CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES

1563 AD

1586-1588

1627

1651

1716

1855

1856

1896

1905

1926

1927

in alphabetical order

THE ADRENAL CORTEX

Eustachius described the adrenals: De glandulis quae renibus incumbunt. (His Tabulae anatomicae published by Lancisi in 1714.)

Piccolomineus (Ferrara) and Bauhin (Bale) mentioned the suprarenal glands.

Spigelius talked of the capsulae renales.

Highmore suggested that the suprarenals have an absorbent function of exudates from the large vessels.

Montesquieu judged the result of the competition of the Academie des Sciences de Bordeaux: "Quel est l'usage des glands surrenales?" No award was given.

Addison talked "On the constitutional and local effects of disease of the suprarenal capsules".

Brown-Sequard proved in animal experiments that the adrenals are essential for the maintenance of life.

Osler found orally given adrenal extract temporarily effective in a case of Addison's disease.

Bulloch and Sequeira described patients with adrenogenital syndrome.

P. E. Smith showed that hypophysectomy caused atrophy of the adrenals, which Evans prevented by administration of pituitary extracts.

Hartmann and colleagues confirmed this in adrenalectomized cats; so did Rogoff and Stewart in 1928.

821

1929-1930

1930

1932

1933

1936

1937-1952

1942

1946

1948

1949

1953-1955

1956

1958

1966

1805 AD

1856

1886

1892

A HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

Liquid extracts of cortical tissue maintained adrenalectomized cats indefinitely (Hartmann and Brownell; Swingle and Pfiffner).

Rowntree and Greene successfully treated a patient with Addison's disease with Swingle and Pfiffner's extract.

Cushing connected the "polyglandular syndrome" of pituitary basophilism, first described by him in 1912, with pituitary-adrenal hyperactivity.

Loeb treated the abnormal serum electrolytes in Addison's disease with sodium chloride.

The concept of stress introduced by Selye.

Steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex isolated, their structure determined and synthesized (Kendall, Reichstein; Wintersteiner and Pfiffner, et al.)

Isolation of ACTH by Li and Sayers (see also Pituitary Tables) The general adaptation syndrome described by Selye.

Hench and his colleagues discovered the antiinflammatory effect of cortisone (Kendall's compound-E).

Hench, Kendall and Slocumb described the effect of Compound E and of ACTH on rheumatoid arthritis.

Isolation and analysis of the structure of aldosterone achieved (Simpson and Tait, Wettstein and Neher, Reichstein and van Euw). Aldosterone synthesized by Wettstein and Schmidlin.

Conn described primary aldosteronism.

Angiotensin suggested by Gross to control aldosterone secretion.

Synthesis of /3-corticotrophin by Schwyzer and Sieber.

THE ADRENAL MEDULLA

Cuvier defined medulla and cortex of the adrenal gland.

Vulpian's staining method specific for adrenaline.

Felix Fraenkel described a patient with an adrenal tumour and pressor attacks.

Chromaffine cell tumour of the adrenal described by Berdez of Lausanne.

822

1894

1898-1904

1922

1927

1945

1957

98-138 AD

ca. 155 AD

1689

1873

1873

1874

1934

1935

1937

1948

1954

1962

1969


Pressor substances in adrenal extract discovered by Oliver and Schaefer in London and, independently, by Szymonowicz and Cybulski in Cracow.

Adrenaline isolated, its structure determined and synthesized (Fuerth and Abel; Takamine and Aldrich; Stolz and Dakin).

Labbe, Tinel and Doumer connected paroxysmal attacks of hypertension with chromaffinomas of the adrenal.

Successful removal of a phaeochromocytoma by C. H. Mayo.

Discovery of noradrenaline (Holtz, Credner and Kronenberg).

Vanilmandelic acid (VMA) found to be a metabolite of catecholamines (Armstrong).

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

Soranos described amenorrhoea and anorexia in women.

Galen described an emaciated condition where a patient could not eat.

Richard Morton gave the first description of anorexia nervosa.

Lasegue described 'l'anorexie hysterique.

Gull described anorexia nervosa and gave its name.

Dejerine described "anorexie mentale".

von Bergmann} claimed successful treatment with anterior Kylin pituitary gland

Schur and Medvei called it pituitary insufficiency due to disturbance of "correlation".

E. C. Jacobs studied the effect of starvation on sex hormones in the male.

Pedoff and colleagues described hypopituitarism caused by starvation.

Srebnik and Nelson observed reduced pituitary LH concentrations in malnutrition.

Dally (London) suggested a three-scale classification: Obsessional (0), hysterical (H) and mixed (M).

823

1973

1976

1978


Besser believed to have shown that the endocrine dysfunction of AN originates in the hypothalamus.

Beumont and his group found reduced circulating LH levels in AN and reduced response to gonadotrophinreleasing hormone.

Davies and Lewis showed that male rats and guineapigs lost half of their LE receptors after dietary deprivation; their response to hCG stimulation was also reduced. Functional hypopituitarism may be explained by changes of oestrogen metabolism due to loss of body fat, resulting in excessive LE suppression. This would explain the association between menarche and body weight.

THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS)

ca. 1365 BC

BC

129-201 AD

1543

1660

1670

1742

1760

1772

1778

1786

1822

1838

Portrait head of Akhenaten (Pharaoh of Egypt, 18th Dynasty) shows acromegalic features.

Giants were repeatedly mentioned in the Old Testament. Dwarfs were regarded as misfits.

Galen thought that the pituitary drains the phlegm from the brain to the nasopharynx (refuted in 1660 by Schneider in Wittenberg).

Vesalius described the "glandula pituitaria cerebri excipiens".

Schneider refuted Galen's theory.

Lower (Oxford) confirmed Schneider's VIew experi mentally.

Lieutaud described the pituitary stalk ("tige").

de Haen mentioned amenorrhoea in a patient with pituitary tumour.

Saucerotte described Sieur Mirbeck (acromegaly).

Soemmering (Goetting en) called gland the "hypophysis cerebri" .

John Hunter described "pigeon's milk".

Alibert described a "geant scrofuleux" (acromegalic).

Rathke described the formation of the pituitary gland.

824

1840

1851

1857

1864

1869

1877

1884

1886

1887

1892

1892

1893

1900-1901

1900

1901

1906

1906-1907

1908

1909

1910


Mohr described a patient with Froehlich's syndrome.

Niepce (France) noted enlargement of the pituitary in

connection with parenchymatous goitre.

Chalk described "partial dislocation of the lower jaw" from an enlarged tongue (acromegaly).

Verga published the first post-mortem report in a case of acromegaly ("prosopectasy").

Lombroso described "macrosomia" (acromegaly).

Brigidi published the autopsy on Ghirlenzoni, an acromegalic actor, including the histology of a pituitary tumour.

Fritzsche and Klebs (Switzerland) reported on the clinical and post-mortem findings of a patient with "giantism" (acromegaly).

Pierre Marie called the disease "acromegaly".

Minkowski connected acromegaly with a pituitary tumour.

Vassale and Sacchi showed that hypophysectomy affected water and mineral metabolism.

Massalongo (Padova) attributed acromegaly to hyperfunction of the pituitary.

Caton and Paul (Liverpool) attempted surgical treatment of acromegaly to relieve pressure due to a tumour.

Benda demonstrated the connection between acromegaly and eosinophil adenoma of the anterior pituitary.

Babinski (France) } Froehlich (Vienna) described dystrophia adiposo

genitalis. Cushing

Schloffer (Vienna) operated on a pituitary tumour by the nasal route.

Paulesco (Paris and Bucarest) succeeded in removing experimentally the anterior lobe of the pituitary, but with fatal results.

B. Aschner showed that hypophysectomy in a growing animal caused dwarfism.

Cushing and his team presented the first experimental evidence of the link between the anterior pituitary and the reproductive organs.

825

1911

1912

1913

1914

1915

1916

'1921

1926

1927

1928

1929

1929

1929

1930

1932

1932

1933

1933

1936

1937


Hirsch (Vienna) developed the endonasal surgical approach to the pituitary.

