materials from quarries only after the consent of the forest

department or other concerned authorities is obtained. The quarry operations shall be

undertaken within the purview of the rules and regulations in force.

4. Control of Soil Erosion, Sedimentation and Water Pollution:

The contractor shall carry out the works in such a manner that soil erosion is fully controlled,

and sedimentation and pollution of natural water courses, ponds, tanks, and reservoirs is

avoided. The stipulations in clause 306 shall govern.

5. Pollution from Hot-Mix plants and batching plants:

Bituminous hot-mix and concrete batching plants shall be located sufficiently away from

habitation, agricultural operations or industrial establishments. The contractor shall take

every precaution to reduce the levels of noise, vibration, dust and emissions from his plant

and shall be fully responsible for any claims for damages caused to the owners of property,

fields and residences in the vicinity.

6. Substance Hazardous to Health:

Page 41 of 62

The contractor shall not use or generate any material in the works which are hazardous to the

health of persons, animals or vegetation. Where it is necessary to use some substances which

can cause injury to the health of workers, the contractor shall provide protective clothing or

appliances to his workers.

7. Use of Nuclear Gauges:

Nuclear gauges shall be used only where permitted by the Engineer. The contractor shall

provide the Engineer with a copy of the regulations governing the safe use of nuclear gauges

he intends to employ and shall abide by such regulations.

8. The contractor takes all reasonable steps to minimize dust nuisance during the

construction of the works.

9. All existing highways and roads used by vehicle of the contractor or any of his sub

contractors or suppliers of material or plant, and similarly any new roads, which are a part of

the works and which are being used by traffic, shall be kept clean of all dust/mud or other

extraneous materials dropped by the said vehicles or their tyres. Similarly, all dust/mud or

other extraneous materials from the works spreading on these highways shall be immediately

cleared by the contractor.

10. Clearance shall be affected immediately by manual sweeping and removal of debris,

or, if so directed by the Engineer, by mechanical sweeping and clearing equipment, and all

dust, mud and other debris shall be removed entirely from the road surface. Additionally, if

so directed by the Engineer, the road surface shall be hosed or watered using suitable

equipment.

11. Any structural damage caused to the existing roads by the contractors construction

equipment shall be made good without any extra cost.

12. Compliance with the foregoing will not relieve the contractor of any responsibility for

complying with the requirements of any highway authority in respect of the roads used by

him.

Page 42 of 62

2.11. ARRANGEMENT FOR TRAFFIC DURING

CONSTRUCTION:

1. General:

The contractor shall at all time carry out work on the highway in a manner creating

least interference to the flow of traffic while consistent with the satisfactory execution of the

same. For all works involving improvements to the existing highway, the contractor shall, in

accordance with the directives of the Engineer, provide and maintain, during execution of the

work, a passage for traffic either along a part of the existing carriageway under improvement,

or along a temporary diversion constructed close to the highway. The contractor shall take

prior approval of the Engineer regarding traffic arrangements during construction.

2. Passage of Traffic along a part of the Existing Carriageway under Improvement:

For widening/strengthening existing carriageway where part width of the existing

carriageway is proposed to be used for passage of traffic, treated shoulders shall be provided

on the side on which work is not in progress. The treatment to the shoulder shall consist of

providing at least 150mm thick granular base course covered with bituminous surface

dressing in a width of at least 1.5m and the surface shall be maintained throughout the period

during which traffic uses the same to the satisfaction of the Engineer. The continuous length,

in which such work shall be carried out, would be limited normally to 500m at a place.

However, where work is allowed by the Engineer in longer stretches passing places at least

20m long with additional paved width of 2.5m shall be provided at every 0.5m interval.

In case of widening existing two-lane to four-lane, the additional two lanes would be

constructed first and the traffic diverted to it and only thereafter the required treatment to the

exciting carriageway would be carried out. However, in case where on the request of the

contractor, work on existing two-lane carriageway is allowed by the Engineer with traffic

using part of the existing carriageway, stipulations as in Para above shall apply.

