civil engineering project
SPECIFICATIONSITE SLECTION1. LEVEL AT THE SITE : - The level at
the site must be higher than that of its surrounding so as to
provide good drainage.2. CLIMATE CONDITION: - The intensity of the
rainfall and sub soil water level should be low as to avoid
dampness in the building.3. SUB-SOIL CONDITION: - A hard strata
should be available at a reasonable depth so as to construct the
foundation of the building safely and economically.4.
AVAILABILITIES OF MODERN AMENITIES: - The site must be within
municipal limits so that modern amenities like water supply,
electricity, drainage, road etc. can be made available inner future
if there is no provision at present.5. AVAILABILITIES OF OTHER
FACILITIES : - The site should provide as easy access from the
nearest road and after sufficient light and air, these should be
good and cheap transport facilities available near the site, it is
always better if public services like fire brigade, police station
etc.6. SURROUNDINGS:-The situation and surrounding of the site must
as to suit the purpose for which the building it to be
constructed.SPECIFICATIONS:-BUILDING:-Any structure constructed of
what so ever material and used for residential, business education
or other purposes is called building. Types of the building :-1.
Based on occupancy2. Based on type of constructionBASED ON
OCCUPANCYResidential buildings: - The building in which sleeping
accommodation is provided for normal residential purposes are
called residential buildings.Educational / institutional buildings:
- The building used for school, college or day care purposes are
called education / institutional building.Assembly Buildings : -
The buildings which are constructed for the purposes to gathering
of the people for their respective purposes i.e. social, religious,
civil, political is called assembly buildings.Business Buildings: -
The buildings used for transaction of business, for the keeping of
accounts and records and other similar purposes called business
buildings. Mercantile Buildings: - The buildings used for display
of merchandise, either wholesale or retail are called Mercantile
Buildings.Industrial buildings: - The buildings in which products
or materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled
or processed are called industrial buildings. Storage buildings: -
The buildings used primary for the storage, handling or shattering
of goods and wares or merchandise, vehicles and animals are called
storage buildings. Hazardous buildings: -The buildings used for
storage, handling manufacturing or processing of highly combustible
or explosive material are called Hazardous buildings.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE OF CONSTRUCTIONBuilding with type 1
construction: - In these building the design and material used
const. are such that all structural components have about 4 hours
fire resistance. Buildings with type 2 construction: - In these
building the design any type of material used in their construction
are such that all structural components have 3 hours fire
resistance.Buildings with type 3 construction: - In these building
the design and types of the materials used in their construction
are such that all structural components have 3 hours fire
resistance.Buildings with type 4 construction: - In these buildings
the design and the type of material used in their construction are
such that all structural components have 4 hours fire resistance.
PARTS OF A BUILDINGA building can be divided into two parts: -1.
Sub structure2. Super structure1. Sub structure: - The part of a
building constructed beneath the ground level is known as Sub
structure.2. Super structure: - The part of the building
constructed above ground level is known as super structure. It is
second part of a building. All the activities of the building
construction take place after the making of sub-structure.
Flooring, wall roofing are the example of super structure of a
building.COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING1. FOUNDATION: - It is the lowest
part of a structure below the ground level which is direct contact
with ground and transmitted all the dead, live and other loads to
the soil on which the structure rests.2. PLINTH: - The portion of a
building and the top of the floor immediately above the ground is
known as plinth. The level of the surrounding ground is known as
formation level of the ground floor of the building is known as
plinth level.3. WALLS: - Walls are provided to enclose or divide
the floor space n desired pattern in addition wall provided privacy
security and give protection against sun, rain, cold and other
undesired effect of the weather.4. COLUMN: - A column may be
defined as an isolated load bearing member, the width of which is
neither less than its thickness. It carries the axially compressive
load.5. FLOORS: - Floors are flat supporting elements of a
building. They divided a building into different levels. There by
creating more accommodation on a given plot of land. The basic
purpose of a floor is to provide a firm and other items like
stores, furniture, equipment etc.6. DOORS, WINDOWS AND VENTILATORS:
- A door may be defined as a barrier secured in an opening left in
a wall to provide usual means of access to a building, room or
passage. Windows and ventilators are provided for sun light, fresh
air and ventilation purposes.7. ROOF: - It is the uppermost
component of a building and its function is to cover the space
below it of a room and protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind etc.8.
BUILDING FINISHES: - A building is considered incomplete till such
time the surface of its components is given appropriate
treatment.Building finishes include items like plastering,
painting, pointing, white / colour washing, varnishes and
distempering etc.MATERIAL USED IN CONSTRUCTIONFollowing are the
materials used for the construction of a building.1. Bricks.2.
Sand.3. Cement.4. Stone.5. Coarse Aggregate.6. Fine Aggregate.7.
Timber.8. Metal.9. Floor Tiles.10. Roof Tiles.11. Reinforcement.12.
Plastic Materials.13. Doors & Windows.14. Asphalt Bitumen.15.
Coloring Material.16. White Cement.17. Paints & Varnishes.18.
Brick Ballast.19. Sanitary Materials.20. Water.21. Finishing Tiles.
Etc.GENERAL SPECIFICATIONFOUNDATION AND PLINTHFoundation and plinth
should be of 1st class brick work in lime or cement mortar over a
bed of lime or cement concrete.SUPER-STRUCTURESuper-structure shall
be of 1st class brick in lime or cement mortar. DAMP PROOF COARSE
(D.P.C.)D.P.C. shall be of minimum 40 mm (4cm) thick cement
concrete (1:2:4) with two coat ofhot bitumen layer on
it.ROOFINGRoof shall be of R.C.C. slab with an insulator layer of
lime or cement 8cm thick over it. The flooring cement pointed on
the top height of the room shall not be less than 3.7 m.
FLOORINGTerrazzo floor should be provided in drawing, dining, bath
and w/c conglomerate polished floor 4 cm thick 1:2:4 should be
provided in bed and other rooms. DOORS AND WINDOWSDoors and windows
shall be at least of wood of teak 4.5 mm thick paneled or glazed
with additional wire gauges shutters. All fitting and fastenings
should be good quality of brass or other materials. FINISHINGThe
inner and outer wall shall have 1.25 cm. thick cement plaster.
Drawing, dining and bed room shall be distempered with two coats,
other parts of the structure should be white washed with three
coats and outside walls should be colored with snowcem of two coats
over one coat of white washing.PAINTINGAll the windows, doors and
other furniture used in building should be painted with two coats
with good quality of colored enamel paints over one coat of
primer.MISCELLANEOUSBuilding should be provided with first class
sanitary and water supply fittings and electrical installation
should be protected in the building by using good quality of
electrical products.DETAILED SPECIFICATIONThe detailed
specification is a detailed description and expresses the
requirements. The detailed specification of an item of work
specifies the quality and quantities of materials the proportion of
mortar. Workmanship. The method of preparation of work and
excavation and the method of measurement the detailed specification
of different items of work are prepared separately and describe
what the works should be and how they shall be executed. Detailed
specifications are written to express the requirement clearly in a
consince from avoiding repetition and ambiguity the detailed
specification are arranged as per order as the work is carried out
the detailed specification of prepared properly are very helpful
for the execution of work. The detailed specification form an
important part of contract document.Every engg. Department
prepared, the detailed specifications on various items of work and
get them printed in order book from under the name. Detailed
specification when the work or a structure or project is taken up
instead of waiting detailed specification every time the printed
detailed specifications are referred. The detailed specifications
of various item of work are as follows: -EATH WORK IN EXCAVATION OF
FOUNDATION:EXCAVATION : - Foundation trenches shall be dug out to
the exact width of foundation concrete and the sides shall be
vertical. If the soil is not good and does not permit vertical
sides the side should be sloped back or protected with timber
sharing excavated earth shall not be placed within 1 m. of the edge
of the trench.FINISH OF TRENCH : - The bottom of foundation
trenches shall be perfectly leveled both longitudinally and
treaverrly and sides of the trench shall be dressed perfectly
vertical from bottom up to the least thickness of loose one so that
concrete may be laid to the exact width as per design the bed of
the trench shall be lightly watered and well lamed. Excessive
digging if done trough mistake shall be filled with concrete or
with stabilized soil. If rocks are found during excavation, these
should be removed and the bed of trenches should be leveled and
made hard by consolidation the earth. Foundation conc.And approval
of the trench by the engg.In charge.FINDS : - Any treasure and
valuables or materials founds during the excavation shall be
property of Govt.WATER IN FOUNDATION : - Water if any accumulated
in the trenches, should be bailed or pumped out without any extra
payment and necessary precautions shall be taken to prevent surface
water enter the trench.TRENCH FILLING: - After the conc. Has been
laid, masonry has been constructed the remaining portion of the
trenches shall be filled up with earth in layers of 15cm and
watered and well rammed. The earth filling shall be free from
rubbish and refuse mater. All clouds shall be broken before filling
surplus earth not required shall be removed and disposed and site
shall be leveled and dressed.MEASUREMENT : - The measurement of
excavation shall be in cum as per for rectangular trench width of
the conc., multiplied by vertical depth of foundation from ground
level and multiplied by the length of trench even though the
contractor might have excavated with sloping side for his
convenience rate shall be for complete work for 3m. Lead and lift
including all tools and plants required for the completion of work.
For every extra, lead 30 m and every extra left 1.5m separate extra
rate is provided.EXCAVATION IN SATURATED SOIL : - Excavation in
saturated soil or below sub soil water level shall be taken under a
pressure item and shall be carried out in same manner as above
pumping or bailing out of water and removal of slush shall be
included in item. Timbering of the sides of trenches if required
shall be taken under a separate item and paid separately.LIME CONC.
IN FOUNDATION : - All the material shall be as per standard
specification. Coarse agg.Shall be hard, over brunt brick ballast
of 40 mm gauge. It shall be deep cherry red or copper color and
shall be cleaned, free from dust and other foreign matters. It
shall e homogeneous in texture and cubical. In shape. Ballast which
appears porous or snow sign shall not be used. Brick ballast shall
pass through square mesh of 52.5 mm and not more than 20% shall
pass through a mesh of 25 mm. Any rejected material shall be
removed from site of work with in 24 hrs. Find agg. Shall be of
surkhi or sand as specified and clean and free from dust, durt and
foreign matter surkhi shall be made of well burnt bricks or brick
bats and shall pass through a sieve of 2.5 meshes per sq. cm. (144
meshes per sq. m) Surkhi is preferable for better concrete.Lime
shall be white fat lime and shall be freshly burnt and free from
ashes and other foreign matters lime shall be sleacked at site of
work and screened through a sieve of 3 meshes to a cm ( 8 meshes to
an inch)PROPORTION : - The conc. Shall consists of 1 cum of brick
ballast, 0.32 cum of surkhi and 0.16 cum of white lime in the
proportion of 100:32:16 by volume. Mixing shall be done on a clean
water tight measuring platform of sufficient size. Brick ballast
shall be stretched in a rectangular layer of uniform thickness
usually 30 cm (12")high and well soaked with clean water for a well
soaked with clean water for a period of at least three hours.Lime
and surkhi shall be measured with wooden box in the proportion 1:2
and mixed thoroughly dry to have uniform colour. The dry mix of
lime and surkhi shall be spread over the stacked ballast to the
required thickness to give the specified proportions. The materials
shall be than mixed dry turning at least three times clear water
shall then be added slowly and gradually by water consists the
required glading while mixing and the materials mixed thoroughly by
turning at least three times so that whole surface of earth each
ballast gets coated with mortar and the mix becomes plastic of
uniform colour of workable consistency and should be such that the
ballast do not separate from the mortar. Concrete shall be used for
big work the mixing shall be done by machine. In this case
aggregate and used mortar shall be powdered in the drum .While it
is revolving. The water shall be added slowly to the required
quality and the mixing shall be continued for at least one minute
till a mix of uniform colour and workable consistency is obtained
and should be such that the ballast do not separate from the
mortar.LAYING AND COMPACTING : - Bed of foundation trench shall be
lightly spriualed with water before concrete is laid. Concrete
shall be laid slowly and gently in layers of not more than 20 cm
and thoroughly consolidated to 15 cm with 6 kg. iron rammers.