B. Aschner observed atrophy of the thyroid in hypophysectomized puppies and genital hypoplasia.

Glinski (Poland) described post-partum necrosis of the anterior pituitary.

Simmonds described pituitary cachexia (Simmonds' disease).

Gaines demonstrated pituitary function in lactation.

Erdheim described pituitary dwarfism ("Nanosomia pituitaria").

Evans and Long showed the effect of anterior lobe extract on the growth rate of rats.

Foster and P. E. Smith found that atrophy of the thyroid and lowered BMR in hypophysectomized animals could be restored by using pituitary homoplastic implants.

P. E. Smith and Engle demonstrated that gonadal activity is maintained by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

Bernhard Zondek and Aschheim isolated the gonadotrophic hormones (Prolan A and B) of the anterior pituitary.

Putnam, Benedict and Ted produced experimental acromegaly in dogs by anterior lobe extract injection.

Stricker and Grueter discovered prolactin.

Aron (Strasbourg) and, independently, Loeb and Bassett described the action of TSH of the anterior pituitary.

Houssay and Biasotti succeeded in removing the pancreas in the hypophysectomized dog.

Cushing described pituitary basophilism.

Anderson and Collip described the thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) of the anterior pituitary.

Collip and his team isolated an impure "adrenotropic hormone".

Riddle and colleagues identified and assayed prolactin.

Evans and his group isolated the interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH).

F. G. Young described the diabetogenic hormone.

826

1937

1939

1940

1943

1943

1945

1948

1949

1955

1957

1959

1961

1963

1965

1966-71

1970

1971-79

1971-75

1971


Lambie and Trikojus obtained purified TSH.

Sheehan (Liverpool) described panhypopituitarism caused by pituitary necrosis after post-partum haemorrhage.

Choh Hao Li isolated luteinizing hormone (LH).

Choh Hao Li and Evans isolated pure adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from sheep pituitaries. Sayers isolated ACTH from swine pituitaries.

Choh Hao Li and Evans isolated anterior pituitary growth hormone (GH).

Wilhelmi, Fishman and Russel obtained almost pure crystalline bovine growth hormone.

Choh Hao Li and Evans isolated follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).

Knobil and Greep showed that GH extracts from monkeys were active in man and were species-specific.

Raben developed a method for the extraction of human GH from the pituitaries of cadavers.

Liddle and his group developed the metyrapone test for pituitary reserve.

The amino acid sequence of bovine adrenocorticotropin described by Choh Hao Li, Dixon and Chung.

Glick, Roth, Berson and Yallow described a radioimmunological assay (RIA) method for the measurement of human GH.

Choh Hao Li and his group isolated beta-lipotrophin @-LPH) which is manufactured and released together with ACTH.

Choh Hao Li described the structure of human GH and synthesized it.

Mitchell and colleagues introduced the glucagon stimulation test to detect GH deficiency.

Formulation of present day ideas on the mechanism of hormonal action.

Hughes, Kosterlitz and colleagues identified the pentapeptides from the brain to possess potent opiate agonist activity.

Pierce, Liao and colleagues determined the structure of TSH.

827

1973

1975

1978

1978

1975-1979

129-201 AD

1543 AD

1637

1664

1733

1792

1802


Solomon Snyder and his grouP) d d h . O h H k· ) emonstrate t at OPI-o ns op ms E · S' d h' ates attached themselves nc Imon an IS group . .

(N Y k) to receptor sItes m the ew or b' h . 11

L T . d h' ram as t elr target ce s ars ereruus an IS group ( 1 Th B . ) (Upsala) see a so e ram.

Bradbury, Smyth and Snell isolated beta-endorphin and described its structure.

Feldberg reported on the pharmacology of the central actions of endorphins.

Wm. Jeffcoate, L. Rees, G. M. Besser and colleagues designed a RIA for human p-LPH.

Hyperprolactinaemia, the "galactorrhoea-amenorrhoea syndrome" described and studied. Pituitary prolactinomas recognized by various groups. Treatment with longacting oral dopamine agonists introduced ("bromocriptine"). The same preparation has been used, in a different dosage, for an attempted long term medical treatment of acromegaly. Medical management of Cushing's disease has been attempted with metyrapone. New methods of microsurgery have been developed for the transphenoidal approach to small pituitary tumours, e.g. prolactinomas.

THE BRAIN

Galen thought that the pituitary drains the phlegm from the brain to the nasopharynx (refuted in 1660 by Schneider in Wittenberg).

Vesalius wrote in "De fabrica ... " that waste material excreted by the brain, "a glandular organ", passes through the infundibulum into the pituitary and from there to the nasopharynx.

Descartes considered the brain as the organ integrating the functions of mind and body.

Willis argued that "some humour out of the ventricles of the cerebrum is carried into the pituitary gland".

Morgagni } S . observed absence of the adrenal cortex in

oemmermg anencephaly. Meckel

828

1849-1850

1870

195~

1971-1975

1973

1975

1978

1979

1979

1980

1979

1902


Bernard demonstrated that "piqure diabetique" of the floor of the posterior part of the 4th ventricle in the dog causes temporary glycosuria. Piqure a little anterior to the glycosuric centre causes polyuria.

Eckhard (Giessen) observed that injury to the vermiform process of the cerebellum and to other parts of the brain may also cause polyuria.

L'Hermite published "Le Cerveau et la Pensee" stressing the regulation of mental life by the hormones.

Hughes, Kosterlitz and colleagues identified the pentapeptides from the brain to posses potent opiate agonist activity.

d dh· a h k·) ) demonstrated that Sny er an IS group 0 ns Hop IllS. h d opIates attac e .. d 11 k themselves to re-EncSlmonan co eagues(NewYor ) .. h

ceptor sItes III t e brain as their

Lars Terenius and his group (Uppsala) target cells.

Bradbury, Smyth and Snell isolated beta-endorphin and described its structure.

Feldberg reported on the pharmacology of the central actions of endorphins. Kosterlitz believed that the discovery of the enkephalins was one of the most important in British pharmacology.

Besser, Rees and their group (London) and Wen (Hong Kong) found that, during withdrawal effects of heroin addicts treated with acupuncture, the CSF met-enkephalin levels showed a clear rise.

The same investigators demonstrated increased levels of J3-endorphin, but not of met-enkephalin in human CSF after acupuncture for the treatment of recurrent pain. They concluded that J3-endorphin may be released from the pituitary or from the brain.

The International Health Foundation organized a workshop on "The brain as an endocrine target organ in health and disease", held in Bordeaux.

GUT HORMONES

Bayliss and Starling reported on their discovery of "secretin" in the duodenum.

829

1905-1906

1915

1935-1953

1955

1958

1966

1969

1975-1980

1742

1860

1865

1909

1913

1930

1936


Edkin described gastric secretin ("gastrin").

Keeton and Koch confirmed the specific nature of gastrin.

Feyrter (Danzig) described the peripheral paracrine endocrine glands in man.

Zollinger and Ellison described the Z-E syndrome.

Verner-Morrison described the watery diarrhoea hypokalaemic achlorhydric syndrome.

Gregory isolated gastrin and defined its structure.

Pearse introduced the APUD concept.

Numerous peptides have been described, located in the islet organ, the stomach, the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. Some pep tides are common to the brain and the gastrointestinal tract. The diagnostic methods used for their detection ar.e:

RIA (blood and tissues). Immunohistochemistry Gel filtration Bioassay Electron microscopy.

THE HYPOTHALAMUS

Joseph Lieutaud discovered the pituitary-portal system as the hypothalamo-hypophysial connection (in the pituitary stalk).

von Luschka (Germany) described the primary capillary loops of the pituitary portal vessels.

Luys (France) described the hypothalamus ("nucleus of Luys").

Karplus and Kreidl (Vienna) reported on the first experimental studies on the hypothalamus.

Camus and Roussy produced experimental diabetes insipidus (DI) in dogs by injury to the hypothalamus.

Popa and Fielding described the vascular link between the pituitary and the hypothalamic region as a portal circulation.

Selye described the stress syndrome.

830


1944 Berta and E. Scharrer compared the intercerebral cardiacum-allatum system of the insects with the hypothalamo-hypophysial system of the vertebrates.