After obtaining permission of the Engineer, the treated shoulder shall be dismantled, the

debris disposed of and the area cleared as per the direction of the Engineer.

Page 43 of 62

3. Passage of Traffic along a Temporary Diversion:

In stretches where it is not possible to pass the traffic on part width of the

carriageway, a temporary diversion shall be constructed with 7m carriageway and 2.5m

earthen shoulders on each side (total width of roadway 12m) with the following provision for

road crust in the 7m width:

(i) 200 mm (compacted) granular sub base;

(ii) 225 mm (compacted) granular base course; and

(iii) Premix carpet with Seal Coat/Mix Seal Surfacing.

The alignment and longitudinal section of diversion including junctions and temporary

cross drainage provision shall be as approved by the Engineer.

4. Traffic Safety & Control:

The contractor shall take all necessary measures for the safety of traffic during

construction and provide, erect and maintain such barricades, including signs, markings,

flags, lights and flagmen as may be required by the Engineer for the information and

protection of traffic approaching or passing through the section of the highway under

improvement. Before taking up any construction, an agreed phased programme for the

diversion of traffic on the highway shall be drawn up in consultation with the Engineer.

The barricades erected on either side of the carriageway/portion of the carriageway

closed to traffic, shall be of strong design to resist violation, and painted with alternate black

and white stripes. Red lanterns and warning lights of similar type shall be mounted on the

barricades at night and kept lit throughout from sunset to sunrise.

At the points where traffic is to deviate from its normal path (whether on temporary

diversion or part width of the carriageway) the channel for traffic shall be clearly marked

with the aid of pavement markings, painted drums or a similar device to the directions of the

Engineer. At night, the passage shall be delineated with lanterns or other suitable light source.

One-way traffic operation shall be established whenever the traffic is to be passed

over part of the carriageway inadequate for two-lane traffic. This shall be done with the help

of temporary traffic signals or flagmen kept positioned on opposite sides during all hours. For

Page 44 of 62

regulation of traffic, the flagmen shall be equipped with red and green flags and

lanterns/lights.

On both sides, suitable regulatory/warning signs as approved bt the Engineer shall be

installed for the guidance of road users. On each approach, at least two signs shall be put up,

one close to the point where transition of carriageway begins and the other 120m away. The

signs shall be of approved design and of refectory type, if so directed by the Engineer.

5. Maintenance of Diversions and Traffic Control Devices:

Signs, lights, barriers, and other traffic control devices as well as the riding surface of

diversions shall be maintained in a satisfactory condition till such time they are required as

directed by the Engineer. The temporary travelled way shall be kept free of dust by frequent

applications of water, if necessary.

6. Measurements for Payment and Rate:

All arrangements for traffic during construction including provision of temporary

cross drainage structures, if required, and treated shoulder as described in clause 112.2

including their maintenance, dismantling and clearing debris, where necessary, shall be

considered as accidental to the works and shall be the contractors responsibility.

The construction of temporary diversion including temporary cross drainage

structures as described in clause 112.3, shall be measured in linear metre and the unit contract

rate shall be inclusive of full compensation for construction (including supply of material,

labour, tools etc.), maintenance, final dismantling and disposal.

Page 45 of 62

CHAPTER – 3

LAB VALUES

3.1. SIEVE ANALYSIS OF WET MIX MACADAM:

Laboratory Ref. No. 101 Dated Sampled 22-03-12

Location/Source 108 chainage Sampled by

Type of Material WMM Date of Test 23-03-12

Proposed use WMM 1st Layer Tested by

Weight of Sample 24320 grams

Sieve Size in

mm

Weight

Retained in

gms.

Cumulative

weight

Retained in

gms.