During consolidation conc should be kept from earth , dust leaves
and other foreign matters. The consolidation shall be checked by
water test by digging a rate of about 7.5 cm. dia and 7.5 cm. deep
in the conc. And filling water. The water level of should not sink
more than 1.25cm. in 15 minutes is concrete has been well
consolidated.JOINT AND CONSECUTIVE LAYERS : - When joint in a layer
of concrete are of concrete are unavoidable, the end shall be
sloped at angle of 300 and junctions of different layers shall
break joints. In laying upper layer of concrete the lower surface
shall be made rough and cleaned and watered before upper layer is
laid.CURING : - After about two hours laying when concrete has
begun to harden, it shall be kept damp by covering with wet gunny
bag or wet sand for 24 hours and then covered by flooding with
water making mud walls 7.5 cam (3") high or by covering with wet
sand or earth and kept damp continuously for 15 days.REINFORCEMENT
CEMENT CONCRETE : - Steel : Steel reinforcing bars shall be of mild
steel or deformed steel of standard specifications and shall be
free from corrosion , loose rust scales, oil, grease, paint etc.
The steel bar shall be round, and capable of being bent accurately
and placed in position as per design and drawing and bound together
tight with 20 S.W.G. anneled steel wire at their point of
intersection . bars shall be bent cold by applying gradual and even
motion of 40 mm(11/2" ) diameter and above may be bent by heating
to dull red and allowed to cool slowly without immersing in water
or quectings. Joints in the bar should be avoided as far as
possible , when joint's have to be made an overlap of 40 times
diameters of the bar shall given with proper hooks at ends and
joints should be staggered.CENTERING AND SHUTTERING : - Centering
and shuttering shall be made with timber or steel plate close and
tight to prevent leakage or mortar with necessary props, bracing
and wedges, sufficiently strong and stable and should not yield on
laying concrete and made in such a way that they can be stacked and
removed gradually without disturbing the concrete. No plastering
should be made on the concrete surface. A coat of oil washing
should be applied over the shuttering or paper should be spread to
have a smooth and finished surface and to prevent adherence of
concrete.PROPORTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE : - Cement concrete shall be
1:2:4 proportion by volume for slabs, beams and linlets and 1:1^:3
proportion for columns under otherwise specified.MATERIAL FOR
CONCRETE : - Cement, sand and coarse aggregate shall be same as for
cement concrete. The stone aggregate shall be usually 20mm to 6mm (
%" to %") gauge unless otherwise specified.MIXING : - Mixing shall
be done one a clean water tight, masonary plot form of sufficient
size bricks, Ballast shall be starched in a rectangular layer of
uniform thickness usually 30 cm ( 12") high and well soaked with
clean water for a w ell soaked with clean water for a period of at
least three hours.LAYING : - Before laying the concrete, the
shuttering shall be clean free from dust and other foreign matters.
The concrete shall be deposited ( not dropped) in its final
position. If case of columns and usually it is desirable to place
concrete in full height if practical so as to avoid construction
joints but the progress of concreting in the vertical direction
shall be restricted to one meter per hour. Care should be taken
that the time between mixing and placing of concrete shall not
exceed 20 minutes so that the initial setting process is not
interfered with .Concrete shall be compacted by mechanical
vibrating machine until a dense concrete is obtained. The vibration
shall continue during the entire period of placing concrete.CURING
: - After about two hours laying when concrete begun to harden it
shall be kept dump by covering with wet gummy bag or wet sand for
24 hours and then curved by flooding with water making mud walls
3.5cm (3") high, or by covering with wet sand or earth and kept
damp continuously for 15 days.FINISHING : - If specified the
exposed surface shall be plastered with 1:3 cement mortar not
exceeding 6mm thickness and the plastering shall be applied
immediately after removal of conc.MEASUREMENT : - Measurement shall
be taken in cu. M ( cuft.) for the finished work and no deduction
shall be made for the volume of steal. Steal reinforcement shall be
measured under a separate item in quintal . Plastering if any shall
not be included in the measurement. The rate for R.C.C. work shall
be for the complete work excluding steel but including centering
and shuttering and all tools and plants.DAMP PROOF COURSE :
-MATERIALS : - Damp proof course shall consists of cement coarse
sand and stone aggregate of 1:1% :3 proportion with 2% of impermo
or cam seal or ACCO proof by weight of cement or other standard
water proofing compound. (1Kg. per bag of cement) . The damp proof
course shall be applied at the plinth level in a horizontal layer
of 2.5 cm thickness. The cement shall be fresh, Portland cement of
standard specification. The sand shall be clean, coarse of 5 mm
size and down and the stone aggregate shall be hard and tough of 20
mm size well glade and free from dust and dirt, compo seal, puldo,
cico and other standard water proofing compound may be used, and
the quantity shall be used as per instructions of the
manufacturers.MIXING : - Mixing shall be done in a masonry platform
or in a short iron tray in the proportion of 1:1%:3 by measuring
with messing boxes. The cement is first mixed thoroughly with the
water proofing compound to the required quantity and then mixed dry
with the sand in the proportion of 1:1.5LYING : - The level of the
surface of the plinth shall be checked longitudinally and
transversely. The top of walls at damp proof cause should be lard
with fears of the best downward. Aside from shuttering of strong
wooden bottom of 2.5cm thickness shall' be fixed properly and
formally a both sides to confine the concrete so that the
shuttering does not get disturbed during compaction and mortal does
not leak through. Thinner edges of the shuttering shall be or led
toprevoutcondateabhesing.PAINTING : - with Asphalt: - Two coats of
asphalt painting may be applied on the upper surface of damp proof
cause of, specified. The first coat of hot asphalt uniformly on the
surface when the concrete is dry and the painted surface is blinded
immediately with coursed and the surface is tamped lightly the
second coat of hot asphalt at/kg per sq. mt. (10kg % sqft). Should
then be applied uniformly and the surface is ambling with cause
sand and tamped lightly.2cm damp proof ceases: - the damp proof
cease maybe of (%') thick layer of 1:2 cement. Coarse sand mortar
with standard.Water proofing compound at the rate of 1kg per bag of
cement.BRICK WORK 1st CLASSBRICKS : - All brick shall be first
class of standard specification made of good brick earth through
brunt. And shall be of deep cheesy led or copper color. Brick shall
be regular in a shape and their edge. Should be Sharpe and shall
emit clear. Ringing sound on being struck and shall be free from
cracks chops. Flaw and lumping of any kind bricks shall not absorb
water more then one sixth by ompreesing in water. Bricks shall have
a min crushing strength of 105kg.per sumMORTAR : - Mortar shall be
specified and material of mortar shall be of standard
specification. Sand be shall be sharp. Clean and free from organic
forge in matter for rich mortar coarse or medium sand should be
used and free from area mortar local fine sand may be used.
proration of cement sand may be lime surki mortar of specified
shall be mixed in the specie field proportion by grinding in mortar
for at least three hours as same day of use. Lime shall be fresh
and slaked and screened at site of work fresh mixed mortar within
24 hours shall be used old and state mortar should not be used for
small work hand work mixing may be allowed in same manner as for
cement motor described above.SOAKING OF BRICKS : - Buck shall be
fully soaked in clean water by submerging in a tank for a period of
12hourns immediately before use. Soaking shall be continued till
air bubbling a caused.LAYING : - Bricks stall be well bonded and
laid in England bond unless otherwise specified. Every course shall
be trendy horizontal and wall shall be tendly in plumb. Vertical
joint of commiserative course shall be not trendy in plumb.
vertical joint of conservative coarse shall be not came directly
over come one another vertical joints in alternate coarse shall
came directly over one another . Not damaged or broken bricks shall
be used. Closer shall be cut out bricks and shall be placed near
and the walls but not at the other edge selected best shaped bricks
shall be used for face work. Mortar joints shall not exceed 6mm in
thickness and joints shall be fully filled with mortar bricks shall
be lad with finger. all the joints should be lacked and faced
upward cleaned at the end of each day's working.CURING : - The
brickwork shall be kept wet for a period of at least 10 days after
laying. At the end of day's work. The top of walls shall e flooded
with water by matter small weak mortar edging to contain at least
2-5 deep.PROTECTION : - The brick shall be protected from the
effect of sun saint feast etc during the construction and up to
such time at is green and likely to be damaged.SCAFFOLDING : -
Necessary and suitable scaffolding shall be sound and sports and
member sufficiently strong so as to withstand. All loads likely to
come upon them.MEASUREMENT : - Brickwork shall be measured in cu m
(cu it) different kind of brickwork with different mortar shall be
taken under separate items. The thickness of wall shall be taken
under. multiple of half brick as half brick 10cm , 1 brick 20cm ,1%
brick 30cm and 50, the rate shall be for the complete work molding
scaffolding and all the tools and plantsBRICK WORK 2nd CLASS AND
3rd CLASS :- For 2nd class brickwork brick shall be of sec class
and mortal be as specified may be canker lime or white lime and
surki of 1:2 to 1:3 proportion. Mortal joint shall be not exceeding
10mm % in thickness. Brick shall be soaked in water for at last
three holus immediately before use other details are some as for
item above. For 3rd class brickwork shall be as specified and
mortar joints shall not of water before use.BRICK WORK IN MUD
MORTAR : - Brick work shall be specified, may be 2nd class of 3rd.
the mud should be made of selected earth of tenacious nature so
that it stick and binds bricks the earth should be soaked in water
at least. One day before and then worked up with water by least.
One day before and then worked up with water by laborer treading
it. Until at is perfect free from lumps and from a thick plastic
mix. Joints should exceed % 12mm thickness soaking of English bond
note more than 6cm 2 height of brick work shall cause shall be
truly horizontal other details of laying, protection, scaffolding
and measurement.REINFORCED BRICK WORKS : -MATERIALS : - Brick shall
be strictly of first class quality and selected first class brick
shall be used mortar shall be fresh Portland cement. Sand shall be
cause and free from foreign matter. Steel reinforcement cement
shall be of standard specification as described in items.CENTERING
AND SHUTTERING :- The cantering and shuttering shall be made with
planking or sheeting of bombed pocked together at the required
level supported on runner of beans and covered with a thin layer
about 2.5cm thick of earth finish off with a light sprinkle of
sand. The cantering shall be simple in const. so that it could be
easily removed without disturbing the structure. The planting shall
be kept clear of the bearing of slab. And will rest on class beams
only. Planks shall not blond too closed to tender them liable to
jam. Closes beam shall be carried on the walls supported intervals
by ballies or temporary dry brick piles. The top surface of
centering shall be given a camper of 2mm for every 30cm. of span,
up to a max of 4cm of lintels.MIXING OF MORTAR : - Mortar of cement
and sand shall be thoroughly mixed in the proportion of 1:3. First
by fixing dye and them and added water slowly and gradually and
mixing by turning at least three to get uniform plastic mix of
workable consistency so that the motor may be packed. Sound the
rein for cement. Quantity of water shall not exceed 25ltr / bag of
cement motor shall be mixed just before it is actually required.