1947 Verney postulated osmoreceptors in the anterior hypothalamus for the release of ADH.

1948 G. W. Harris published his paper on "Neural control of the pituitary" .

1948-1951 Harris carried out intensive experimental studies on the hypothalamic control of the pituitary.

1951 Bergmann and Scharrer described the sites of origin of the hormones of the posterior pituitary in the hypothalamic nuclei.

First reported evidence for the presence of hypothalamic releasing or inhibiting factors (hormones):

1955 CRF Saffran and Schally; Guillemin and Rosenberg

1960

1960

1965-1966

1961-1963

1961-1962

1963-1964

1964

1965

1968

1966

1969

1966

1971

1971

1972

LRF

PRF

McCann et al.; Harris et al.

Meites et al.

Avian PRF Kragt and Meites; Nicoll.

PIF

TRF

GRF

FRF

MIF

GIF

Talwalker, Ratner and Meites; Pasteels.

Schreiber and Kmentova.

Deuben and Meites.

Igarasei and McCann; Mittler and Meites.

Kastin et al.

Krulich and McCann.

Greenwood, Landon and Stamp introduced the insulininduced hypo glycaemia to investigate adrenal insufficiency due to hypothalamic or pituitary disease.

Jacobs and Nabarro (London) found the insulin test clinically most useful in a large series of hypothalamic-pituitary disease.

Price and Lauener used the assessment of serum and urine osmolalities in the differential diagnosis of polyuric states.

James and Landon (London) reviewed the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal function tests.

Schally, Arimura and colleagues isolated LH/FSH-RH.

Luizzi and colleagues described the inhibitory effect of L-dopa on GH release in acromegalies.

831

1973

1974

1974

1975

1975

1976

1977

1977

1978

1978


Brazeau, Guillemin and colleagues defined GH-RIH.

Macleod and Lehmeyer studied the dopamine-mediated inhibition of prolactin secretion.

Rosalyn Yalow described the heterogeneity of peptide hormones.

Introduction of cytohistochemical bioassays for the measurement of polypeptide hormones.

Daniel and Marjorie Prichard published the results of 25 years of studies of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

G. M. Besser summarized the theoretical and clinical application of GH-Dopamine Agonists and Antagonists.

Daniel and Treip published their study of the pathology of the hypothalamus.

Rees, Stuart Mason and Besser et al. described longterm treatment of acromegaly with bromocriptin.

Henderson and Daniel discussed portal circulations and their relations to countercurrent systems.

Dorothy Krieger (New York) reported on the factors influencing the circadian periodicity of ACTH and the corticosteroids and on 'free-running periodicity' in some of the blind.

NEURO-ENDOCRINOLOGY See also the Chronological Tables on The Brain, The Hypothalamus

and The Pituitaries

1818

1835

1849

1856

1914 1929 1940 1960 1963

Gall } reported that unilateral castration causes atrophy V· t of the contralateral hemisphere of the cerebellum

Imon . h . I . m t e amma expenment.

Berthold in his experiment of testicular transplant implicated the nervous system (NS) as target organ.

Maestre de San Juan (Spain) observed gonadal hypoplasia in men with agenesis of the olfactory lobes.

Weidenreich Mirsalis Kanai Gauthier E. and B. Scharrer (experimentally)

confirmed the above observation.

832

1877

1905

1908

1913

1914

1914

1915

1923

1921-1924

1928

1929

1931

1933

1934

1936


Du Bois Reymond (Germany) suggested a chemical transmission from motor nerve-endings to striated muscle.

Schiefferdecker (Bonn) described the secretion of endocrine substances by neurons as a means of communication between neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell in muscle or gland. This was based on some ideas of Tigerstedt ("automatic" irritation by metabolic products) and on Schiefferdecker's own observations.

Laignel-Lavastine discussed the connection between psychiatry and internal secretions.

Camus and Roussy stressed the predominance of the hypothalamus.

Dale published "The action of certain esters and ethers of acetylcholine" .

T. R. Elliott conceived the idea of chemical transmission in the autonomic NS.

Cannon published Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage.

Starling's lecture on "The wisdom of the body".

Loewi (Graz, Austria) proved the theory of chemical intermediaries in nervous stimulation.

Berta and Ernest Scharrer reported on the function of the hypothalamus in teleost fishes.

F. H. Lewy declared that the vegetative nuclei of the CNS form with the posterior pituitary one single consecutive system.

Cannon and Bacq described "sympathin", a hormone produced by sympathetic action on smooth muscle.

Feldberg and Sir John Gaddum (London) produced evidence that acetylcholine acts in the transfer of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron in sympathetic ganglia. (]. Physiol., 80, 12p-13p, London)

Cannon discussed the chemical mediation of nerve impulses.

F. H. A. Marshall referred in his Croonian Lectures to the higher animals in whom "the internal rhythm is brought

833

1942

1946

1949

1951

1954

1955

1956

1963

1968

1971

1974

1975

BC

700-500BC

384-322 BC


into relation with . . . other external phenomena . in part . .. through the NS and probably through the hypothalamus upon the anterior pituitary and thence upon the testis and the ovary ... ".

Feldberg and Fessard reported on the cholinergic nature of the nerves of the electric organ of the Torpedo.

Roussy and Mosinger published Traite de NeuroEndocrinologie.

Hoskins introduced Wiener's idea (1948) of the (servo-) feedback mechanism into the field of endocrinology.

Max Reiss discussed the application of endocrine research methods in psychiatry.

Bleuler published his book Endocrine Psychiatry ..

Harris discussed the relationship between endocrine activity and the development of the NS.

Conference at Columbia University on "Hormones, Brain Function and Behaviour" (Proceedings edited by Hoagland).

Berta and E. Scharrer summarized their work and views in their book Neuro-Endocrinology.

Butler and Besser reported on pituitary-adrenal function in severe depressive illness.

Harris' Dale Lecture on "Humours and Hormones".

Bacq (Liege) published "Les transmissions chimiques de l'influx nerveux".

Weitzman and colleagues demonstrated the relationship of sleep and sleep states to neuro-endocrine secretions and biological rhythms in man.

THE OVARIES

In Ancient Egypt ovariotomy was performed on humans. The Ancient Jews knew that hysterectomy in cows and sows caused fattening and prevented breeding.

In the Old Testament (and in Ancient Rome) women were regarded unclean during the menstrual period.

Aristotle described ovariotomy in sows and camels for increased growth and strength.

834


4th cent. Be Herophilos described the ovaries ('female testicles').

1555 AD Vesalius described the "female testicles".

1561 Fallopio described the tubes, ovaries, corpus luteum, hymen, clitoris and round ligaments.

1573 Coiter discussed the corpus luteum.

1621 The term "ovarium" used by Fabricius.

1651 Harvey published De Generatione Animalium.

1667 Stensen suggested that the female testes contained ova and should be called ovaries.

1668 Malpighi coined the term "corpus luteum".

1672 de Graaf published his studies on the female reproductive organs, described the Graafian vesicles and demonstrated ovulation.

17th and 18th cent. Chinese iatro-chemists produced preparations of oestro

gens from urine.

1775 Pott recorded cessation of menstruation after removal of two herniated ovaries in a woman of 23.

1778 von Haller described the conversion of the follicle into the corpus luteum. He coined the term "ova Graafiana".

1786 John Hunter reported on the effect on fertility after removing one ovary In a sow.

1797

1814

1824

1827

1842

1843 1876

1896

1896

1898

Haighton described induced ovulation in rabbits.

Davidge attributed menstruation "to a peculiar condition of the ovaries".

Prevost and Dumas described ovulation and the formation of corpus luteum in the bitch.

von Baer discovered the human ovum.

Bischoff called Graafian vesicles "Graafian follicles".

Martin Barry observed the spermatozoon inside the ovum. O. Hertwig demonstrated the union of sperm and ovum.

Sobotta described the formation of the corpus luteum in the mouse.

Knauer (Vienna) and Halban (Vienna) proved the exilience of ovarian hormones (independently) by implanting ovarian tissue into castrated rabbits.

Prenant and Born suspected a connection between corpus luteum and pregnancy.