% Retained % PassingSpec %

Passing

53 0 0 0 100 100

45 0 0 0 100 95-100

22.4 7075 7075 29 70.9 60-80

11.2 4745 11820 48.6 51.4 40-60

4.75 5035 16855 69.3 30.7 25-40

2.36 2285 19140 78.7 21.3 15-30

0.600 1385 20525 84.4 15.6 8-22

0.75 3360 23885 98.2 1.8 0-8

PAN

Page 46 of 62

3.2. SIEVE ANALYSIS OF WET MIX MACADAM:

Laboratory Ref. No. Gpl.2/qclab/wmm-179 Dated Sampled

Location/Source 106+840-107+0001/s106+900 Sampled by Epc/Hkrrl/Ic

Type of Material WMM Date of Test

Proposed use WMM 1st Layer Tested by Epc/Hkrrl/Ic

Weight of Sample 24820 grams

Sieve Size in

mm

Weight

Retained in

gms.

Cumulative

weight

Retained in

gms.


Passing

53 0 0 0 100 100

45 0 0 0 100 95-100

22.4 7075 7075 29 70.9 60-80

11.2 4745 11820 48.6 51.4 40-60

4.75 5035 16855 69.3 30.7 25-40

2.36 2285 19140 78.7 21.3 15-30

0.600 1385 20525 84.4 15.6 8-22

0.75 3360 23885 98.2 1.8 0-8

PAN

Page 47 of 62

3.3. AGGREGATE IMPAC TEST:

Laboratory Ref. No. 103 Dated Sampled 23-3-12

Type of Material Wmm Sampled by

Location 106+840-107+000 4s Date of Test 23-3-12

Source 106+900 4s Tested by Epc/Hkrrl/Ic

Proposed Use WMM 1st layer

DESCRIPTION TEST 1 TEST 2

Weight of surface dry sample passing 12.5 mm and retained

on 10mm I.S sieves w1318.6 320.4

Weight of fraction passing 2.36mm sieve after the test w2

(g)62.1 59.6

Weight of fraction retained 2.36mm sieve after the test w3

(g)256 260.6

W4=w1-(w2+w3) [g] 0.5 0.7

Aggregate impact value (A.I.V)=(w2/w1)X100% 19.5 18.6

Average value of A.I.V. 19 19

Note: if w4.1g discards and retest.

Page 48 of 62

3.4. CEMENT TESTING:

As per IS 8112-1989

Cement brand name & week: orient

Cement grade: OPC 43 grade

Date sampled: 23-3-2012

Date tested: 23-3-2012

S.NO Name of the test Result Specification

1 Normal Consistency 5.7

2

Setting Time

a) Initial setting time 195 Min 30min

b) Final setting time 295 Max 600 min.

3Fineness (retained on 90

micron sieve)1.0 Max 10%

4Soundness (mm) (by

Le-chatlier method)Max 10mm

Page 49 of 62

3.5. COMPRESSIVE STRENGHT OF CEMENT:

Cement grade: OPE 43 Grade

Brand name of cement: Orient

Age in days: 3 days

Date of sampled: 23-3-2012

Date of testing: 23-3-2012

S.NOWeight of Cube

(g)

Failure Load

(KM)

Compressive

strength N/mm2

Average

strength N/mm2

1 795 150 30.1

31.22 800 155 31.1

3 800 162 32.5

Page 50 of 62

3.6. COMPRESSIVE STRENGHT OF CEMENT:

Cement grade: OPE 43 Grade

Brand name of cement: Orient

Age in days: 7 days

S.NOWeight of Cube

(g)

Failure Load

(KM)

Compressive

strength N/mm2

Average

strength N/mm2

1 810 220 44.2

44.42 795 218 43.8

3 805 225 45.2

Page 51 of 62

3.7. PENETRATION TEST FOR BITUMEN (IS: 1203):

Sample no - bitumen/106 Date of sampling - 25-03-2012

Location - Hm plant Date of testing - 25-03-2012

Description of Material – V.G.30 Invoice no - 651486043

Source of Material - CPCL

OBSERVATIONS

Pouring Temperature : 90 degree C+ Approx. softening point

Period of cooling in air : 1 to 1.5 hr (Between 15 to 30 dreg C

Atmospheric temp)