And shall within 30min. state mortar shall never be used.LAYING :-
All bricks shall be thoroughly soaked with water for not less than
hours immediately before use brick shall laced frogs downward over
the cantering in straight line II to the direction of the rein
force meant bass leaving the required. Gap for mortar joint. No
vertical joint should. Come along the inner edge of the wall. The
gap for mortar joint in which reinforcement has to be placed shall
not be less than four times the diameter of bar so as to provide a
cover of 12 mm % an all sides of the steal bass, usually mortar
joint shall be 32 mm to 40 mm (1% to 1%) other joints where these
will not be any bar be 6mm to 10mm ( % to 3.8) thick.CURING :-
After about two hours laying when concrete has begun to harden it
shall be kept. Damp by covering with wet gunny by or wet sand for
24 hours and thin corned by finding with water making mud walls
7.5cm 1/3 high or by covering with wet sand or earth and kept damp
continuously for 15 days.MEASUREMENT :- Measurement shall be taken
in cu mt (as ft) for the finished work and as deduction shall be
made for the volume of steel. Steal reinforcement shall be
measured. Under a separate item in quintal. Plastering if any shall
not include in the measurement. The rate for R.C.C. work shall be
for the complete work excluding steel. But including cantering and
shuttering a dell tools and plants.PLASTERING CEMENT MORTAR OR LIME
MORTAR: - The joint of the brick work shall be raked out to depth
of 18mm. (3/4) and the surface of the wall shall be washed.And kept
wet for two days plastering. The materials of mortar, cement and
sand as lime and surki or sand, or kanker lime as specified should
be of standard specification. The materials or mortar shall be
first dry mixed by measuring with boxes to have the required
proportion and then water added slowly and gradually and mixed
thoroughly. The thickness of plasters shall be as specified.
Usually 12mm ( % ) applied in two or three Coats. To ensure uniform
thickness of plaster patches of 15 X 15 (6") strip 1m (3) apart or
10 cm 4 uncle plasters shall be applied first at about 2m (6)
apart. To act as a guide first mortar shall be dashed and pressed
over the surface and then brought to a true smooth and uniform
surface by means of float and trader. External plastering shall be
started from top and worked down. Towards floors. Internal
plastering shall be started wherever the building frame is ready
and cauering of the roof slabs have been removed. Cooling
plastering shall be edges shall be sounded. The plastered surface
shall be kept wet for 10 days. The surface should be protected from
rain sun, frost etc. Curing shall be started as soon as the plaster
has hardened sufficiently not to be damaged when watered. The
plaster shall be kept wet for at least 10 days. Any defective
plaster shall be cut in rectangular shape and replace. Note:-
Different proportion of mortar which may be used for plastering
Cement sand mortar:- 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6 cement, lime, sand mortar
1:1:6 C:L:S. lime surkhi or sand mortar:- 1:1, 1:2, kankar lime
mortar kankar lime stone for ceiling plastering 1:3 cement mortar
coarse sand & generally used cement, lime sand mortar is slow
setting and has better workability than cement sand mortar.PAINTING
(CEMENT OR LIME MORTAR) : - The joint of the brick shall be raked
out to depth of 20cm % and surface of the wall washed and cleaned
and kept for two days before painting , the material of motor shall
be first dymiored by measuring with bares to have the request
proportion of the specified the material of motor shall be first
dry mix by measuring with boxes to have the required proportion of
specified the kanker lime and soda for the matter of adding water
slowly and gradually thoroughly mix. Mortar shall than be applied
in the joined slightly in the excess and pressed by the proper tool
of the required shape hectometer of any is removed and the surface
finished. Br8icks shall b e cleanly defined to give a neat
appurtenance after painting the surface shall be for seven
days.FLUSH PAINTING : - The mortar shall be pressed into the trea6
into the sacked cleaned and wet joints and level with the edges of
the bricks to give a smooth appearance the edge shall be neatly
teemed with a trawl and straight edge.RULLED PAINTING : - The
mortar shall be pressed into the sacked cleaned be formed the wet
joints and a groove of the shape and size of 5 o 6 mm deep shall be
formed ramming a forming tool of steel along the center line of the
joints . the vertical joints also be finished in a similar way at
the right angle to the horizontal lines . the finished work shall
be give a neat and clean appearance with straight edge.WEATHER OF
TRUCK PAINTING : - The mortar shall be applied another sacked clean
and wet joints and the horizontal joints and the horizontal jobs
shall be slapped so that the jobs is sloping framing to bottom .
the vertical shall be finished as rule foamingRAISED OF TRUCKED
PAINTING : - The mortar shall be applied in racked cleaned and wet
joints in the excess to foam raised . the mortar shall be pressed
and run with the wiper tool raised to the bands of 6 mm out of 10mm
with directedMEASUREMENTS : - Measurement shall be taken in a cu mm
be fished and no deduction shall be made for volume of steel
informant shall be measured under a separate atom in quite
plastering of shall be measured of all may be shall not be included
in the measurements . The rate for the rockwork shall be before
excluding steel but including tool and plantsLIME PAINTING :- While
all lime and shell be slacked of rile of work and mixed in the
proportion of 3 of lime and shell lime and they have thought mixed
with the frequently mixed with sufficient quantity under the drum .
The mixture shell them be screened thoroughly a course cloth into
another and allowed to settle down for few days which are in clear
water shall be dictated and the cream like a paste of lime shall be
taken from leaving reduce of the bottom for the places application.
those should be cleaned in the applied coarse soda send lime and
prepped lime paste of the proper triply the viewed in the uniform
to 3 mm (1/8") thickness by wood this should be handle with the
help of cement and rubbing with the steel trawl to ahead the
surface of thru smoothness of the kept mist for seven days after
ruining shall be applied plastered surface when the plaster are
hardened.2.5 cm (1") CEMENTCONCRETE FLOOR : - The cement concrete
floor shall be proportion 1:2:4 or 1: 2 j- : 3 ^as the specified .
Cement shall be fresh port cement of standard specification. The
coarse aqgg.shall be hard and tought of 20 mm ( -") and free from
dust etc. The sand shall be coarse of shall be 5 mm max size and
down well gladded, clean free from dust, dirt and organic
mattar.The floor shall be leveled and driver into panel of size not
exceeding 1 mater in is smaller dimension and 2meter in large
dimension. Glass or AL ads 3mm thick and depth equal to the
thickness of floor shall be fixed on the base given in the floor
for drawing wash water.COLORED FLOOR: - For colored finish the
surface shall be finished with colored cement floor the thickness
of the two layer shall be 19mm and 6mm for polished floor thaw
thickness of the two layer shall be 2.5mm to allow for getting and
polishing. BASE :- In ground floor the cement concrete floor is
shall be7.5 base of lime came or weak cement concrete as per
standard specification. If the bases consist of cement concrete it
shall be allowed o set for about 7day in case the base in of weak
cement concrete the flooring shall commenter within 48 hours of
laying the base. The thickness of c.c. floor for office building,
school, in upper floor should be 4cm 11/2. MOSAIC OR TERRAZZO FLOOR
: - The mosaic floor consists of two layers the bottom layer 2 cm
to 2.5 cm cement concrete 1:2:4 or 1: 2 j : 3 ^ as specified and
the upper layer 6mm thick consisting of a mix of marble clops and
cement in the of one plat vow cement and pelt of cement and part of
marble chips. The top layer is laid on the following day. It shall
be laid more than the specified thickness in order to get the
specified thickness after cutting and finishing cement shall be of
standard specification the sand shall be cause well graded, clean
and free from don't and .the stone gilt shall be hard and tough of
12 mm gauge well graded clean and free from dust and dist. The
marble chip be of 3mm gauge having max size max size 3mm and min
size 5mm large of marble chip limited 6mm in use of floor and big
room cement concerti shall be prepared for mixing the interred dry
by measuring with box and shall be mixed dry and .this dry mixed
but shall be mixed with stone chip dry and then mixed by adding
water slowly and then start uniformly mixed with water and cement
washed then they came in the led by glass A strips and leveled with
wooden floodsThe marble chip cement are measuring with require
proportion 1st dry mixed and thanthrouthtly vaguely to have uniform
plastic mix. Within 2hours of laying bottom layer cement concerti
in the upper layer of chips and they shall be lead and the surface
temped slightly and finished perfectly in the level of strife edge
and they shall be covered with wet bag and covered desirable for 2
days. the surface shall be cut or ground by rubbing with sand stone
blocks and all the cement in the surface remove a need cement wash
shall than big be given in the surface and left undesirably for 6
days with cop. Stone of different grade starting with coarse and
finer ones by rubbing cont. with a uniform ground paper the surface
should be kept after final rubbing with clean waterMosaic or
terrazzo file floor: - precast manufactured mosaic or tear file are
used. brick on edge or brick flooring over 7.5cm limeCONCRETE : -
Surface removes a need cement wash shall than big be given in the
surface and left undesirably for 6 days with cop. Stone of
different grade starting. The surface of base lime mixed and
thanthrouthtly is mixed dry and. plastic mix. Within 2hours of
laying bottom layer cement concerti in the upper layer of chips and
they shall be lead and the surface temped slightly and finished
perfectly in the level of strife edges specified with the water
plastic mix. within 2hours of laying bottom layer cement concerti
in the upper layer of chips and they shall be lead and the surface
temped slightly and finished perfectly in the level of strife edge
the e surface should the bricks cement motor as specified.WHITE
WASHING : - Fresh white lime slacked as the site of work should be
act as the marking of the quality required with the help of clean
water screened through a coarse clothes cloth and gun in the
proportion are in the dry type of the work and they shall applied
of flushing the four few days which are in clear water shall be
dictated and the cream like a paste of lime shall be taken from
leaving reduce of the bottom for the places application. those
should be cleaned in the applied coarse soda send lime and prepped
lime paste of the proper triply the viewed in the uniform to 30mm
thickness by wood this should be handle with the help of cement and
rubbing with the steel trawl to ahead the surface of thru
smoothness of the kept mist for seven days Cloud washing: - cloud
are shall be propped with fresh started in the cloud pigment with
the required quantity with day of wash shall be applied for one or
specified the method of the applications are for white washing The
materials or mortar shall be first dry mixed by measuring with
boxes to have the required proportion and then water added slowly
and gradually and mixed thoroughly.DISTEMPERING :- The distempering
shall be of best quantity and closured the distemper should be
mixed and wat6er added as laid power and shirred through and the
part past is allowed to sand for a new minute . The past is then
turn with water too have a thin cream if the surface is rough it
should be smooth with sand paper. The surface must be perfectly dry
before distempering is command. In the new cement plaster the
surface shall be washed over with the selection of zinc sulphate
one 1kg in 10 ltr of water and then closed today in old surface
shall be prepared with water. Plaster of Paris where required &
then whole surface sand prepared & washed &allowed to dry.
The number of coats shall be two or as specified. The distemper
shall be kept well surred in containers & shall be applied with
broad brushes. First horizontally &immediately crossed
vertically. Brushing should not be continued too long to avoid
brush marks .The second shall be applied after the first coats is
dried up. After eachday's work the brushes will be washed kept dry
distempering should be done during dry weather but not during the
hot weather Nor wet weather.OIL DISTEMPER :- Oils distemper is
similar to ordinary dry distemper in powder form in oil distemper
compound oil is mixed by manufacturer while manufacture for
application of oil distemper is mixed with the required quantity of
water & then applied on surface. This method of preparation
& application are similar as described above.SNOWCEM
WASHING:-GENERAL: -Snowcem consists of a base of white cement mixed
with finely powdered coloring pigment to have the desired color and
with addition of small quantities of ingredients. It gives a water
proof surface snowcem is solid by manufacturer in 50kg drums. 25 kg
drums & 5kg of various colors. The snowcem of desired color may
be chosen.MIXING : - Only fresh snowcem should be used .Hard or set
snowcem should not be used .The content should be made loose by
rolling and shaking the container before opening the container.