835

1900

1901

1905

1908

1917

1923

1926

1927

1927

1928

1929

1929

1930

1930

1930

1933

1933

1934

1936

1938

• 1550 Be


Heape (Cambridge) published "The 'sexual season' of mammals and the relation of the 'Pro-estrum' to menstruation" .

Fraenkel and Cohn studied the corpus luteum.

Marshall and Jolly (England) showed that ovarian extracts produced oestrus in castrated animals.

Hitschmann and Ludwig Adler (Vienna) described the cyclical changes in the endometrium as a normal physiological process.

Stockard and Papanicolau introduced the vaginal smear test for oestrus.

Allen and Doisy isolated oestrin.

Parkes and Bellerby extracted oestrin.

Allen and Doisy described withdrawal bleeding in Macaws rhesus.

Laqueur and his team discovered female hormone (menformon) in male urine.

Aschheim and B. Zondek published their pregnancy test from the female urine.

Corner discovered progesterone.

Marrian isolated pregnanediol.

Marrian obtained crystalline oestriol.

Doisy isolated crystalline oestrone from the urme of pregnant women.

Collip demonstrated an anterior pituitary-like factor in the placenta.

Browne obtained oestriol from the placenta.

Kaufmann (Germany) used oestrogenic hormone in ovariectomized women.

Butenandt obtained crystalline progesterone.

MacCorquodale, Thayer and Doisy isolated oestradiol.

Dodds and colleagues (London) described the first synthetic oestrogen (stilboestrol) .

THE PANCREAS Papyrus Ebers (discovered in 1862 AD in Thebes, Egypt) described polyuria and its treatment.

836

4th cent. BC

3rd cent. BC

30 Bc-50 AD

131-201 AD

5th cent. AD

7th cent. AD

860-932

1020

ca. 1530

1621-1675

1624-1689

1642

1614-1672

1664

1650

1689

1765

1774

1776


The Ayur Veda of Susruta (India) described "sugarcream" urine which attracted ants.

Demetrius of Apameiz described a condition resulting in diabetes.

Celsus described polyuria.

Galen regarded diabetes as due to weakness of the kidneys (diarrhoea urinosa). The "kallikreas" (pancreas) was a protective organ guarding the great veins.

Furunculosis and TB noted as complications of diabetes mellitus (DM).

In China, Chen Chuan recorded "sweet urine" in DM. Li Hsuan wrote a monograph on DM.

Rhazes introduced a regime of treatment in DM.

A vicenna mentioned a multitude of urine and noted the occurrence of impotence and furunculosis in DM.

Paracelsus regarded DM as a generalized disease.

Willis observed the sweetness of diabetic urine which has a honied taste.

Sydenham regarded DM a general disease with its main site in the blood.

Wirsung (Padova) discovered the pancreatic duct in the human body, shortly after Hoffmann had discovered it in a turkey.

Franciscus de Ie Boe (Sylvius) suspected that a juice was discharged from the pancreas into the intestine.

Regnier de Graaf published his experiments on obtaining pancreatic juice which he found similar to salivary gland secretion.

Sganarelle in Moliere's Le medecin volant tasted the urine for sweetness.

Morton mentioned an hereditary factor in DM.

Morgagni said that DM is a disease of unknown location (morbus in sede incerta locatus).

Wyatt demonstrated the presence of a substance similar to sugar in the urine as well as in the blood of diabetics.

Dobson (Liverpool) published his "Experiments and observations on the urine in diabetes". He proved that the sweetness was caused by sugar which was present in the urine and in the blood (hyperglycaemia).

837

1788

1797

1785-1830

1815

1841

1848

1849

1857

1869

1871

1874

1875

1876

1877

1886

1889

1890

1891

1892

1893


Cawley observed that diabetes may follow injury (e.g. calculi) to the pancreas.

Rollo, Surgeon-General to the British Army, described a successful meat diet in the treatment of DM.

Prout described diabetic coma.

Chevreul proved that the sugar in DM is glucose.

Trommer (Heidelberg) published his test for glucose in the unne.

von Fehling described his test for sugar in the urine.

Discovery of glycogen in the liver and of the "piqure diabetique" in the dog's brain by Claude Bernard. He also estimated quantitatively sugar in the blood.

Petters (Berlin) isolated acetone from diabetic urine.

Langerhans described the islet cells of the pancreas.

Troisier described "diabete bronze".

Kussmaul explained diabetic coma to be due to acetonaemia and described "Kussmaul's respiration".

Bouchardat used the fermentation test, polariscope and copper solutions to detect DM. He invented gluten bread and used it in his "traitement hygienique".

Ebstein reported on the treatment of DM with sodium salicylate.

Lancereaux connected two cases of DM causally with pancreatic calculi.

von Mering produced experimental diabetes by means of phloridzin.

von Recklinghausen named bronze diabetes "haemochromatosis".

von Mering and Minkowski produced experimental diabetes by successful surgical removal of the pancreas of a dog.

Vas sale experimentally destroyed the pancreatic acini by ligation of the excretory duct without destruction of the islet cells (which was confirmed by Ssobolew in 1902).

Minkowski succeeded in obtaining temporary cure of diabetes in pancreatectomized dog by subcutaneous reimplantation of the excised organ (confirmed, independently, by Hedon in Montpellier).

Laguesse suggested that the islet cells produce a hormone.

838

1895

1900-1901

1902

1906

ca. 1906

1906

1909

1913

1918

1919

1920

1920

1921


von Noorden presented his diet therapy ofDM, using oats as part of the treatment.

Opie proved the association of DM with failure of the islets of Langerhans.

Bayliss and Starling published the discovery of secretin.

Bang described his method for the estimation of sugar in the blood.

Joslin (USA) and Naunyn (Germany) improved the treatment of DM and studied diabetic acidosis.

Lydia de Witt (USA) ligated the duct in cats and found that the surviving islet tissue had glycolytic properties.

Jean de Meyer (Brussels) suggested the name "insuline" for the hormone of the islet cells.

F. M. Allen introduced prolonged fasting for the treatment ofDM.

Watanabe Oapan) achieved hypoglycaemia in rabbits after injecting guanidine.

Folin and Hsien Wu presented their test for blood sugar estimation.

Moses Barron confirmed the experimental work of Ssobolew.

Foetal hyperinsulinism was recorded in the offspring of diabetic mothers by Dubreuil and Anderodias.

Paulesco reported on "pancreine", a bloodsugar lowering extract from the pancreas of animals, in June, 1921, discovered by him between 1914 and 1916.

November 1921 Banting and Best reported on the discovery of "insulin".

1922

1923

1923

1924

1926

1926

1927

First clinical application of insulin in the treatment of diabetes by Banting, Best, Collip, et al.

Collip purified insulin.

Murlin and his colleagues discovered pancreatic glucagon.

Houssay and Magenta recorded that hypophysectomy increased sensitivity to insulin.

Crystallization of insulin by J. J. Abel.

Frank, Nothmann and Wagner introduced biguanides into the treatment of diabetes (abandoned 1940)

Wilder, Allan, Power and Robertson reported the first case of hyperinsulinism due to carcinoma of the islands of the pancreas.

839

1929

1930

1936

1937

1937

1942

1943

1944

1951

1953

1954

1955

1955

1955

1956

1957

1957

1957-1958

1961-1968

1964-1966


Howland, Campbell, Maltby and Robinson removed an isletcell tumour achieving the first cure of hyperinsulinism.

Ruiz and colleagues (Argentine) described the hypoglycaemic effect of certain sulphonamide derivatives.

Hagedorn, Jensen and their colleagues introduced the first insulin with protamine to delay the absorption rate.

F. G. Young discovered the anterior pituitary diabetogenic hormone (see also pituitary gland).

Alloxan hyperglycaemia described by Jacobs.

Janbon (Montpellier) noticed the hypoglycaemic action of a sulphonamide product.

Dunn, Sheehan and MacLetchie discovered alloxan diabetes.

Loubatieres (Montpellier) described the mode of action of some oral hypoglycaemic agents.

Hallas-M0ller and his group described the first clinical trials oflente, ultralente and semilente zinc-insulin suspensions. Staub and colleagues achieved isolation of glucagon and obtained it in crystalline form.

