CIRCULATORY SYSTEM GRADE XI SMAK BPK PENABUR SUKABUMI
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM GRADE XI
SMAK BPK PENABUR SUKABUMI
Circulatory system
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Posteriorvena cava
Capillaries ofabdominal organsand hind limbs
Aorta
Left ventricle
Left atriumPulmonary vein
Pulmonaryartery
Capillariesof left lung
Capillaries ofhead and forelimbs
Anteriorvena cava
Pulmonaryartery
Capillariesof right lung
Aorta
1
10
11
5
4
6
2
9
33
7
8
HEART
Formed by heart muscle and connective tissue
3 layers :1. Epicardium2. Myocardium : control the heart pulse 3. Endocardium
Septum to separates left and right Valve to maintain the blood flow direction
The Heart
These are arteries. They carry blood away from the heart.
This is a vein. It brings blood from the body, except the lungs.
Coronary arteries, the hearts own blood supply
The heart has four chambers
2 atria
2 ventricles
now lets look inside the heart
Aorta
Pulmonaryveins
Semilunarvalve
bicuspidvalve
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Anterior vena cava
Pulmonary artery
Semilunarvalve
tricuspidvalve
Posterior vena cava
Pulmonaryveins
Right atrium
Pulmonaryartery
Leftatrium
The control of heart rhythm
SA node(pacemaker)
AV node Bundlebranches
Heartapex
Purkinjefibers
2Signals are delayedat AV node.
1Pacemaker generates wave of signals to contract.
3Signals passto heart apex.
4 Signals spreadThroughoutventricles.
ECG
A region of the heart called the sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker Sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac
muscle cells contract Impulses from the SA node
Travel to the atrioventricular (AV) node At the AV node, the impulses are delayed
And then travel to the Purkinje fibers that make the ventricles contract
The impulses that travel during the cardiac cycle Can be recorded as an electrocardiogram
(ECG or EKG)
How does the Heart work?
blood from the body
blood from the lungs
The heart beat begins when the
heart muscles relax and blood
flows into the atria.
STEP ONE
The atria then contract because the impuls form SA node and
the valves open to allow
blood
into the ventricles.
How does the Heart work?
STEP TWO
How does the Heart work?
The valves close to stop blood
flowing backwards.
The ventricles contract forcing
the blood to leave the heart.
At the same time, the atria are
relaxing and once again filling with
blood.The cycle then repeats itself.
STEP THREE
The heart beat for a healthy person during resting is 60 to 80 per minute
The blood pressure : 120/80 120 : known as cystolic when ventricle
contracts 80 : known as diastolic when the
ventricles relaxes
The ARTERY
thick muscle and elastic fibres
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
the elastic fibres allow the artery to stretch under
pressure
the thick muscle can contract to push the
blood along.
The VEINVeins carry blood towards from the heart.
thin muscle and elastic fibres
veins have valves which act to stop the blood from going in the wrong direction.
The CAPILLARYCapillaries link Arteries with Veins
the wall of a capillaryis only one cell thick
they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.
The exchange of materials between the blood and the body can only occur through capillaries.
All blood vessels Are built of similar tissues Have three similar layersArtery Vein
100 µm
Artery Vein
ArterioleVenule
Connectivetissue
Smoothmuscle
Endothelium
Connectivetissue
Smoothmuscle
EndotheliumValve
Endothelium
Basementmembrane
Capillary
No. Observed Artery Vein
1 Blood flow direction
Away from heart Go to heart
2 Take place Inner skin Near to surface
3 Pulse Present Absent
4 If get hurts Blood will sprout out Blood only drop out
5 Valve One near heart Many along vessel
6 Wall vessel Thick, elastic Thin, rigid
7 Content of gas type
Oxygen except pulmonary artery
CO2 except pulmonary vein
Difference characteristics between artery and vein
Circulatory system
Pulmonary vein
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Posteriorvena cava
Capillaries ofabdominal organsand hind limbs
Aorta
Left ventricle
Left atriumPulmonary vein
Pulmonaryartery
Capillariesof left lung
Capillaries ofhead and forelimbs
Anteriorvena cava
Pulmonaryartery
Capillariesof right lung
Aorta
1
10
11
5
4
6
2
9
33
7
8
Lungs
Body cells
Our circulatory system is a double circulatory system.
This means it has two parts parts.
the right side of
the system
deals with
deoxygenated
blood.
the left side of
the system
deals with
oxygenated
blood.
lungs
head & arms
liver
digestive system
kidneys
legs
pulmonary artery
aorta
pulmonary vein
main vein
Left Right
How does this system work?
Circulatory System
Plasma
A straw-coloured liquid that carries the cells and the platelets which help blood clot.