Period of cooling in water : 1 to 1.5 hr (at 25 + or – dreg C temp)

Train No. 1 2 3

Intitial Reading 1/10 mm (R1) 254 293 200

Final Reading 1/10 mm (R2) 321 353 264

Depth of penetration 1/10 mm

(R2-R1)67 60 64

Average penetration 1/10 mm

Specification Limit

50-70 for

VG30 Grade

paving

Bitument As

per IS: 73

<60 For

CRMB-55 As

per SP-53

Page 52 of 62

3.8. FIELD DENSITY OF BITUMINOUS LAYERS:

Sample no - GPL-2/QC/DBM/Core/zy Date of sampling - 25-03-2012

Location - 96+380-96+680 Rhs-top layer Date of testing - 25-03-2012

Description of Material – V.G.30 Invoice no - 651486043

Source of Material - CPCL

OBSERVATION:

Location

Avg Thickne

ss

Weight in Air (gm)

Weight in water

(g)

SSD weight

(g)

Density (g/cc)

% compactio

n

Chainage km

Offset form

kerb (m)(E/G-F) (H/a)x100

A B C D E F G H

106+392

106+420

106+448

106+476

106+502

106+532

106+560

106+588

106+616

106+644

106+672

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

7.4

47

50

49

52

51

48

47

50

52

51

49

890.2

950.8

946.7

970.8

973.2

901.5

900.9

960.6

993.9

980.5

971.0

510.8

547.9

540.9

558.6

559.0

517.0

515.1

553.3

572.2

565.0

558.2

893.4

955.0

948.3

972.9

975.6

905.6

904.3

963.6

995.9

984.2

975.1

2.327

2.336

2.324

2.343

2.336

2.320

2.315

2.341

2.346

2.339

2.329

98.8

99.0

98.7

99.5

99.2

98.5

98.3

99.4

99.6

99.3

98.9

Page 53 of 62

3.9. SIEVE ANALYSIS OF GRANULAR SUB BASE:

Laboratory Ref.

No.GPL-2/QClab/GSB Dated Sampled 24-3-2012

Location/Source Sampled by EPC/HKRRL/IC

Type of Material GSB Date of Test 24-3-2012

Proposed use GSB Tested by EPC/HKRRL/IC

Weight of Sample 32075 gms

Sieve Size in

mm

Weight

Retained in

g.

Cumulative

weight

Retained.


Passing

75 mm 0 0 0 100 100

26.5 mm 12413 12413 38.7 61.3 55-75

4.75 mm 13118 25531 79.6 20.4 10-30

0.075 mm 6031 31562 98.4 1.6 0-10

PAN

Page 54 of 62

3.10. FIELD DENSITY OF BITUMINOUS LAYERS:

Type of Material : Soil Date Sampled : 24-03-2012

Location : 106 chainage Date tested : 24-03-2012

Proposed use : SUBTOP

1 Mould No Weight of mould (A) = 5935 gmsVolume of mould (V) =

2250cc

2 Trial No 1 2 3 4 5

3Weight of wet soil+mould (g)

10484 10776 10969 10928 10867

4Weight of wet soil (E=D-A)

4549 4841 5034 4993 4932

5Wet density of soil, (F=E/V) (g/cc)

2.022 2.151 2.237 2.219 2.192

6 Container No (g) 8 35 22 25 4

7 Weight of Container 84.3 72.0 86.3 89.4 85.3

8Weight of wet soil+cont

286.2 278.3 284.1 288.5 288.6

9Weight of dry soil+cont

278.4 265.9 268.8 269.7 266.2

10Weight of water (L=J-K)

7.8 12.4 15.3 18.8 22.4

11Weight of dry soil (M=K-H)