McQuarrie described idopathic hypoglycaemia in infants.

Franke and Fuchs (Berlin) described the hypoglycaemic effect of the sulphonylureas.

Sanger (Cambridge) published the structure formula of the bovine insulin molecule.

Zollinger and Ellison described islet-cell tumour of the pancreas with peptic ulceration of the jejunum.

Structure of glucagon discovered by Bromer and his colleagues.

G. Ungar introduced phenetyl biguanide into the treatment of diabetes.

Berson and Miss Yallow described their radioimmunological method for the measurement of plasma insulin.

Re-appraisal of salicylates in the treatment of diabetes by Reid and colleagues, and Hecht and Goldner.

Glucagon synthesized by Wunsch and his team (Munich).

Insulin synthesized independently by Katsoyannis (USA), Zahn (Germany) and Niu Ching-I (China).

840

1966

1967

1969

1969

1973

1979

1852

1880

1891

1895

1896

1904

1906

1909

1909

1914

1923


First description of pancreatic glucagonomas by McGauran, R. H. Unger and their colleagues.

Steiner and Oyer isolated pro-insulin.

The three-dimensional structure of pig-insulin determined by Mrs Hodgkin.

Mssrs. Boehringer introduced glibencamide for the oral treatment of diabetes.

Stress-release of glucagon reported by Daniel, Bloom and colleagues.

Deborah Doniach and Bottazzo reported on autoimmunity in diabetes.

THE PARATHYROIDS

One of the first descriptions of the parathyroids in the rhinoceros by Sir Richard Owen (London).

The parathyroids in man first described by Sandstrom (Upsala).

Gley demonstrated that the parathyroids are essential for life.

Independence of the parathyroids from the thyroid stated by Kohn.

Vassale and Generali (Italy) showed experimentally that tetany follows removal of the parathyroids.

Askanazy (Tuebingen) connected osteitis fibrosa cystica with a parathyroid adenoma found at post-mortem.

Erdheim (Vienna) described hyperplasia of parathyroids in osteomalacia in man.

MacCallum and V oegtlin showed that postparathyroidectomy tetany and hypocalcaemia can be controlled by calcium administration.

Auto- and iso-transplantation of parathyroid glands in dogs by Halsted.

Erdheim described compensatory parathyroid hyperplasia in spontaneous rickets in rats (secondary hyperparathyroidism).

Hanson obtained the first really effective parathyroid extract from cattle.

841

1925

1926

1934-1948

1959

1962

1963

1963

1965

1967


Collip isolated parathormone and with Leitch used it in the treatment of tetany.

Mandl (Vienna) achieved the first cure of primary hyperparathyroidism (osteitis fibrosa) by surgical removal of a parathyroid adenoma.

Fuller Albright (Boston, Mass.) described the biochemistry of primary hyperparathyroidism and kidney stones as one of the important diagnostic features.

Isolation of parathyroid hormone and definition of its structure as a polypeptide hormone by Rasmussen and Craig.

Isolation of a hormone (Calcitonin) from the parathyroids with hypocalcaemic action by Copp and his group.

Hirsch found calcitonin in the mammal thyroid.

Berson introduced a radio-immunological method for estimation of parathyroid hormone in serum.

The hypocalcaemic factor (calcitonin) was found to be a polypeptide hormone (Tenenhouse).

Immunological methods introduced for the estimation of serum calcitonin.

THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)

1794

1838

1877

1895

1901-1908

1906

Johann Peter Frank distinguished diabetes insipidus (DI) from diabetes mellitus (DM).

Robert Willis described several forms of DI ("hydruria", "anazoturia" and "azoturia") according to the associated excretion of urea.

Samuel Gee (London) observed (?) nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

Oliver and Schaefer described the bloodpressure-raising effect (vasopressor effect) of pituitary gland extract.

Schaefer and his team studied the action of pituitary extract on the kidneys.

Dale described the oxytocic action of posterior pituitary extract.

842

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

1913

1913

1921

1924

1925

1928

1940--1947

1947

1947

1951

1953

1954

1963

1966


Schaefer and Herring demonstrated a diuretic principle in the posterior pituitary. "Herring bodies" discovered.

Blair Bell used posterior pituitary extract in shock, uterine atony and intestinal paresis.

Foges and Hofstaetter (Vienna) used pituitrin in the treatment of post-partum haemorrhage.

Ott and Scott (Philadelphia) described the milk-ejection action of infundibulin in mammals.

Alfred Eric Frank connected the posterior lobe with Dr.

Herring confirmed the milk-ejection activity of the posterior pituitary in teleosts and amphibia.

Farini (Venice) and von den Veld en (Duesseldorf) reported on the antidiuretic effect of pituitary extracts.

von den Velden also reported on the treatment of a patient with DI with posterior pituitary extract.

Brunn (Vienna) discovered a hydrosmotic action of posterior pituitary extract in the frog.

Starling and Verney demonstrated the antidiuretic effect of posterior pituitary extracts on the isolated kidney.

Hogben observed the avian depressor activity of posterior pituitary extract.

Kamm and his team isolated vasopressin and oxytocin.

Heller's studies of the antidiuretic (AD) principle in numerous non-mammalian species (elasmobranch, teleost, amphibian, reptile).

Verney postulated osmoreceptors in the anterior hypothalamus for the release of ADH.

Richardson (London) confirmed Ott's and Scott's results in the goat.

Bergmann and Scharrer described the site of origin of the posterior pituitary hormones in the nuclei of the hypothalamus.

du Vigneaud and his group synthesized oxytocin.

du Vigneaud and his group synthesized vasopressin.

Dashe, Cramm, Crist, Habener and Solomon described the water deprivation test for the diagnosis of polyuria.

Klein, Roth and Petersen described a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for arginin vasopressin (ADH).

843


THE TESTICLES

Pre-historic times Castration (human and animal) known.

ca. 2737-1600BC The Pen Tsao (Great Herbal) recommended the use of semen of young men for treatment of sexual weakness in men.

1600 BC Important role of eunuchs in ancient China at Court and in the Civil Service.

5th cent. BC Taoism believed that the brain was the source of sperm.

ca.1300--650Bc In the Old Testament the human and animal testicle had different names.

In the Bible, castrates and eunuchs were known. Eunuchoids were called "Sun castrates"; (also by the Egyptians).

In the Old Testament (and in Egypt) married eunuchs were known (e.g. the husband ofPotiphar).

Stress, distress, disease, fatigue and starvation diminished the amount of sperm according to the Bible.

The Talmud used the same name for testicle and ovary. Hermaphrodites were known and described.

ca. 460-400 BC Hippocrates wrote "On the Seed". He also knew that mumps can be followed by orchitis and sterility.

384-322 BC Aristotle wrote on the sperm. He said that the semen was the formative, activating agent or "soul", the female element being the passive soil to be fertilized. The right testicle produced male offspring, the left, female. He knew the effects of castration and its use in husbandry.

23-79 AD Pliny recommended eating of animal testicles to improve sexual function in men.

2nd cent. AD Aretaeus taught that it is the semen which turns youths into men.

777-837 AD Mesue the Elder prescribed testicles as an aphrodisiac and in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.

1132 AD Hsu Shu-Wei (China) used desiccated pig testicles for the treatment of spermatorrhoea, hypogonadism and impotence.

ca. 1250 AD Albertus Magnus recommended the powdered testicles of a hog in wine for men of poor sexual power.

1626 Jean Riolan the Younger described the seminiferous tubules.

844

1651

1668

1677

17th and 18th cent.

1745-50

1771

1775

1780

1786

1790

1830

1841

1849

1850

1854

1865

1889

1891

1911

1920

1923

1927


Highmore described the mediastinum testis.

de Graaf gave an accurate account of testicular structure and of the seminiferous tubes. He also practised ligation of the vas deferens.

Leeuwenhoek and Ham discovered the spermatozoa.

Chinese iatro-chemists produced preparations of androgens from urine.

von Haller described the rete testis.

John Hunter mentioned his testicular transplant experiments.

de Bordeu stated that the male gonad formed an internal secretion which he regarded identical with the semen.