First a paste shall be prepared by mixing 2 parts of snowcem powder
with one part of water by volume &immediately this should be
thinned by adding one another part of water to have a uniform
solution of consistency of paintAPLLICATION : - The surface should
be cleaned to remove the dust by use of soft wire brush. The
surface shall than be wetted by sprinkling the water &water
should allow running off. The fresh mixed snowcem should be applied
with good quality brush .The first coat shall be well brushed into
the surface to form a good bond. Snowcem should be used within the
hour of mixing & should be kept stirred during the application.
At the end of day each application of snowcem the surface should be
wetted with fine water spray for curing.After a day second coat of
snowcem of similar preparation should be applied on wetted surface
& second coat should be applied carefully to give uniform
&good finished appearance. Covering capacity of 50kg of snowcem
for two coats of on plastered surface is 100sq.mDECORATIVE CEMENT
COLOUR WASHING>For decorative as well as waterrepellent washing
on the external surface of building white cement mixed with
color(pigment) other ingredient may be used the
quantity(proportion) of the different ingredient in percentage
basis as well as per bag of cement are give below:-
To get the desired color and shade powdered metallic color
should be mixed with white cement to extent of 5% to 10% of white
cement by weight (2.5kg to 5kg per bag of cement).
MIXING AND PREPRATION : - Slaked lime should be dissolved in
cold water &powered alum should be dissolved in hot water in
separate container the solution should be thin & should be
screamed through a piece of cloth and prepared & kept ready in
advance of applicationAt the time of application white cement
plaster of Paris, aluminum sterate and color should be mixed
intimately in the above mentioned proportion &the mixer added
to slaked lime solution & stirred continuously .The alum
&glue solution should be added & stirred continued .Fresh
water should be added to bring the solution to consistency of cream
similar to oil paint. The final mixed solution should consist of
all ingredients in proportion mentioned above .The mixing should by
batches of about one fourth bag cement at a time with other
ingredients in same proportion. A uniform consistency should be
maintained for all batches of mix .Only so much quantity as can be
used within half an hour should be prepared &mixed at a
time.
APPLICATION OF WASH : - Before the wash is applied, the surface
should be lubbed& cleaned off all loose dust &dirt and wash
with water .The mixed cement should be applied event with bead
distemper brushes second should be applied after 4 hours
&during this period the surface should be kept most.CURING: -
After application of cement the surface should be kept moist for at
least 2days by frequent light sprinkling of water .Surface should
be protected from Hudson& drying winds by hanging hersiancloth
on the scaff of day & periodically wetting with water.COVERING
CAPACITY: - One bag of white cement (50 kg) mixed with other
gradients will cover an area of 80sq m to 100sq m for two coats
over plastered surface. One expert washer (white washer))& one
by can coolie can wash 30sq m to 40sq m per day for first coat and
40sq m to 50 sq m per day for second .PAINTING: - The brand of
paint shall be specified & readymade paint of required color
should be used .if thinner is required, pure turpentine may be
added to required extent. The surface should make perfectly smooth
by rubbing with sandpaper of different grades first with coarse one
and successively with fine sand papers. All holes & open joints
should be filled with strong putty or with a mixture of glue &
plaster of Paris and smoothened by rubbing with sand paper.The
number of coats shall be as specified in new work one priming coat
& then two coat of paint shall be applied with brushes
evently& smoothly by closing & laying off in the direction
of grains of wood work and no brush mark should be visible . Each
coat shall be perfectly by before the next is applied. Before the
next coat is applied the surface shall be rubbed with sand paper to
give smooth & glazed surface .the paint should be stirred in
container immediately before use. Brush should be cleaned and
washed with turpentine at the end of days work and kept dry. If
stiff paint is used it should be first prepared by mixing with
double boiled with linseed oil &turpentine to thin cream. For
measurement of painting a different work .we done above if old
paint is to be removed it may be removed with washing with soda
water or with caustic soda. The surface should be dried and rubbed
with sand paper before the paint is applied .In old painted surface
of paint is not required to be removed .but required repainting the
surface should be washed with soap water and then paint shall be
applied .In steel work exposed to weather the painting should be
done either with red oxide paint or with aluminum paint.
VARNISHING : - Knots, holes, cracks etc. shall be filled and
covered with putty made of whitening and linseed oil. The wood work
shall be rubbed down with sand sufficiently smooth to remove any
grains marks and shall be cleaned beforehand. Two coat of boiled
linseed oil or two thin coat of glue as specified shall be applied
and each such coat shall be allowed to dry up and rubbed down
smooth with a fine sand paper .The varnish shall be appliedTo dry
up and rubbed down smooth with a fine sand paper. The varnish shall
be applied with brush using strong firm of brushes and spread
evenly...the brush should be of good quality and perfectly cleaned.
In the case sand paper shall be rubbed across the gain which may
cause the finest marks on the finished surface. Specified quality
of copal varnish shall be laid on the prepared surface in thin
coats unless any other is mentioned. For new wood work a second
coat shall be applied after the first coat of varnish has
thoroughly dried up. Varnishing shall be done during dry weather
and should not to allow to be undertaken in rainy days.PAINTING
STEEL AND IRON WORK : - All rust scales, dirt, supplier delivery
marks, oil, grease, etc shall be removed by rubbing with sand paper
before painting .Special care shall be taken for cleaning of
corners .All structural steel work shall be painted with red lead
before erecting except the surface which will be in contact with
conc. Where corrosive effects is likelihood from sea ,atmosphere ,a
coat of raw linseed oil shall be applied on surface immediately
after cleaning and before the first coat of red lead is applied
.Two to three coats of approved ready manufactured paint or ready
mixed paint shall be applied at right angles to each other after
erectionOf the structural member .Each coat shall be allowed to dry
up perfectly before the final caot is applied .Painting shall be
done in dry weather.FRENCH SPIRIT POLISHINGPOLISH : - Pure shellac.
varying from pale orange to lemon yellow color free from
resin,dirt,etc shall be dissolved in methylate spirit at the rate
of 0.15kg of shellac to 1 liter of spirit .Suitable pigment shall
be added to get the required shade.PREPARATION OF SURFACE: - The
surface of timber shall be cleaned and rubbed down smooth with sand
paper Knots if visible shall be covered with a preparation of lead
and glue laid on. While hot holes and indentation on surface shall
be filled with putty & smoothened .The surface shall be then be
given a coat of filler made by mixing whiting in methyl ate spirit
at the rate of 1.5kg of whitening per liter of spirit .The surface
shall be rubbed down perfectly smooth with glass paper and wiped
clean
APPLICATION : - A pad of woolen cloth covered by a fine cloth
shall be used apply the polish. The pad shall be moistened with the
polish & rubbed hard on the wood in series of over lapping
circles applying the polish sparingly but uniformly over the entire
surface to give uniform surface.No. of coats shall be as specified
.The second coat shall be applied after the first is dried, in the
same way for first coat...WOOD WORKS : - All wood work of which the
scantling exceeds 20sqm section & which is not specially molded
or curved .This include all timber work in check hates of doors and
windows in roof work as beams, struts, ties , etc. Timber shall as
specified may be teak , sheesham , Sal , deodar , etc .The timber
should be of best quality well seasoned angle free from shap ,knot
, works , cracks or any other defect .The scantling shall be sawn
in direction of grains .All wood work shall be planed and neatly
and truly finished to exact dimension .All joints shall be neat
&strong , truly &accurately fitted and coat with white lead
, before fitting together all portion of timber of built into or
containing masonry or conc. shall be given two coats of solignum or
tar or other approved preservation 7exposed surface of timber shall
be painted with two coats of approved paint over a coat priming
.All beams shall be bedded on plates with a minimum bearing of 25cm
and 6cm clear air space shall be left on each side .No wood work
shall be fixed within 60cm of any fire work place.Measurement of
wood work shall be taken in cum for the finished work fixed in
position including sawing; planning, jointing, etc. painting of
wood work shall be measured under separate item.DOORS AND WINDOW :
- Timber shall be of kind as specified may be of teak, shisham, Sal
deodar. Timber shall be of best quality well seasoned The timber
should be of best quality well seasoned angle free from shap, knot,
works, cracks or any other defect .The scantling shall be sawn in
direction of grains .All wood work shall be planed and neatly and
truly finished to exact dimension .All joints shall be neat
&strong, truly &accurately fitted and coat with white lead,
before fitting together.CHOUKHATS : - The choukhats shall be
properly framed and joined by mortise and tension joint with hard
wooden pins and the joints shall be coated with white lead before
being fitted together. The choukhats shall be of section as per
drawing may be 7.5*10cm or similar shall be painted with two coats
of soligum and the other faces shall be painted with a prime coat
before fixing in position.SHUTTERS OR LEAVES : - The shutters may
be paneled, glazed and palt glazed, battened, or ventilation As
specified .The thickness of shutter shall be 3 to 5cm. The styles
rails and panels shall be planned and neatly and truly finished to
exact dimension .The styles and rails shall be framed properly and
accurately with mortise and tonon joint fixed with wooden pins
Panels shall be one piece without any joint and shall be fixed with
12m insertion into the rails and styles provided with moldings as
per design. The thickness of panel shall be 12 to 25mm .All rail
over 15cm in width shall have double tenon. No tenon shall exceed
one fourth of thickness of plank for glazed windows sash bars shall
not be less than 40*40 mm and glass shall be fixed with nays and
putty or with wooden beddings over felt as specified .All joint
shall be glued before being fitted.FITTINGS: - All doors shall be
provided with handle on both sides and all windows with handle on
inner side .One of doors of each room shall be provided with
sliding bolts on outer side for locking, lower bolts, hook bolts,
stops for keeping the leaves open and also wooden block to prevent
leaves striking the jambs of wall etc. shall be provided. The
fittings may be of iron , brass or oxidizing as specified of
approved quality of screws shall be of suitable length and correct
dia and shall be fixed with screw driver and not hammering.PAINTING
: - The surface of shutters and choukhats shall be painted with two
coats of approved paint over a coat of priming. Faces of choukhatin
contact with masonry shall be painted with two coats of soligum
preservative before fixing. A prime coat of painting with primer
paint shall be applied on remaining surface before fixing in
position.MEASURMENT : - The rate shall be for complete work
including hanging &fixing in position .The choukhat shall be
measured in cum under wood work for the finished work &the
length of tenons shall be added to right length .The measurement of
shutters shall be taken in sq m for finished work in closed
position of overlap of two shutters shall not be measured .The
painting shall be measured separately under a separate item in sq
m. The cost of fitting may be excluded if specified &fitting
supplied by department or owner but the fixing of fitting or
hanging in position shall be included in late.GLAZING : - Glass
shall be of the best quality and free from the bubbles, scratches,
and other defects. The thickness of glass may be 3mm or specified.