• carbon dioxide
• glucose
• amino acids
• proteins
• minerals
• vitamins
• hormones
• waste materials like urea.
It also contains useful things like;
PLASMA PROTEIN
1. ALBUMIN : maintain blood osmotic pressure & carry billirubin molecules
2. GLOBULIN : carry cholesterol and froms phrothrombin and antibody
3. FIBRINOGEN : blood coagulation
Serum : protein that can be separated from the plasmaa. agglutinin coagulate antigenb. precipitin precipates antigen
Cellular elements 45%
Cell type Numberper L (mm3) of blood
Functions
Erythrocytes(red blood cells) 5–6 million Transport oxygen
and help transportcarbon dioxide
Leukocytes(white blood cells)
5,000–10,000 Defense andimmunity
Eosinophil
Basophil
Platelets
NeutrophilMonocyte
Lymphocyte
250,000400,000
Blood clotting
The cellular elements of mammalian blood
Separatedbloodelements
Produced in the red bone marrow
The amount is around 5 million/mm3
Round shape In mammals, it doesn’t have
nucleus Have a red pigment
haemoglobin Life time : 120 days
Red Blood Cell (Erythrocites)
Produced in the yellow bone marrow and lymphatic node
The amount is around 5.000-10.000/mm3
Irregular shape, have nucleus
Play role in immune system
White Blood Cell (Leucocytes)
B cells T cells
Lymphoidstem cells
Pluripotent stem cells(in bone marrow)
Myeloidstem cells
Erythrocytes
Platelets Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Name Function
Granulocyte(a lot of nucleus & phagocyte)
1. Neutrophil (57%) Largest amount,various shape of nucleus, phagocytosis
2. Basophil (1%) U shape nucleus, releases histamine (allergic respond), heparin (prevent blood coagulation)
3. Eosinophil (1-3%) Red spot, Eat big paracytes
Agranulocyte (1 nucleus)
1. Monocyte (10%) Largest, nut shape nucleus, move fast,can differentiate into macrophaga
2. Limphocyte (25-30%) B antibodyT destroy the cell containing antigen
The amount is around 150.000-400.000/mm3
Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Broken thrombocytes
thrombochynase
Prothrombin Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin
Calcium ion
Vit K
Platelets
Platelets are bits of cell broken off larger cells.
Platelets produce tiny fibrinogen fibres to form a net. This net traps other blood cells to form a blood clot.
Functions of Blood
red blood cells Antibody
platelets
Sustain body temperature
carbon dioxide
Nutrients
waste (urea)
hormones
oxygen
1. As transport system : nutrients, hormones, waste product, Oxygen,
carbon dioxide
2. Sustain body temperature at fixed level
3. Avoid infections with antibody, white blood cells, and blood clotting
Function of Blood
Body fluids that enter the capilarry lymphatic vessels called lymph
Along the lymphatic vessels there are lymphatic glands filter germs
Spleen :1) Erythrocytes and Leucocytes production2) Breaking down of erythrocytes3) Produce antibody
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymphatic System
Adenoid
Tonsil
Lymphnodes
Spleen
Peyer’s patches(small intestine)
Appendix
Lymphaticvessels
Masses oflymphocytes andmacrophages
Tissuecells
Lymphaticvessel
Bloodcapillary
LymphaticcapillaryInterstitial
fluid
Lymphnode
The lymphatic system Plays an active role in defending the body
from pathogens Interstitial fluid bathing the tissues, along with the white blood cells in it, continually enters lymphatic capillaries.
1
Fluid inside thelymphatic capillaries,called lymph, flowsthrough lymphaticvessels throughoutthe body.
2
Within lymph nodes,microbes and foreignparticles present in the circulating lymphencounter macro-phages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes, which carry out various defensive actions.
3
Lymphatic vesselsreturn lymph to theblood via two large
ducts that drain intoveins near the
shoulders.
4
Arthropoda
open circulatory system
Hemolymph do not contain Hb
Hemolymph bathes the organ
Annelida
Closed circulatory system
Dorsal vessel Ventral vessel 5 auxiliary hearts
Interstitialfluid
Heart
Small branch vessels in each organ
Dorsal vessel(main heart)
Ventral vesselsAuxiliary hearts
(b) A closed circulatory system
FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS
Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries
Lung capillaries Lung capillariesLung and skin capillariesGill capillaries
Right Left Right Left Right Left Systemic
circuitSystemic
circuit
Pulmocutaneouscircuit
Pulmonarycircuit
Pulmonarycircuit
SystemiccirculationVein
Atrium (A)
Heart:ventricle (V)
Artery Gillcirculation
A
V VV VV
A A A AALeft Systemicaorta
Right systemicaorta
Vertebrate circulatory systems