Spallanzani carried out artificial insemination in varIOUS animals.

Accurate description of the testis by J. Hunter.

John Hunter suggested artificial insemination in man.

Astley Cooper published his Observations on the Structure and Diseases of the Testis.

Koelliker demonstrated the cellular origin of the spermatozoa.

Berthold showed that transplant of a cock's testis prevented atrophy of the comb after castration.

Leydig described the interstitial cells (in animal testes).

Koelliker demonstrated the Leydig cells in man.

Schweigger-Seidl proved that the spermatozoon possessed a nucleus and cytoplasm.

Brown-Sequard reported on the effect of testicular extract injections on himself.

Poehl (Russia) isolated "spermin" from the testis.

Pezard produced an effective testicular extract.

Steinach ligated the vas deferens to rejuvenate the ageing "puberty gland".

Voronoff (Algiers) reported on his rejuvenation experiments by means of testicular implants of monkey glands.

McGee obtained an active extract of male hormone from bull testicles.

845

1929

1929

1931

1933

1934

1935

1942

1973

1979


Moore, Gallagher and Koch described the capon-comb test for the assay of male hormone.

Funk and Harrow obtained active male hormone from male urine.

Butenandt isolated androsterone in crystalline form.

~odgson Boggon (England) described true polyorchidIsm.

Ruzicka and his team synthesized androsterone.

Laqueur and colleagues isolated testosterone from the testis.

Klinefelter's syndrome described by Klinefelter, Reifenstein and Albright.

Lazerda and colleagues studied circadian variations of plasma testosterone in normal men.

Male infertility due to auto-immunity to sperm discussed by Hendry (London).

THE THYROID 1600 Be The Chinese used burnt sponge and seaweed for the

treatment of goitre.

4th cent. Be The Ayur Veda (India) discussed goitre.

ca. 50 Be Caesar spoke of big neck among the Gauls as one of their characteris tics.

30 Be to 50 AD Egyptian relief of Cleopatra showing goitre.

30 Be to 50 AD Celsus defined bronchocoele (a tumour of the neck) and described cystic goitre and its surgery.

30 Be to 50 AD Catullus referred to the woman's honeymoon enlargement of the neck.

30 Be to 50 AD Pliny, Vitruvius and Juvenal referred to epidemics of goitre in the Alps and mentioned burnt seaweed.

98-138 AD Soranus noted swelling of the neck after pregnancy.

130-200 AD Galen also mentioned spongia usta for treatment of goitre. He regarded the thyroid as a lubricant for the larynx.

340 AD Ko Hung (China) recommended seaweed for goitre.

625--690 AD Paul of Aegina discussed two varieties ofbronchocoele and recommended surgical treatment for one of them.

ca. 650 AD Sun Ssu-Mo used combined seaweed, dried powdered mollusc shells and thyroid gland (organotherapy) for goitre.

846

ca. 990 AD

ca. 1050 AD

1110 AD

12th cent.

1235-1311

1271

1330

ca. 1345

1475

ca. 1530

1543

1562

ca. 1560

ca. 1560

ca. 1560

1563

1602

ca. 1606

1656

1657

1657

1659

ca. 1730

1742


Ali-ibn-Abbas discussed surgery of goitre.

Albucasis mentioned operation for "elephantiasis" of the throat.

Jurjani's "Treasure of Medicine" connected exophthalmos with goitre.

The Bamberg Surgery described removal of goitre by surgery.

Arnold of Villanova recommended burnt sponge and seaweed for the treatment of goitre.

Marco Polo reported on goitre in the Province ofKarkan.

Hu Ssu-Hui wrote that seaweed will cure goitre.

Guy de Chauliac considered goitre a local and hereditary disease.

Wang Hei described the thyroid gland and recommended treatment for goitre by taking dried thyroid.

Paracelsus attributed goitre to mineral impurities in drinking water. He also realised the connection between cretinism, endemic goitre and congenital idiocy.

Vesalius described the "Glandes laryngis radici adnatae".

Realdus Columbus noted that women's thyroids are larger than men's.

J osias Simmler } described cretins in Swiss cantons.

Johannes Stumpf

Ambroise Pare regarded exophthalmic goitre as examples of aneurysm.

Eustachius used the term "isthmus" for the part connecting the two thyroid lobes.

Platter described cretinism in his native Canton.

Shakespeare mentioned goitre in The Tempest.

Wharton's description of the thyroid.

Hoefer (Vienna) discussed the cause of goitre by air, water and food.

First reference to bronchocoele in English by Tomlinson.

Wharton used the term "thyroid" in his" Adenographia".

Ruysch (Leyden) thought that produce of the thyroid poured into the veins.

Heister described surgical removal of goitre.

847

1752

1761

1769

1776

1779

1722

1800

1802

1786-1820

1786

1789

1792

1792

ca. 1800

ca. 1800

1802

1802

1811

1812

1819

1820


de Bordeu's observations on goitre in the Pyrenees.

Morgagni described the two glands in the neck connected by an isthmus.

Prosser described treatment and cure of Derby Neck with a powder of calcined sponge.

von Haller grouped thyroid, thymus and spleen as glands without ducts pouring their fluid into the circulation. He also used the word struma in its modern (German) sense.

Bate and later Wilmer used the "Coventry treatment" to cure bronchocoele by means of burnt sponge.

described patients with exophthalmos and de saint-yves}

Testa ~alpitations without realizing the connec-tIOn.

Flajani

(published posthumously in 1825) Parry (Bath) observed and first described correctly exophthalmic goitre (Parry's disease).

de Saussure described goitrous cretinism in the Alps.

Malacarne reported on endemic goitre in the Aosta valley.

Desault (Paris) described successful surgical removal of part of the thyroid.

Fodere's "Essai sur Ie goitre et Ie cretinage" published.

Dupuytren (Paris) described effect of pressure of goitre on the windpipe.

Benjamin Smith Barton's "Memoir concerning the disease of goiter as it prevails in different parts of North Amer-. " lca .

The brothers Wenzel classified cretinism.

Flajani (Rome) reported on successful treatment of two patients with exophthalmic goitre (without realizing the connection).

Courtois (Paris) discovered iodine in ashes of seaweed.

Coates successfully ligated the superior thyroid arteries.

Prout claimed (in 1834) that he first recommended iodine for the treatment of goitre at St. Thomas's Hospital.

Coindet (Geneva) first used iodine in the treatment of goitre.

848

1822

1829

1833

1835

1840

1844

1848

1849

1850

1850

1859

1860

1864

1871

1873

1878

1880

1884-1886

1886

1891

1895-1896

1896

1896


Hedenus reported on six successful excisions of goitre since 1800.

Lugol recommended the use of Lugol's solution.

Boussingault (Paris) suggested iodized salt for goitre prevention.

Graves published his account of exophthalmic goitre.

von Basedow described the "Merseburg triad".

Johannes Mueller called the thyroid a "bloodgland".

Morris described the only instance of endemic cretinism in England, in Chiselborough (Somerset).

Dalrymple's eye sign reported by White Cooper.

Curling (London) described defective cerebral development due to absence of thyroid body.

Chatin (France) showed that endemic goitre and cretinism could be prevented by the iodine content of plants.

Rilliet (Geneva) described toxic effects of the use of iodine.

Boussingault's experiment in France to use iodized salt for the prevention of goitre failed because high dosage given caused toxic effects.

von Graefe described "Graefe's sign" in exophthalmic goitre.

Fagge (London) described sporadic cretinism.

Gull gave a classical account of myxoedema in women.

Ord coined the term "myxoedema".

Rehn carried out the first thyroidectomy in exophthalmic goitre.

Horsley confirmed Semon's postulates and sO did a committee of which he was a member.

Moebius postulated that exophthalmic goitre is due to hyperfunction of the thyroid.

Murray reported on his successful treatment of myxoederna with thyroid extract.

Baumann (Germany) isolated "thyrojodin" (later called "iodothyrin") from the thyroid.

Pendred described the association of goitre with deafmutism.

Description of Riedel's thyroiditis.