The glass panels shall be fixed in 15mm rebate the wooden frame
leaving 1.5mm clear gap all around for allowing the expansion. The
rebate shall be painted before glass is fixed. Putty shall be of
best quality made of finePowdered whitening and linseed oil,
kneaded into a thick paste. First a thin layer of putty shall be
applied on the rebate then glass shall be fixed in position by a
few small nails &then putty shall be applied and pressed in
position and finished of neatly and in such a manner that no putty
project beyond the rebate . The putty then shall be applied with a
coat of paint. In case of large glass panels these should be fixed
in rivets by molded. Wooden fillets all rounds with brass or nickel
screws inserting a strip of felt or rubber in rebates under the
glass to act as a cushion .The wooden fillets should be fixed with
painting.CENTERING AND SHUTTERING / - Shuttering shall be either of
hard wooden planking 30mm thick .The shuttering shall be supported
on battens , beams , props , and wedges and properly across placed
together so as to make the form work sufficiently rigid strong and
actable to support the wet conc. Work and should not yield on
working and laying conc. .Beams for centering shall be carried and
supported on the walls with double wedges under neath and supported
at intervals with props. Props shall consist of ballies or brick
pillars in mud mortar. Ballie props shall rest on double wedge
placed over wooden planks of 40mm thickness so as to facilitate
tightening and causing of centering and shuttering. In case of
brick pillars &double wedges inserted in between the sole plank
and the beam of the centering and shuttering.The shuttering shall
be kept clear of wall bearing and made to rest on cross beams or
battens. The shuttering shall have smooth and even surface and its
joint shall be closed tight and shall not permit leakage of cement
mortar if required the joints shall be lined with craft paper or
other approved material . Inner face of shuttering shall be applied
with a wash of molded oil raw linseed oil or other approved
material to prevent adherence of conc. For slabs &beams small
chamber shall be given in shuttering. Camber of 1cm per 2.50m or
.5" per 10feet with a max 4cm.Centering and shuttering shall not be
removed before 14 days in general.Centering and shuttering shall be
removed slowly and Carefully without any shock or vibration by
slackening and removing the wedges gradually in such a manner that
no. part of conc. And shuttering shall be measured in sqm and the
surface area in contact with conc. shall be measured.MUD PUSHKA
TARRACING WITH TILE BRICK PAVING / - Mud phuska terracing will be
suitable in hot dry region where the rainfall doesn't exceed 130
per annum and externally hot temperature occurs during summers.MUD
MORTARMUD MORTAR : - Mud mortar shall be prepared from good brick
earth free from grass, root, gravel, kankar, etc. The earth shall
be reduced to a fine powered state and mixed bhusa at 8kg per cu m
of mortar and then mixed with sufficient water in a pit. The mix
shall be worked up with spades and feet daily for at least 4 days
so as to get a homogenous mass...*Laying: - The mud mortar shall be
laid on terrace the request thickness 75 cm to 10 cm and a minimum
moisture condition. The surface shall be checked with straight edge
and spirite level and corrected where necessary with the same
mortar. The surface shall be checked with straight edges and spirit
level and if any cracks appear these shall be filled with liquid
cow dung.MUD GOBRI PLASTER / - The surface shall then be given a
coat of 12mm plaster of mud gobri mortar 3:1 cow dung free from
grass, stew seeds and other impurities shall be soaked in water and
powdered earth shall be added in ratio of 3:1 and mixed thoroughly
adding water to have homogeneous mix of workable consistency. The
mortar shall than be applied to a uniform thickness of 12mm.PAVING
WITH BRICK : -First class flat tiles 4cm thick well made of good
brick earth be used. The tiles shall be level dry on the mud gobri
plaster before it dries up completely with open joints not more
than 6mm wide. Tile should be mastered by parapet wall by 4cm. The
open joints shall than be grouted with cement mortar 1:3 care
should be taken to see that no joints remain unfilled or partially
filled. The joints than shall be finished flush with surface. The
tile paving shall be cured by covering with wet bags or wet sand
for at least seven days and during this period the surface shall be
protected from damage.MEASURMENT: - The rate shall be for complete
work of mud layer of articulated thickness, mud gobri plaster and
the tile paving. The measurement shall be taken for finished work
over the tiled surface in sq m no deduction shall be made for
opening or rises up to 0.4sq m.Mud terracing may be over R.C.C.
slab or two layers of tiles or one layer of brick or one player of
stone slab or wooden planks supported on battens or beams of R.C.C.
steel of timber.One coat or two coat of asphalt may be applied on
base or concrete before laying the mud mortar if specified.
DESIGN OF SLAB ( ONE- WAY SLAB)Room = 2.8. x 4.8.m Assume 1 m
width of slab.acbc = 7 N/mm2 ast = 230 N/mm2M = 13.33 K = 0.23 J =
0.90 Q = 0.91 N/mm2Assuming 2800 =25 dd =112.00 mm D = 112+20+10
=137, Say 140 mm 2Assuming bearing of slab = 300 mm Eff. span =
2.8+0.3 = 3.1 m LOADING :-self wt. of slab =0.140x 0.1x 25000 =
3500 N/m Live load = 2000x1 = 2000 N/m wt. of sand filling = 0.06x
1x 15.5x103 wt. of tile tlooring = 0.04x1x11000= 440 N/m Total wt.
= 6870 N/m
Max. B.M = WL2 8= 6870X 3.12 = 82525 N-m 8= 8252580 N-mm.
Eff.depth of slab required. d = MQb= 8252580 = 95mm 0.91x1000= 95
< 162 - 0.k.Area of steel per meter witdh of slabAst = M
ast.j.d= 8252580= 35509230x .90x 112Area of one 10 mm / bar = II
x102 78.54 mm 2C/c spacing of to mm / bar == area of one bar x
1000/ total area of steel =78.54 x 1000/ 355.9= 220.7 mm2 say 220
mm2which is less than 3d= 3 x 112 =336 or 300 mmHence OK.
Actual Ast , = 1000 x 78.54 =357 mm2( provided) CHECK FOR EFF.
DEPTH OF SLAB FROM DEFLECTIONCONSIDEATIONPt = 100 Astbd= 100 x 357
=0031 100x112Fs = 0.58 fy (Ast( req. ) Ast( prov.) = 0.58 x 415 x
355.9= 23909 N/mm2For Pt = 0.31 % an Fs = 240 N/mm2 Kt. = 1.46.
(l/d) = 20 Kt.max.( 3100 ) = 20 x 1.46112 max.27.7 = 29.2 Hence
O.K.DISTRIBUTION STEEL :-Area of distribution st. = 0.12 % of Total
cross - section area.=0.12x bd/100 = (0.12 x 1000 x 1400)/ 100=168
mm2 = 168 mm2using 8 mm ^ bar as distribution toArea of one 8 mm ^
bar =k x 82 = 50.26 mm24: spacing of 8 mm ^ bar = 50.26 x 1000168=
299 say 300 C/cwhich is less than 5 d or 450, Hence O.K.CHECK FOR
SHEAR :-Max S.F.V = W L = 6870 x 208 /2 2= 9618NNominal shear
stress xv = V/ bd=9618/1000x112 = 0.09 N/ mm2for M 20 conc. & p
=0.31 %Tc = 0.22 + {0.30-0.22}x( 0.31-0.25) (0.50-0.25)xc = 0.24
n/mm2from table, for solid slab k = 1.30.'. permissible shear
stress for slabs,xc = 0.24 x 1.30 = 0.31 N/mm2 .'.xv< xcHence no
shear reinforcement is required. CHECK FOR DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH
:-set alternate 10 mm Q bar bend up at a distance l/7= 3.11 x 1000
= 443 mm 7fromcentre of sopportsor 445 - 300 = 295mm from support
2
Astavavible at support = 1/2 x 356= 178 mm2Ml = (ast. Ast.j.d)=
230 x 178 x 0.90 x 112= 4126752 N- mmSuppose the bar are given 90
.bend at cetnre of support, its anchorage value.Lo = 8^ = 8 x 10 =
80 mm M1 /V + Lo = 4126752 + 809618= 509 mmLd =4>ast = 100 x 230
= 449.2 mm 4xbd 4 x1.28Since M1 + Lo >LdHence code requirement
is satisfied. okSLAB DESIGN OF ALL ROOM SIZE = 3.2 m x 4.8 mAssume
1 m width of slab.acbc = 7 N/mm2 ast = 230 N/mm2m = 280 = 13.33
36cbck = 0.29 j = 0.90Q = o.91 N/mm2Assuring span = 25 D
3.2 = 25 Dd = 3200 = 128 say 130 mm 25D = 130 + 20 + 10/2 = 155
mm = 130+ 20 + 10 = 155 mm.Assuming bearing of slab = 300 mm.Eff.
span = 3.2 + 0.3 = 3.5 mLOADING :-Self wt. = 0.155 x 1x 25000 =
3875 N/m.live load = 2000 x 1 = 2000 N/mWt. of sand filling = 0.06
x 1 x 1505 x 103= 930 N/mWt. of tile flooring = 0.04 x 1 x 11000=
440 N/mTotal load = 724 N/mMax. B.M = wl2 = 72 45 x 3 082 = 11094
N-m 8 8= 11094000 N-mm Eff. Depth, d = MQb= 11094000 = 110< 130
= Hence Ok O.91 x 1000Adopt eff. depth of slab = d = 130 mmArea of
stoper m width of slab
Ast. = M = 11094000ast.j.d 230 x 0.9 x 130= 412 mm2Area of one
14 mm ^ bar = k x 102 = 153.5 mm2
c/c spacing of 10 mm ^ bar = Area of one bar x 1000.412= 190 mm
c/c Which is less than 3 d or 300 mmHence okActvalasc provided =
1000 x 78.54 = 413mm2
CHECK EFF. DEPTH OF SLAB FROM DEFLECTION CONSIDER ATION :-Pt. =
100 Astbd= 100 x 413 = 0.32% 1000x130Fs = 0.58 fy[ Ast (required) ]
Ast (provided)= 0.58 x 415 [ 412] = 240N/mm2 413Pt. = 0.32 &fs
= 240 N/mm2kt = 1.46( L ) = 20 kt d= 20 X 1.46 = 29.1( l/d )max. =
3800 = 26.9 < 29.1 130Hence OkDISTRUBUTION STEEL :-Area of
distribution steel = 0.12 % of total cross sectional area= 0.12 x
bd = 0.12 x 1000 x 155 100 100= 186 mm2using 8mm ^ bar as
distribution steelArea of one bar 8mm o = _II x 82 = 50.26 mm24=
270 mm clcwhich is less than 5 d or 450.Hence ok
CHECK FOR SHEAR :-Max Shear force, V = wl = 7248 x 3022 2
=11592NNauinal shear stress=Tv =V/ bd= 11592 =0.09 N/mm21000x130p =
0.32 %Tc = 0.22+ {0.30-0.22} x {.32-025} 0.50-0.25= 0.25 N/mm2v
chence no shear reinforcement is required.
CHECK FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH AT SUPPORTlet alternate gent up bar
at distance l/7= 3.5 x 1000 = 500 mm from centre of supports 7.'.
Astavavilableatt support = 1/2 x 413 = 206.5mm2M1 =ast. j.d= 230 x
206.5 x 0.9 x 130 = 5556915 N- mmV = 11592Nsuppot the bar are given
90' bend at the centre of support, its encharegevaluefor 8mm ^ Lo =
8 x 10 = 80mm M1/V + Lo = 556915= 559.38 mm.Ld_=4>ast = 100 x
2304 I4 x 1.28bdSinceM1+Lo 29.4Hence O.k.Check for shear :-Max
S.F., V = WL =5870 x 1.8 2 2= 5283 N
Nominal shear stress, xv = V/bd=5283=6.073 n/mm2 1000x 72for m
20 conc. and p = 0.31 %Tc =0.22+ {0.30-0.22 } x {.30 -0.25 }0.50-
0.25 = 0.24 %.'.xv-xc, hence no shear reinforcement is
required.
CHECK FOR DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH AT SUPPORTS :-let alternate 10 mmf
bar be bent-up at a distance l/7= 2.1 x 1000 7=300mm from centre of
supportAstavavilable at support = 1/2 x 218 =109 mm2M1 =ast.