194.1 193.09 182.5 180.4 180.9

12Water Content [N=100x(L/M)]%

4.0 6.4 8.4 10.4 12.4

13Dry Density [P=100x(F/100+N] gm/cc

1.944 2.022 2.064 2010 1.950

Method used : Modified MDD : 2.070 Rammer Weight : 4.9 kg

OMC : 8.0 No: of blows/layer: 55 No: of Layers: 5

3.11. CALIFORNIA BERING RATIO (AASHTO-T 193):

Page 55 of 62

MDD: 2.070 OMC: 8.0%

Location: Shoulder: 106 R/S Date Sampled: 24-03-2012

Type of Material: Gravel Date of casting: 26-03-2012

Proposed to use: Subgrade 1st Date of Testing: 30-03-2012

Period of soaking: 986 hours

MOISTURE CONTENT AND UNIT WEIGHT OF TEST SAMPLES:

Mould no.1 Mould no.2 Mould no.3

No: of Layers 5 5 5

No: of blows per

layer10 10 10

CONDITION OF

SAMPLE

Before

soaking

After

soaking

Before

soaking

After

soaking

Before

soaking

After

soaking

Weight of mould,

W1 (g)6789 7166 7128

Weight of wet soil +

mouldW2 (g)11066 11174 11900 11981 12164 12215

Weight of wet soil,

W3 = (W2 – W1)

(g)

4277 4385 4734 4814 5036 5087

Volume of mould,

V (cc)2250 2250 2250 2250 2250 2250

Wet density, Yb =

W3/V (g/cc)1.901 1.949 2.104 2.14 2.238 2.261

MOISTURE

DETERMINATION

Before

soaking

After

soaking

Before

soaking

After

soaking

Before

soaking

After

soaking

Container No 14 19 15 5 8 10

Weight of container,

W5 (g)84.5 79.3 88.9 86.2 84.3 90.4

Weight of wet

soil+cont, W6 (g)289.7 276.5 267.4 293.7 290.1 277.1

Weight of wet

soil+cont, W7 (g)274.5 256.5 254 274.3 274.7 260.6

Page 56 of 62

Weight of water,

W8 = (W6-W7)15.2 276.5 267.4 293.3 290.1 277.1

Weight of water,

W8 = (W6-W7)

Weight of dry soil,

W9 = (W7-W5) (g)

190 177 165 188 190 170

Water container W

= W/W9 (%)8.0 11.3 8.1 10.3 8.1 9.7

Dry density

Yd = Yb (1+w/100)

(g/cc)

1.760 1.751 1.946 1.940 2.070 2.061

Page 57 of 62

3.12. LOAD PENETRATION TEST DATA:

Providing ring no: 636 Providing ring calibration factor: 6.5

S.NO

Penetration

(mm)

Mould no.29 Mould no.11 Mould no.20

Providing ring

reading

Corrected Load

(kg)

Providing ring

reading

Corrected Load

(kg)

Providing ring

reading

Corrected Load

(kg)

1 0.50 6 39.0 11 71 10 65.0

2 1.00 9 58.5 22 143 23 149.5

3 1.50 13 84.5 34 221 35 227.5

4 2.00 15 97.5 41 266 46 299.0

5 2.50 19 123.5 48 312 55 357.5

6 3.00 22 143.0 54 351 62 403.0

7 4.00 26 169.0 64 416 74 481

8 5.00 29 188.5 73 474 84 546.0

9 7.50 35 227.5 93 604 108 702.0

10 10.00 40 260.0 108 108 124 806.0

Page 58 of 62

IMAGES OF ROAD LAYING VEHICLES

1. VIBRATORY ROAD ROLLER

2. ROAD ROLLER:

Page 59 of 62

3. MOTOR GRADER:

4. END DUMPERS:

Page 60 of 62

5. DOZER:

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6. BITUMIN:

7. AUTO LEVEL INSTRUMENT:

Page 62 of 62