849

1896

1897-1925

1907

1907

1909

1910

1910

1911

1912

1912

1914

1915

1917

1918

1924

1926

1927

1928

1931

1932

1943

1943

1943

1949


Charcot described exophthalmic goitre as "cachexia exophthalmica" and stressed tremor as one of the signs.

Oswald's studies of the iodine content of the thyroid.

Charles Mayo first used the term "hyperthyroidism".

Brissaud described thyroid infantilism.

Marine proved that iodine is necessary for thyroid function.

Kocher coined the term ''Jod-Basedow''.

Marine and Lenhart prevented goitre formation in animal experiments by using iodine.

Marine proposed treatment of Graves' disease with iodine.

Hashimoto's disease (struma lymphomatosa) described.

Gudernatsch observed the acceleration of metamorphosis in tadpoles by feeding thyroid.

Kendall isolated thyroxine in crystalline form.

Cannon produced exophthalmic goitre experimentally.

Marine and Kimball reported on their successful revival of iodide prophylaxis of goitre in Akron, Ohio, USA.

Hermann Zondek published his studies of the heart in myoedema.

Plummer and Boothby reported on the pre-operative use of iodine in exophthalmic goitre.

Harington determined the chemical structure of thyroxine.

Harington and Barger synthesized thyroxine.

Webster and Chesney observed endocrine goitre in rabbits.

Naffziger introduced orbital decompression for treatment of exophthalmos.

Marine described cyanide goitre.

Hertz and Roberts } introduced radioactive iodine L bl d (. d d tl) for the assessment of Graves'

e on In epen en y disease and, later, for its treat-ment.

Astwood used thiourea and thiouracil in the medical treatment of Graves' disease.

Jones, Kornfeld, McLaughlin and Anderson synthesized methimazole.

850

1949

1951

1953

1956

1956

1965

1974

1972-1978


Commercial synthesis of laevo-thyroxine was achieved.

Lawson, Rimington and Searle synthesized carbimazole.

Gross and Rosalind Pitt-Rivers isolated tri-iodothyronine from the thyroid gland and synthesized it (lio-thyronine).

Roitt, Deborah Doniach et al. demonstrated autoantibodies in Hashimoto's disease.

Adams, Purves and McKenzie discovered LA TS in the serum of thyrotoxic patients.

Mass neonatal screening programme was started in Switzerland for metabolic disorders.

Thomas and Hart introduced retrobulbar repository corticosteroid therapy in thyroid ophthalmopathy.

Screening begun for neonatal (congenital) hypothyroidism in USA, Canada, England, Japan and some other countries.

851

POSTSCRIPT Several items of information obtained during the course of produc

tion of the book are given below.

ENDOCRINE HORMONE PRODUCTION BY

NON-ENDOCRINE TUMOURS (see also p. 548)

Hormones secreted by tumours of tissues other than those normally responsible for their synthesis are called 'ectopic', which term was coined by G. W. Liddle and his colleagues1, during their studies between 1962 and 1965. Their existence may indicate the neoplasm long before other manifestations. The tumour may not necessarily be malignant, such as a bronchial carcinoid. Removal of the tumour may mean disappearance of the ectopic hormone production; recurrence may cause return of such secretion. The cause and mechanism of this phenomenon has not been finally established yet.

There are, at present, nearly twenty such ectopically produced hormones known, some identical with the natural hormones in a wide variety of biological and immunological procedures. The most important is perhaps the ectopic ACTH syndrome. W. H. Brown described in 1928 a patient with Cushing's syndrome and bilateral adrenal cortical hyperplasia2; after his death an oat cell carcinoma of the bronchus was found in the post-mortem examination. Usually, p-Melanocyte-stimulating-hormone is also secreted in excess with excessive ACTH production causing the pigmentation.

Apart from the oat cell carcinomas, bronchial adenomas (carcinoid tumours) and tumours of the thymus and pancreas and, rarely, others may cause the ectopic ACTH syndrome. Bronchial carcinomas can also produce excessive vasopressin, such inappropriate secretion causing excretion of hypertonic urine (high rate of sodium excretion), in spite of hypotonic plasma and expanded extracellular fluid volume, and water retention3.

853

HISTORY OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

Finally, tumours have been described which secreted two or more hormones. They were mainly oat cell carcinomas and bronchial carcinoids.

References

1. Liddle, G. W., Givens, J. R., Nicholson, W. E., Island, D. P.: Cancer Res., 25, 1057; 1965

2. Brown, W. H.: Lancet, 2, 1022; 1928 3. Bartter, F. c., Schwartz, W. B.: Am. J. Med., 42, 790; 1967

THE PANCREAS AS A SINGLE ORGAN

The present trend of endocrine research points towards integration in medicine rather than towards segregation into subspecialities. The recognition of the brain as 'master gland' is just one indicator.

Recently, evidence has been accumulating that the endocrine and exocrine parts of the pancreas are not independent of each other, but are, in fact, functionally related. Microsphere injections in the living rabbit's pancreas proved that blood flows from the islets to the exocrine gland 1. Insulin increased the flow of pancreatic juice and amylase release in the isolated, perfused rat pancreas2• In insulinrequiring diabetics, the plasma concentration of trypsin was found to be about one quarter of that in normal subjects3. J. R. Henderson, P. M. Daniel and P. A. Fraser (London) summed up the results of the studies on the vascular anatomy of the pancreas, on the effect of insulin and of glucagon on exocrine function, on the effect of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) as an inhibitor of the exocrine gland and, finally, the 'Halo' phenomenon around islets (which could be abolished by alloxan), in the following table: '

Islet hormone

Insulin

Glucagon

Somatostatin

Pancreatic polypeptide

Effect on jUnction of exocrine pancreas

Increases uptake of amino acids Increases synthesis of amylase (independently from effect on amino acids) Increases cell division Is necessary for normal release of bicarbonate

Inhibits synthesis of enzymes Inhibits release of enzymes Stimulates release of bicarbonate

Inhibits the production of pancreatic juice

Inhibits release of enzymes

854

POSTSCRIPT

Reftrences

1. Lipson, N., Kramlinger, K. G., Mayrand, R. R., Lender, E.Jane: Blood flow to the rabbit pancreas with special reference to the islets of Langerhans. Gastroenterology: 79, 466-73; 1980

2. Saito, A., Williams, J. A., Kanno, T.: Potentiation of cholecystokinininduced exocrine secretion by both exogenous and endogenous insulin in isolated and perfused rat pancreata. J. Clin. Invest.: 65, 777-82; 1980.

3. Adrian, T. E., Barnes, A. J., Bloom, S.R.: Hypotrypsinaemia in diabetes mellitus. Clin Chim. Acta: 97, 213-16; 1979

4. Henderson, J. R., Daniel, P. M., Fraser, F. A.: The pancreas as a single organ: the influence of the endocrine upon the exocrine part of the gland. Gut: 22, 15~7; 1981.

HASHIMOTO, HAKARU 1881-1934

Hashimoto was born in the village of Midau, Nishi-tsuge, in the Mie prefecture in Japan, on 5th May, 1881. He was the fifth generation of medical practitioners and his grandfather was a well known physician. After attending his village school and other schools for higher education, he entered the newly established medical school of Kyushu University in 1903. As a student he was reputed to be diligent and had an unassuming manner. He was also one of the founders of a student's cultural society; he was a religious Buddhist. He graduated in 1907 as one of the first medical graduates of his university. From 1908 to 1912 he worked in K yushu in the surgical department of Professor H. Miyake on his MD thesis on a hitherto unknown condition: 'Struma lymphomatosa (see Chap, 21, p. 571). He published it in Germany, which caused it to go unnoticed in Japan.

Next, Hashimoto spent two years on a European tour, in Germany and London, but returned home at the outbreak of World War I. The death of his father made him take up practice and he became a much sought after surgeon with an interest in major abdominal surgery. He published another two papers, on erysipelas and one on penetrating wounds. He died of typhoid fever in January, 1934. He was buried in his home county. In 1937, the local Physicians' Association placed a bronze bust of him in front of the town hall of the village where he is buried.