Ast.j.d= 230 x 109 x 0.9 x 72 = 1624536 N-mm V =5283 Nsuppose the
bar are given at 90' bend at the centre of support,itsenchroge
value
8x 10 =80 mm.Lo = 8^ =
M1 + Lo = 1624536 + 80 v5283= 388 mmLd =^ ast4xbd= 18 x 230 =
359.3 mm 4 x 1028M1 + Lo > hence code required.is
satisfied.v
BEAM DESIGN at corner having L= 4.8m :-acbc. = 7 N/mm2ast. = 230
N/mm2m = 13.33 k = 0.29 j = 0.90Q = 0.91 N/mm2 (use M20 conc.&
Fe 415 steel) Clear span of beam = 4.8 mlet eff. depth of beam of =
1 of span10.-. D = 480 + 40 = 520 mm ( assuming eff. cover 40 mm
)letwodth of beam = b = 300 mm
.'. Size of assuming scetion of beam = 300 x 520 mm eff. span of
bean will be least of following :- Distance b/w centre of support =
4.8 +0 0.3 = 5.1m .'. Eff. Span of beam, l = 5.1m
Self wt. of beam = 0.30 x 0.52 x 25000 = 3900 N/mSlab load =
6870 = 6870 N/m 2Total load an beam = 7335 N/mMax. B.M = wl2 = 7335
x 6.32 = 36390.7N-m 8 8=36390000N-mmAssume section is balanced
Qbd2 = MD = m = 36390000 Qb 0.91 x 300= 365 mmWhich is less than
that assumed in working out load for calculation B.M. . Adopt
overall depth of beam D = 520Avavilable eff. depth assuming 14 mm ^
main bar,d = 520- 20- 8- 14_ = 486 mm2Ast.of steel req. Ast. =
.M6st. j.d= 36390000 = 363.2mm2 230 x 0.90 x 486Area of one bar of
14 mm ^ = %/4 x 142 = 153.5 mm2No. of bar req. = 363.2/ 153.5 =
2.55 say3 bar( Ast provided = 3 x 153.5 = 460.5 mm2)
CHECK FOR MINIMUM RAINFORCEMENT :-As = 0.85 bd = 0.85 x 300 x
8484 fy415= 297.4 mm2provide steel is more than min. required.
Hence sefe.CHECK FOR DEPTH OF BEAM FOR DEFLECTION CONSIDERATIONp =
100 Ast = 100 x 460 = 0.32% bd300 x 484fs = 0.58 fy [ Ast. ( req.)
]Ast.(prov.)= 0.58 x 415 x [ 363] = 190 N/m 460Kt = 1.81(l/d)max. =
20 kt= 20 x 1.8 = 365100/ 484 = 10.6= 10.6 < 36 Hence okCHEK FOR
SHEAR :-Nominal shear stress xv = _v_ = 17604 = 0.12 N/mm2bd 300x
484Max permissible share stress for M20 = 1.8 N/mm2Since xv = 8 x
16 = 128 mm.'. M1/ V + Lo = 30837866.4/ 17604 + 128= 1879.9 mm Ld
=ast/ 4xbd= 16 x 230/ 4x 1.28 = 719 mmSince M1/ V+ Lo >Ld, Hence
code is safe.SUMMARY :-Size of beam = 300 x 520 mmMain steel. = 3
bar of 16 mmf( one bar bent-up)valueStirrups = 8mm ^ 2 legged @
180mm c/c.
BEAMDESIGN :-acbc = 7 N/mm2 ast. = 230 N/mm2m= 13.33k= 0.29j =
0.90Q = 0.91 N/mm2(use M20 grade conc.& Fe 415 steel)clear span
of beam = L= 4.8 mlet eff. depth of beam =d = 1/10 of span= 1/10 x
4800 =480 mmD = 480 + 40=520mm let width of beam =b= 300 mm .'.
size of assumed scetion of beam = 300 x 520 mm i) Distance b/w
centre of support = 4.8+0.3= 5.1m .'. eff. span =5.1 mLOADING
:-self wt. of beam = 0.3 x 0.52 x 25000 =3900 N/m
Slab load =6870 N/mTotal Load = 10770 N/mMax. B.N =wl2 =10770 x
5.12 8 8=35615.9 N-m=35015900 N-mm.Assume scetion is balancedQ bd2
= Md ==358 mmd = M/ Qb = 35015900/ 0.91 x 300 = 358 mm 358 < 480
mm.'. Adopt overall depth of beam. D = 520Avavilable eff. depth
assuming 14 mm 0 bard = 520 - 20 - 8 - 14/2 = 484 mmAst of steel
required = Ast = Mast. j.d
Area of one bar of 14 mm 0 = rc/4 x 142 = 153.9mm2.'. No. of bar
required = 345 = 2.5 say 3 bar.153Ast provided = 3 x 153.9 = 460
mm2
CHECK FOR MIN. REINFORCEMENT :-As = 0.85 bd = 0.85 x 300x 484
fy415= 297.4 mmmin. Ast Lo Hence code is safisty.BEAM DESIGN :-acbc
= 7 N/mm2, ast = 230 N/mm2m = 13.33( from steel table..)k= 0.29 j =
0.90 Q = 0.91 N/mm2( use M20grade conc. & Fe 415 steel)Clear
span of beam L = 3.2 mlet eff. depth of beam = d= J_ of span10=
3200 = 320mm 10D = 320 +20 = 360let eff. width of beam = 300 mm.
Size of assumed section of bean = 300 x 360 mm. Distance b/w centre
of support 3.2 + 0.3 = 3.5 m.'. eff. span = 3.5 m
LODING :-Self wl.of beam = 0.3x 0.35 x 25000 = 2625 N/mm
Slab load = 7245 = 3623 N/m 2+2935 = 6558 N/m Total load = 9183
N/m.Max. B.M .= wl2 = 9183 x 3.52 = 14061.5 N-m 8 8= 14061500
N-mmAssume section us balancedQbd2 = B.Md = _M__ = 14061500 Qb 0.91
x 300= 227 mm < 320 mm.'. Adopt overal depth of beam, D =
360mmAvavilable eff. depth assuming 12mm 0 main bars.d = 360 - 20-
08 - 12 = 326 2( For mild exposure conditions nominal cover) of
using 8 mm 0Ast req. Ast. = M = 14061500ast.j.d 230 x 0.9 x 320=
212.3 mm2Area of one bar of 12 mm 0 = II_x 122 113.09 mm24.-. No of
bar req. = 212.3 = 1.9 Say 2 bar
113.09Ast provided = 2 x 11.3.09 = 226 mm2CHECK FOR MIN
RAINGORCEMENT: -As = 0.85bd = 0.85 x 300 x 320 fy415= 196.6
mm2Provided steel is more than min reqHence safe.
CHECK FOR DEPTH OF BEAM FROM DEFLECTION CONSIDERATION :-pt =
100ast = 100 x 226 bd300 x 320= 0.26 %fs = 0.58 fy [ Ast (req.) ] =
216 N/mm2 Ast(Provi)For Pt = 0.27% of fs = 216 N/mm2 Kt= 1.5(l) max
= 20Kt d20x 1.5 = 3030500 = 10.9 < 30 Hence ok. 320CHECK FOR
SHEAR :-V = wL = 9183 x 302 = 14892.8 N 2 2Shear stress xv = V =
14692 = 0.15N/mm2 bd 300x320xc max > xvHence ok .No shear
reinforcement req .using 8 mm 0 2 legged stirrupsAsv = 2 x n x 82 =
100.53 mm3 4Max spacing as per min shear rainforceus .Sv = 0.87
Asvfy = 0.87 x 100.53 x 250 = 180 mm 0.4b0.4 x30.'. Provide 8mm 0
mm 2 legged stirrups @ 180 mm c/c throughout length Provide 2-12mm
0 anchor bar for holding stirrups .CHECK FOR
DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH :-M1 = stAstjdAst = 2 x 113.09 = 226 mm2 M1
= 230x 226 x 0.9x 320 = 14970240 N-mmV = 14692 NSuppose the bars
are given a 900 bend at center of support ,Its anchoragevalueL =8 0
= 8x12=96mmM+L =14970240 + 96 = 1115mm1 oV14692L = 0 st = 12 x 230
= 539mm d 4 xM 4 x 1.28bdSince M+ L > L.1 odVHence Safe.
acbc = 7 N/mm2 ast = 230 N/mm2m = 13.83 k = 0.29 j = 0.90 Q =
0.91N/mm2
Clear span of beam l = 2.8 mlet eff. depth of beam d = 1 x
span10= 1/10 x 2.8 m = 280 mm D = 280 + 40 = 320 mm Let eff width
of beam = 300 mm .'. Size of assumed section of beam = 300 x 320 mm
.'. Distance b/w centre of support = 2.8 + .3 = 3.1 m .'. Eff span
= 3.1 m LOADING :-Self wt. of beam = 0.3 x 0.31 x 25000 = 2325
N/mm2 Slab load = 7245/2 = 3623 + 2935 = 6558 N/m Total load = 8883
N/m2Max. B.m. = wl2/8 = 88 83 x 2.82/8 = 87 05.34N-m =8705340 N-mm
Assume section is balanced Qbd2 = m d = M/Qb = 178.6mm 178.6 <
280 mm Adopt overall depth of beam, D = 320mm .'. Avavilable eff.
depth assuming 12 0 bar main bars d= 320 - 20 - 08 -12/2 = 286
mmAst. req. = m/ ast.j.d = 8705340/ 230 x 0.9 x 280 = 150 mm2 Area
of one bar of 12 mm = rc/4 x 122 = 113.5 mm2 No. of bar req =
150/113 = 1.33 say 2 bars Ast provided = 2 x 113.5 = 226 mm2 CHECK
FOR MIN RAINFORCEMENT :-Ast. = 0.58bd/ fy = 0.58 x 300 x 280/ 415 =
117.4 mm2proProvided Ast.is more than the req. AstHence safeCHECK
FOR DEPTH OF BEAM FROM DEFLECTION CONSIDERATIONpt = 100 Ast./ bd =
100 x 226/ 300x 230 = 0.27fs = 0.58 fy ( Ast. seq.Ast.pro.= 160
N/mm2 for pt. = 0.27 &fs = 160 N/mm2 kt. = 2.0(l/ d) = 20 kt. =
20 x 20 = 40v 7 max.3100 = 11 < 40 HENCE OK280CHECK FOR SHEAR
:-V = WL = 8883 X 2.8 2 2= 12436.2 NShear srtess = xv = V/ bd =
0.15xc max. =xv . Hence okNo shear reinforcement is required.Using
8 mm ^ 2 legged stirrups...Asv. = 2x n x 82 = 100.50 mm2 2max.
spacing as per min. shear reinforcementSv = 0.87 Asvfy = 0.87 x
100.53 x 250 = 180 mm 0.4 b0.4 x 300
.'. Provide 8 mm ^ 2 legged stirrups @ 180 c/c throught the
length. Provide 2- 12 mm ^ anchor bar for holding stirrups.CHECK
FOR DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH ( END ANCHOR BAR AT SUP PORT) :-M1 =ast.
Ast.j.dAst. = 230 x 113.09 = 226 mm2 M1 = 230 X 226 X 0.90 X 280 =
13098960 N-mm = 12436.2 NSuppose the bar are given a 90' bend at
the centre of support , its enchorage valueLo = 8 x 4> = 12 x 8
= 96 mmM1+ Lo = 13098960 + 96 = 1149 mm 12436.2Ld = 4>ast = 12 x
230 = 539 mm4 xM 4 x 1.28bdM + Lo > L Hence OK1 dVCOLUMN DESIGN
at corner :-Load on coloum=3667.5+4442+(self load )=
3667.5+4442+7650+550 K-N =565759 N/m acc = 5 N/mm2asc = 190
N/mm2Actual length of column l = 3.4 mEff. length of column l = 3.4
mm = 3400 mmLongitudnal steel in column varies from 0.8 - 6 %Assume
2% of steelAsc=2/100 xAg =0.02Ag Ac = Ag -Asc = Ag -0.02Ag = 0.98
Ag P = ccAc = scAsc 566Kn =5 x .98Ag +190 x 0.02Ag 566000 = 8.7Ag
Ag=65057.47 mm2Assuming the coloum to be squareSide of square
coloum req. = 66057 =255Hence Adopt sige of column =260 x 260 mm.-.
