chuong 2-Kiến trúc máy tính

8/9/2019 chuong 2-Kin trc my tnh

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Chng 2: Ni dung chnh S khi tng qut Chu k x l lnh Thanh ghi Khi iu khin (CU) Khi s hc v logic (ALU)


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3

CPU - S khi tng qut

CU

IR

PC

MAR

MBR

InternalBus

A

Y

ALU

Z

FR

ABus

DBus

CU: (Control Unit) Khi iu khin

IR: (Instruction Register) Thanh ghilnh

PC: (Program Counter) B mchng trnh

MAR: (Memory Address Register)Thanh ghi a ch b nh

MBR: (Memory Buffer Register) Thanhghi nh m

A: (Accumulator Register) Thanh ghitch ly

Y, Z: (Temporary Register) Thanh ghitm thi

FR: (Flag Register) Thanh ghi c

ALU: (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) Khitnh ton s hc -logic


4/21

4

Chu k x l lnh1. Khi mt chng trnh c chy, h iu hnh ti m chng

trnh vo b nh trong

2. a ch lnh u tin ca chng trnh c a vo thanh ghiPC

3. a ch ca nh cha lnh c chuyn ti bus A qua thanhghi MAR

4. Tip theo, bus A truyn a ch ti khi qun l b nh MMU(Memory Management Unit)

5. MMU chn nh v sinh ra tn hiu READ


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5

Chu k x l lnh6. Lnh cha trong nh c chuyn ti thanh ghi MBR qua bus D

7. MBR chuyn lnh ti thanh ghi IR. Sau IR li chuyn lnh tiCU

8. CU gii m lnh v sinh ra cc tn hiu x l cho cc n v khc, v

d nh ALU thc hin lnh9. a ch trong PC c tng ln tr ti lnh tip theo ca chng

trnh s c thc hin

10. Thc hin li cc bc 2->9 chy ht cc lnh ca chng trnh


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Thanh ghi Thanh ghi l thnh phn nh lu tr tm thi bn trong CPU Lu tr lnh v d liu c x l Dung lng nh, s lng t Tc rt nhanh (tc CPU clock)

Cc CPU th h c (80x86) c 16 32 thanh ghi. CPU th hmi (Intel Pentium 4, Core 2 Duo) c hng trm thanh ghi

Kch thc thanh ghi ph thuc vo thit k CPU: 8, 16, 32, 64,128 v 256 bit


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Thanh ghi tch ly Thanh ghi tch ly hay thanh ghi A l mt trong

nhng thanh ghi quan trng nht ca CPU Lu tr cc ton hng u vo

Lu kt qu u ra Kch thc ca thanh ghi A tng ng vi di t

d liu CPU: 8, 16, 32, 64 bit Cng c s dng trao i d liu vi cc thit b

vo ra


8/21


9/21

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B m chng trnh PC Program Counter hay Instruction Pointer lu a ch

b nh ca lnh tip theo PC lu a ch b nh ca lnh u tin khi chng

trnh c ti vo b nh Sau khi CPU chy xong 1 lnh, a ch b nh ca

lnh tip theo c ti vo PC Kch thc ca PC ph thuc vo thit k CPU: 16,

32, 64 bit


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Thanh ghi c FR Mi bit ca thanh ghi c lu tr trng thi kt qu php tnh

c ALU thc hin C 2 kiu c: C trng thi: CF, OF, AF, ZF, PF, SF C iu khin: IF, TF, DF

Cc bit c thng c dng l cc iu kin r nhnh lnhto logic chng trnh

Kch thc FR ph thuc thit k CPU


11/21

Fall 2009 Computer Architecture - The CPU 11

CPU Registers - FR

ZF: Zero Flag, ZF=1 nu kt qu =0 v ZF=0 nu kt qu 0.

SF: Sign Flag, SF=1 nu kt qu m v SF=0 nu kt qu dng CF: Carry Flag, CF=1 nu c nh/mn bit tri nht AF: Auxiliary Flag, AF=1 nu c nh bit tri nht ca nibble OF: Overflow Flag, OF=1 nu c trn, OF=0 ngc li PF: Parity Flag, PF=1 nu tng s bit 1 trong kt qu l s l, PF=0 ngc li IF: Interrupt Flag, IF=1: ngt c php, IF=0: cm ngt


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Con tr ngn xp (SP: Stack Pointer) Ngn xp l 1 on b nh c bit hot ng theo nguyn tc vo sau

ra trc (LIFO)

Con tr ngn xp l thanh ghi lun tr ti nh ca ngn xp

2 thao tc vi ngn xp: Push: y d liu vo ngn xp

SP SP + 1

{SP} Data

Pop: ly d liu ra khi ngn xpRegister {SP}

SP SP - 1

SP

Stack


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Thanh ghi MBR v MAR MAR: thanh ghi a ch b nh Giao din gia CPU v bus a ch Nhn a ch b nh ca lnh tip theo t PC v chuyn n ti

bus a ch

MBR: thanh ghi m b nh Giao din gia CPU v bus d liu Nhn lnh t bus d liu v chuyn n ti IR


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Cc thanh ghi tm thi CPU thng s dng mt s thanh ghi tm thi : Lu tr cc ton hng u vo Lu cc kt qu u ra

H tr x l song song (ti mt thi im chy nhiu hn 1lnh)


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Khi iu khin CU

Control UnitCU

IR

CLKALUFlags

Internalcontrolsignal

Externalcontrolsignal


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Khi iu khin CU iu khin tt c cc hot ng ca CPU da trn xung

ng h Nhn lnh t IR, gii m n v to ra cc tn hiu iu

khin S dng xung ng h ng b ha cc n v bn

trong CPU v gia CPU vi cc thnh phn bn ngoi


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Khi s hc v logic ALU

ADD SUB

MUL DIV SHR ROL

ORNOT

AND XOR

SHLNEG

ROR

IN IN

OUT


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Khi s hc v logic ALU Bao gm nhiu khi thc hin cc thao tc s hc v

logic nh cng, tr, nhn, chia, NOT, AND, OR ALU c: 2 cng IN nhn u vo t cc thanh ghi 1 cng OUT c ni vi bus trong gi kt qu ti cc

thanh ghi


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Bus trong Bus trong l knh lin lc ca tt c cc thnh phn trong

CPU H tr lin lc 2 chiu

Bus trong c giao din trao i thng tin vi bus ngoi(bus h thng) Bus trong lun c bng thng ln v tc nhanh hn so vi

bus ngoi

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