Ag (Provided) =260 x 260 = 67600 mm2Check whether the coloum is
long or short.leff./b = 3400 /260 = 13.1 >12. It is a long
coloum.Reducation co- efficient, C =1.25 -l eff.'r4= 1.25 -3400/48
x 260 = 0.98Safe load, P = Cr (acc Ac +ascAsc)= Cr (acc (Ag - Asc)
+accAsc)566 x 103 = 0.98 x(5(67600 -Asc) +190Asc ) 234760 = .98
x(338000 -5Asc +190Asc234760 = 181.3 Asc.'.Asc =1295mm2Min. St.
req. = 0.8% of Ag=0.8 x 67600 =540.8 . Provide Asc = 1285 mm2
Assuming 20 mm 0 bar to be used as longitudinal steel Area of one 8
mm 0 = II/4 x202 =314.5mm2 . no. of bar req. = 1295/314.5 =4.12 Say
4 barProvide 4 bar of 20 0 mm(Actual area of st.Provided ) =4 x 314
= 1256 mm2DESIGN OF LINKS :-a) Dia. of lateral tiesshould be
greater than :- 6 mm :- 1/4 x 2 = 5mm
COLUMN DESIGN :-Load on column = 5885 + 4442 + 4442 + 550000 +
7650 = 572419N/m acc = 5 N/mm2 asc = 190 N/mm2Actual length column
= 3.4meff. length of column = eff. = L = 3.4 m = 3400
mmLongitudinal steel in column varies from 0.6% - 6%Assume 1% of
steelAsc = 1/100 of Ag = 0.01 AgAc = Ag - Asc = Ag - 0.0 1 Ag =
0.99 Agp =acc Ac +ascAsc573 x 103 = 5x 0.99Ag + 190 x 0.01Ag573 x
103 = 6.85 AgAg = 83043.5Assume the column to be squareside of
column square = 83044 = 288 say = 290 mmHence Adopt size of column
= 290 x 290mm.'. Ag (Provided) = 290 x 290 = 84100mm2Check whether
the column is long or shortl eff./b = 3400/290 = 11.72 < 12safe
load an column = P =acc ac +ascAsc= 5 x ( Ag - Asc ) = scAsc573 x
103 = 5(84 1 00 - Asc ) + 190 Asc573 x103 = 420500 - 5 Asc + 190
Asc152500 = 185 AscAsc = 821.6 mm2Min. steel req. of column = 0.8%
of Ag= 0.8/100 x 84100 = 673mm2 .'. Provide Asc = 821.6mm2Assuming
18 mm0 bars to be used as longitudinal steel Area of one 180 number
= II/4x 182 = 254.5 mm2 .-. No. of bar req. = 820/ 254.5 = 3.25 say
= 4 bar .'. Provide 4 bass of 18 mm 0(Actual area of steel provided
= 4 x 254.5 = 1018mm2
DESIGN OF LINKS :-a) Dia of lateral ties should be greater
than1) 6mm2) 1/4 x 18 = 4.5mm. Privide 6mm0 lateral tiesb) Spaving
or pitch of lateral ties should be the least of tououring :-1)
Least lateral diminision of column = 290 mm2) 16 x18 = 288 mm.'.
Provide 6 mm0 lateral ties @ 290 mm C/cSUMMARY OF DESIGN :-Size of
column = 290mm x 290 mm Main steel = 4 bars of 18 mm ^ Links = 6mm0
@ 290 mm c/cBearing capacity of soil = po = 200 KN/m2 = 200 x 103
N/m2b= 260mm = 0.26m acbc = 7N/mm2, fck = 20 N/mm2 ast = 230
N/mm2Design constant :- m= 13.13 k=0.29 j= 0.90Q=0.91 N/mm2 SIZE OF
FOOTING :-Load of column = 566 KN + 56.6 (10% of column) = 622.6KN
wt .of footing of back fill, W1 = 622.6 x 10/100 = 62.3KN(Assume w1
as 10% of w)Area of footing = W + w1Bearing capacity of soil= 622.6
x 103 +62.3 x 103 = 3.4 m2 200 x 103 let B = one side of square
footingB x B = 3.4 m2B = 3.4 = 1.85 say 1.9 mAdopt size of fotting
= 1.9m x 1.9m Net up ward soil Pressure ( p) Net upward soil pr. p)
= WB xB= 622.6 x 103 = 172465.4 N/m2 1.9 x 1.9DEPTH OF FOOTING :-xv
< K xcwhere k = 0.5 + pc ( pc = 260/260 = 1)= 0.5 + 1 = 1.5
>1 K = 1xv =xc = 0.72 N/mm2 = 720000 N/mm2 CASE - 1 ( one - way
action of fotting ) Shear force at critical section = p x B x [
1/2(B-b)-d]= 172465.4 x 1.9 x [ 1/2 x ( 1.9 -.26) -d] i)Shear force
resisted by conc. =xc x B x d= 720000 x 1.9 x d ii)Eqvatingi) of
ii)172465.4 x 1.9 x [ 1/2 x ( 1.9 - .26 ) -d ] = 720000 x 1.9 x d
141421.6 = 1509421.6 d d = 0.1 mCASE -IIThe criticarscetion of two-
way action of footing ( punching shear )usconsidered at a distance
of d/2 from the periphery of the face ofcolumn.shear force at the
cricalscetion = P { B2 - ( b+d)2 )}= 172465.4 { 1.92 - ( o.26+d )2
} iii)shear force resisted by conc.= Ic x 4 ( b+d ) x d= 720000 x 4
( 0.26+d ) x d iv)
Equating equation iii) & iv) and we get..172465.4 {1.92 -
(0.76 +d )2 }=720000 x 4 ( 0.26+d ) xd3.6- ( 0.26+d )2 = 16.7
(0.26+ d) xd3.6- (0.07 +d2+0.52d) =4.3 d + 16.7 d23.43-d2 - 0.52d =
4.3d + 16.7d217.7d2 + 4.82d - 3.43 = 0d2+0.27d-0.2=0d = -0.27+
[(.27)2-4 x ( 0.2 ) 2 x 1= -0.27+0.9= 0.33m(neglect - sign)Depth of
footing shall be greater of case I & IId=0.33 m= 330mm.CHECK OF
BENDING MOMENT for depth of footingCritical scetion for B.M. is
considered at the face of column.B.M. = p x B/8 x (B-b)2=172445 x
17_x ( 1.9- 0.26)2 8=110167 N-m = 110167000 N-mm v)Moment of
resistance = Qbd2=0.91 x 1.9 x 1000 xd2vi)Equating equation. v)
& vi) we get.. 110167 x 103 = 0.91x 1.9 x 1000x d2d = 252.4 mm
< 330mm (provided value) .'. This is all right STEEL REQUIRED
:-Ast.in each direction = B.M./ast. j.d= 110167 x 1000/ 230x 0.90x
330 = 1612 mmHence provide 11 bar of 14 mm ^ bar ( HYSD) uniformly
spaced in the width of 1.9 m in each direction at right angle to
each other.CHECK FOR DEVELOPE MENT LENGTH :-Developement length =
Ld = ^ ast./ 4xbd= 539 mmproviding side cover of 50 mmAvavilable
length = 1/2 ( 1900 - 260) -50= 770 mmWhich is more than Ld, ...
Hence safe.SUMMARY OF DESIGN :-D = d +^/2 + clear cover= 330 + 14/2
+ 50 = 386 mmsay 390 mmsteel 11bar of 14 ^ both- way.COLUMN FOOTING
DESIGN: -Let bearing capacity of soil po = 200 KN/m2= 200x 103
N/m2b = 290 mm acbc = 7 N/mm2&fck = 20 N/m2 a st = 280 N/mm21)
DESIGN CONSTANT :- m= 13.13k= 0.29 j = 0.90 Q= 0.91 N/mm22) SIZE OF
FOOTING :-Load on column = 572 KN + 85.8 (15% of column) = 658 KN
Wt. of footing of back fill w1 = 658 x 10/100 = 65.8 KNArea of
footing = w + w1bearing capacity of soil=658 x103 + 65.8 x 103 =
3.6200 x 103 Let B one side of square footing.-. B x B = 3.6 m2B =
1.9024 say 1.9 m.'. Adopt size of footing = 1.9 m x 1.9 mmNet
upward soil pressure (p)P = w/BxB = 65 8 x103/1.9 x 1.9 = 182271.5
N/m23) DEPTH OF FOOTING = xv < kxcwhere k = 0.5 + pc ( p = 290 =
1 )290= 0.5 +1 + 1.5 = 1k = 1xc = 0.16 fck = 0.16 x 20 = 0.72 N/mm2
xv = xc = 0.72 N/mm2 = 720000N/m2 CASE :- IShear force at critical
section = p x B x [ 1/2(B-b) -d]=182271.5 x 2.9 x[ 1/2x [ 11-0.29)
-d ] i)Shear force resisted by conc. =0 x B x d= 720000 x 1.9.x d
(ii)Equating (i) & (ii) we get 182271.5 x R.9 x { ^ x (
1.9-0.29 ) -d = 720000 x 1.0 x d0.805 -d = 3.9d d = 0.164 mCASE -
IIShear force aty critical section = [ b2- ( (b+d )]= 182271.5 (
1.92 - (.29+d2) - (iii)Shear force sestid by conc.= 0 x4 ( b+d )
xd= 720000 x 4 (0.29+d )xd - (iv)Eequatingequ.( iii) & iv
)182271.5 [1.92 - ( .29+d)2] = 720000 x4x ( 0.29 +d ) xdDepth of
footing shell be greeter of CASE :- I & II d= 0.35= 350 mmCHECK
FOR BENDING MOMENT FOR DEPTH FOOTING :-B.M.= P x B_( B-b)2
8=182271.5 xj.9 ( 0.9-0.29 )2 812210.7 N-m. =1122 1 0.7x 103 N/ mm2
Mommet of resistance , A Bd2 - v= 0.91 x 1.9 x 1000 xd2- vi)Equatry
v &vi112210.7 x 103 = 0.91 x 1.9 x1000xd2 d= 254. < 350 mm
(Provided value) :- This is all right
3.6- ( 0.29+d)2 ] = 15.8 ( 0.29+d ) xd3.6 (0.084+d2+58d ) 4.7d+
15.8d23.5 -d2- 0.58d = 4.7 d + 15.8d216.8d2 + 4.12 - 3.5 = 0d2 +
0.25- 0.21 = 0d= 0.25 + 252 -4 x ( 0.25 )d = 0.7 m = 0.35 2Steel
req. =Area of st. req. in each direction,Ast = B.M./ 4> 6st.j.d=
112210.7x103 =1548.8mm2 230x0.9x350Providing 14 mm 0 bars Area of
one bar of 14 mm 0 = 153.5mm2 No of bar reg. = 1538.8=10.08153.5say
10 barsHence provided 10 bars of 14 mm 0 bar HYSD Fe 415 ( assumed
the width 1.9 m in each direction at right engle to each other.'.
CHECK FOR DEVELOPEMENT LENGTH :-Development ength, Ld = 0st 4 i=
539 m
Providing side coner of 50 mm Avavilableength = 1/2 (
1900-1290)-50.Hence safe.=755 mm Hence, which us more than Ld,
SUMMARY DESIGN :-D = d+ 0/2 + clear cover = say 410mmsteel 10
bar of 14 mm 0 bath way
DESIGN OF LINTEL OVER DOOR :-Clear span = L = 1200 mm Bearing =
200 both side eff. l = 1200 + 200 = 1400mm Assume D= l/ 10 = 1400/
10 = 140 mm D= 140 mm LOAD :-self wt. of lintelw1 = 0.14 x 0.3 x
25000 = 1050 N/ m Load of masonaryw2 = 0.30 x 0.7 x 19200 = 4032 N/
mTotal load :W = w1 + w2=1050 +4032 = 5082 N/mB.M. = wl /8 = 1245
N-m= 1245 x 10 N-mM = Qbdd = m/ Qb = 1245 x 1000/ 0.91 x 300= 67.5
mm < 140Hence safe.D = 140mm
d = 140 - 20 - 8 - 10/2 = 109 mmor say d = 110mmAssumed d >
calculated dHence safe.Ast. = M/ast = 1245 x 1000/ 230 x 0.9 x 110=
54.68 mm Assume 8 mm ^ bar = n /4 x (8x 8) = 50.24 mmNo. of bar =
54.68/ 50.24 = 1.2= say 2 bar 8 mm ^Ast. = 2x 50.74 = 102 mmCHECK
MIN. REINFORCEMENT :-Min. Ast. = 0.85 x b x d/ fy = 0.85 x 300 x
110/ 415= 67.6 mm < 102 mm Hence safe
CHECK FOR DEPTH :-pt = 100 Ast/ b x d= 100 x 102/ 300 x 110 =
0.31pt = 0.31 %fs = 0.58 fy ( Ast req./ Ast pro.) = 0.58 x 415 (
54.6/ 102) = 128.8from table kt = 1.2(l/ d)max. > (l/d)
provided20 kt> 1400/ 11020 x 1.2 > 1224 > 12Hence
safe.
CHECK FOR SHEAR :-V = wl/2 = 5080 x 1.2/2= 3048 N iv = V/ bd =
3048/ 300 x 110 = 0.1 cmax. = 1.8 N/mm pt. = 1.47 % & M-20 ic =
0.28iv>ic1.011313.130.222.9
57 | Page
BAR BENDING SCHEDULE FOR SLAB (51.1x 12.6)1. Main bar of 10 mm ^
@ 190 mm c/c L = Length - 2 cover = 12.6 - 2x 0.04 = 12.52 m Total
length of main bar = 12.52 + 2 hooks = 12.52 + ( 18x 0.010) = 12.7
mNo. of bar = (51.1/.38) + 1 = (51100/ 380) + 1 = 135.4 no. say 136
no.2. Bent -up bar of 10 mm ^ @ 190 mm c/c= 12.6 + bearing - 2
cover + 2 bent-up + 2 hooks
= 12.6 + 0.20 - (2x 0.04) + ( 2 x.0.42 x 0.06) + (2 x 0.010) =
12.8 mNo. of bent-up bar = 51.1/ .38 = 134.4 say 135 no.3.
Distribution bar 8 mm ^ @ 270 mm c/cLength of straight bar = 51.1 -
2 end cover + 2 hooks = 51.1 - 0.08 + ( 18 x 0.008) = 51.2 mNo. of
bars = 12.6/ .27 = 1260 / 270= 46.6 say 47 no.Total72.2 kg
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Sr. no.DescriptionShapeLengthNo.Total length (m)Wt./m
lengthTotal wt. (kg)
1.Main bar 10 mm 4> @ 190mm c/c12.71 3 61727.20.621107.1
2.Main bent- up bar10 mm4> @ 190 c/c12.81 3
517280.621072.1
3.Distribution bars 8 mm 4> @ 270 mm
c/c51.247358.40.39139.8
Total 2318 kg = 23.18 quintal
BAR BENDING SCHEDULE FOR LINTELMain straight bar 8 mm | Anchor
bar 8 mm | Stirrups 6 mm | @ 150 mm c/c1. Main straight bar of 8 mm
|No. of bars = 2Length of bar = L + bearing - end cover= 1.2 + 0.20
- 0.08 = 0.92 m= 92 cmTotal length of bar = L + 2 hooks= 0.92 + (18
x 0.082) = 1.06 m = 106 cm So total length of main bar 8 mm | =
1.14 m each2. Anchor bar 8 mm |No. of bars = 2Length of bar L= 0.92
mTotal length of bar = 106 cm3. Stirrups 6 mm | @ 150 c/cNo. of
stirrups at 5 cm c/c at the end = 2 no.No. of stirrups at 8 cm in
b/w = 92 - 10 ^ 8 = 8.25 say 9Total no. of stirrups = 2+9 = 11
no.Length of one stirrups = 2(22+90) + 30 extra
= 72 cm = 0.72 m Total length of 11 no. stirrups 6 mm ^ = 0.72
each
Sr. no.DescriptionShapeLengthNo.Total length (m)Wt./m
lengthTotal wt. (kg)
1.Main st. bar 8 mm ^1.0622.120.40.85
2.Anchor bar 8 mm ^1.0622.120.40.85
3.Stirrups 6 mm ^0.72117.920.43.2
Total 4.9 kg
ABSTRACT OF QUANTITYC. CONC. in foundationTotal = 54.1 m3 Ratio
= 1:6:18 Sum = 1+6+18 = 23Total dry mortar for 34.1 m3 c.conc. =
1.54 x 54.1 =83.3 m3
Cement = 1/ 23 x 83.3 = 3.62 m3= 3.62/ 0.03472 = 104.4 bags =
say 105 bagsSand = 6/23 x 83.3 = 21.7 m3 Aggregates = 18/ 23 x 83.3
= 65.2 m3D. P.C.Total = 80.7 m2 = 80.7 x 0.04 = 3.2 m3Total dry
mortar for 3.2 m3c.conc = 3.2 X 1.54 = 5.0m3Cemant = 1/ 7 x 5.0 =
0.71 m3 = 20.4 bags,Say 21 bagsSand = 2/ 7 x 5.0 = 1.43 m3
Aggregate = 6/ 7 x 5.0 = 4.3 m3LintelTotal = 4.8 m3Total dry mortar
for 4.8 m3c.conc = 4.8 X 1.54 = 7.4m3Cemant = 1/ 7 x 7.4 = 1.1 m3 =
30.4 bags,Say 31 bags
Sand = 2/ 7 x 7.4 = 2.1m3 Aggregate = 6/ 7 x 7.4 = 6.3 m3
COLUMNTotal = 136.6 m3c.conc.Ratio = 1:2:4 Sum = 1+2+4 = 7Total
dry mortar for 136.6 m3c.conc. = 1.54 x 136.6 = 210.4 m3Cement = 1/
7 x 210.4 = 30.2 m3 = 866.7 bags Say 867 bagsSand = 2/ 7 x 210.4 =
60.1 m3Aggregate = 6/ 7 x 210.4 = 180.3 m3BEAMTotal = 124.2 m3Ratio
= 1:2:4 Sum = 1+2+4 = 7Total dry mortar for 124.2 m3 c. conc. =
1.54 x 124.2 = 191.3 m3Cement = 1/ 7 x 191.2 = 27.3 m3 = 786.7bags
= 787 bagsSand = 2/ 7 x 191.3 = 54.7 m3
Aggregate = 6/ 7 x 191.3 = 163.9 m3
SLABTotal = 172.3 m3 Ratio = 1:2:4 Sum = 1+2+4 = 7Total dry
mortar for 172.3 m3 c. conc. = 1.54 x 172.3 = 265.3 m3Cement = 1/ 7
x 265.3 = 37.9 m3 112 |Page
67 | Page
= 1092.3bags = 1093 bagsSand = 2/ 7 x 265.3 = 75.8 m3Aggregate =
6/ 7 x 265.3 = 227.3 m3BRICK WORKTotal B.W. in foundation = 96.5
m3Bricks for 1 m3 = 500 nos.Bricks for 96.5 m3 = 96.5 x 500 = 48250
nos.Total B.W. in super structure = 439 m3Bricks for 1 m3 = 500
nos.Bricks for 439 m3 = 439 x 500 = 219500 nos.FINISHINGTotal
finishing inside (1:6) = 1897.5 m2Quantity of wet mortar = surface
area x thickness = 1897.5 x 0.12 = 21.9 say 22 m3Quantity of dry
mortar = 22 x 1.2 = 26.4 m3Ratio = 1:6 Sum = 1+6= 7Cement = 1/ 7 x
26.4 = 3.8 m3Say 109 bags Sand = 6/ 7 x 26.4 = 22.6 m3Total
finishing otside (1:5) = 781.5 m2Quantity of wet mortar = surface
area x thickness = 781.5 x 0.012= 9.4 say 10 m3Quantity of dry
mortar = 10 x 1.2 = 12.0 m3Ratio = 1:5 Sum = 1+ 5 = 6Cement = 1/ 6
x 12.0 = 2.0 m3 Say 58 bags Sand = 5/ 6 x 12.0 = 10 m3Lime for
White WashingTotal quantity = 3034 m2 Th. = 2.5 mmVolume = 3034 x
0.0025 = 7.5 m3Waste = 25 % = 7.5 + 7.5/ 100 = 7.8 m3Total dry
volume = 7.8 x 20/100 + 7.8 = 9.36 m3
PaintTotal quantity = 334 m2 Paint 1.5 lit. for 10 m2 @Steel
barTotal Steel in Beam (5.1 x 0.3):- Steel in one beam = 54.30 kg
No. of beam = 68Total steel in beam = 54.30 x 68 = 3692.4 kg =
36.92 quintalTotal steel in beam (3.1 x 0.3):- Steel in one beam =
20.4 kg No. of beam = 128Total steel in beam = 20.4 x 128 = 2611.2
kg = 26.11 quintal 116 |PageTotal steel in slab (51.1 x 12.6):- =
2320 kg = 23.20 quintalTotal steel in column (0.3 x 0.3):-Steel in
one column = 72.5 kgNo. of column = 136Total steel in column = 72.5
x 136 = 9860 kg = 98.60 quintal
ABSTRACT OF COST:-S. No.ParticularsQuantityRates Rs. P.Amount
Rs. P.
1.Cement bags3071 no.250.0/ bag7,67,750/-
2.Sand205 m3500.0/ m31,02,500/-
3.Aggregate635 m3650.0/ m34,12,750/-
4.Bricks2,67,750 no.3.2/ brick8,56,800/-
5.Lime for washing3034 m2100 m2 / 50 kg @ 2250/
quintal34,132/-
6.White washing3034 m210.0/ ft.23,26,600/-
7.Tiles14294 no.3.5/ Tile50,028/-
8.Wood works Door36 no.3000.00/ piece1,08,000/-
Window56 no.2500.00/ piece1,40,000/-
Ventilator07 no.1000.00/ piece7,000/-
9.Steel bars
Bar 18 mm 034.40 quintal3400.0/ quintal1,16,960/-
Bar 16 mm 017.50 quintal3450.0/ quintal60,375/-
Bar 14 mm 033.32 quintal3500.0/ quintal1,17,320/-
Bar 12 mm 021.50 quintal3550.0/ quintal76,325/-
Bar 10 mm 021.80 quintal3600.0/ quintal78,480/-
Bar 08 mm 027.02 quintal3900.0/ quintal1,05,378/-
Bar 06 mm 007.86 quintal4000.0/ quintal31,440/-
Total33,91,838/-
Architectural Design & Drawing @ 15% of total
cost5,08,780/-
Water Supply & Sanitary installation & 10 % of total
cost3,39,184/-
Electricity installation @ 12 % of total cost4,07,020/-
Other services @ 6 % of total cost2,03,510/-
Total48,50,332/-
Add contingencies 5 % overall2,42,520/-
Supervision charge3 % overallGRAND TOTAL 1,45,510/-
52,38,362/-
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