MARRIAN, GUY FREDERIC 1904-1981

Guy Frederic Marrian was born on 3rd March, 1904 and educated at Tollington School and University College, London (England),

855


where he became BSc with honours in 1925. In 1930 he proceeded to DSc and in the same year he became lecturer in the Department of Biochemistry at University College under Sir Jack Drummond. At University College, he had begun his work on oestrin, which subtance produces oestrus in animals, and in 1929 he obtained the isolation of crystalline oestriol from human pregnancy urine. His work was virtually single-handed (see p. 400), leading in a competitive field of German, Dutch and American research teams. He was disbelieved, but later his results were fully vindicated!

In 1933, Marrian became first Associate then Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Toronto, where he continued work on oestrogens. In 1939, he was appointed Professor of Chemistry in relation to Medicine at the University of Edinburgh as successor to George Barger, himself of thyroxine research fame. He remained there for 20 years and at the beginning of the 1950s established, with Gaddum and Dunlop, the Medical Research Council's Endocrinology Research Unit in Edinburgh, which became a centre for steroid biochemists and endocrinologists. In 1959, he was appointed Director of Research of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund in London, where he remained until he retired in 1968. His profound knowledge of the sex hormones and of steroid biochemistry put the Imperial Cancer Research Laboratories into the lead of fundamental biochemical cancer research.

He had a delightful personality, great charm, good sense of humour and perfect manners. At the same time, he had a clarity of thought and did not tolerate superficial or shoddy work. He himself was a superb and indefatigable bench worker, whose example was both forceful and inspiring. Marrian's hopes for the creation of a multidisciplinary research laboratory were, eventually, fulfilled, alas for the benefit of his successors, not for himself. He was also an excellent teacher, who carried out these duties most conscientiously, even as regards courses for junior medical students. He himself was presentable, well dressed, quietly mannered, popular with colleagues and students. When young, he was a good athlete and would have become a sprinter of international standard, had he turned to sport instead of biochemistry.

Marrian became a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1944, an Honorary MD Edinburgh in 1975 and was created CBE (Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) in 1969. His name will remain in chemistry in the form of 'marrianolic acid', an oestriol derivative. The Germans marked his 70th birthday by arranging a special meeting in Berlin. The British Society of Endocrinology organized a meeting in London in 1980, to mark the 50th anniversary of his discovery of oestriol. He died on 24th July, 1981.

856

POSTSCRIPT

NEUBURGER, MAX 1868-1955

Max Neuburger was born in Vienna in December, 1868, the son of Ferdinand. His father was a brilliant linguist, a native of Munich, who came to Vienna as a young man and settled there. Max studied medicine in Vienna at the time of Billroth, Nothnagel, KrafftEbing, Fuchs and Politzer. He qualified in 1893. In 1896 he became Assistant at the Poliklinik to Mortiz Benedikt, the neurologist, and remained with him until 1908. He practised as a neurologist until 1914. During the war of 1914-1918 he was in charge of several military hospitals; the end of the war marked the end of his active clinical career.

Already as a student, he had published short historical-philosophical articles, encouraged by Theodor Puschmann, who held the chair of History of Medicine. Neuburger published his major thesis for 'Privat-Docent' in 1897, a history of experimental physiology of the brain and the spinal cord from Willis to Fleurens and Magendie. He proceeded to 'Docent' in 1898. The other Privat-Docent was his friend Robert Ritter von Taply, a military surgeon, who eventually became the Austrian equivalent of Director General Medical Services, Army. He wrote the long section on Anatomy in the famous Handbuch dey Geschichte dey Medizin. After Puschmann's death in 1899, Neuburger and Taply carried on the teaching, but Pusehmann's wish to found an Institute for the History of Medicine did not come to fruition, especially as his widow left a large sum of money towards the foundation of such an institute in Leipzig, which was achieved in 1905 with Sudhoff as director. Neuburger became professor extraordinary in 1904 and ordinary professor for the history of medicine in 1912. From then on his work has to be considered in two parts:

(1) Writings: He became editor of the monumental Handbuch originally planned by Puschmann, jointly with Julius Pagel of Berlin. The first volume, to the Middle Ages, was published in 1902. The second and third volumes, dealing with the histories of individual subjects, appeared in 1903 and 1905. Neuburger's long introduction to the second volume marked an important contribution. His own 'History of Medicine' achieved the publication of the first volume in 1906 and of the second, to the close of the Middle Ages, in 1910. He never finished the work. He was preparing a section on the Renaissance in 1920. An English translation was sponsored by Osler from 1910-1925. It was meant for the general reader and was very thorough, but had only a few references. Other studies concerned the biography of Herrriann Nothnagel and many contributions to the history of the Vienna medical school. In 1926 was published his

857


major book on the 'vis medicatrix naturae'. Having given up clinical medicine, he found himself in poor financial straits, especially after the war ended in 1918.

(2) The long drawn out struggle against great odds to establish an Institute for the History of Medicine made progress when, in 1919, he was given three rooms in the historical building of the ']osephinum', originally a training school for army surgeons. Taply, although no longer an active participant, gave 1000 books and reprints. Later the Library of the Josephinum and the magnificent collection of 1200 medical wax models were transferred to the Institute, which is still housed in the same building. Needless to say, Neuburger's own library is incorporated.

On his 60th birthday a "Festschrift" was issued in his honour and his portrait medal was struck in Vienna. In 1930, Garrison published 12 of his studies in English.

At the age of 70, he had to leave Vienna, after Hitler's occupation of Austria. On 26th August, 1939, he arrived in London on the last plane, with two suitcases and 5 shillings, to join the scientific staff of the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum. His wife had died in 1930, his elder son had gone to Tasmania, the younger to the United States, where he entered medical practice in Buffalo. Neuburger stayed in London throughout the war, in spite of the bombs and a major operation he had to undergo. He began to write in English, his most important contribution being a book: British Medicine and the Vienna School: Contrasts and Parallels. He carried on his studies, although now very deaf and myopic. In 1948, aged 80, he left London for Buffalo, to live with his son. In 1952, he left Buffalo, aged 83, and returned to Vienna to a cordial welcome. At the end of 1953, he fell at home and fractured his femur, which made him an invalid to the end of his life. However, he still carried on some research. Neuburger died in Vienna after a long illness on the 15th March, 1955, in his 87th year.

During his lifetime, Dr. Emanuel Berghoff published a biography of Max Neuburger in Vienna. The Royal Society of Medicine of London made him an honorary Fellow on 1st December, 1943 and arranged an exhibition of his books and papers on the occasion of his 75th birthday. Walter Pagel said about Neuburger that he was the last exponent of the 'heroic' generation of medical historians: Julius Pagel (1851-1912), Karl Sudhoff (1853-1938) and Neuburger. 'Heroic' because of the stupendous achievements against heavy odds, when historical studies were frowned on and the subject was not recognized for university teaching departments or research grants. As his life's motto may be given 'Primum philosophare, deinde . , VlVere.

858

POSTSCRIPT

He left behind a flourishing Institute for the History of Medicine of the University of Vienna and his successors gave every help towards the completion of this book. Their names are mentioned in the Acknowledgments.

SAJOUS, CHARLES EUCHARISTE DE

MEDICI 1852-1929

Charles Sajous (see photograph p. 792) was born at sea when his family returned from America to France. After early schooling in France, he studied medicine in California and graduated from the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia. He first specialized in diseases of the nose and throat and his early papers were on that subject.

At the end of the 1880s he became Editor-in-Chief of the monumental Annual of the Universal Medical Sciences of 45 volumes between 1888-1896, followed in 1898 by Sajous Analytic Cyclopaedia of Practical Medicine (60 volumes).

In 1892, he suddenly devoted himself to the study of internal secretions, especially in France. This resulted in the publication of The Internal Secretions and the Principles of Medicine in 1903 (Philadelphia, F. A. Davis Co.), the first book on the subject in the United States, to which he added a second volume in 1907. The work went into ten editions. He propounded some interesting theories of his own, particularly concerned with the role of the adrenal system and the body's defence (immune) mechanisms including the leukocytes, a very modern idea but not seriously accepted at the time.

He became the first president of the Association for the Study of the Internal Secretions (1916-1917). At the age of almost 70 he became the first professor of endocrinology in the United States: Professor of Applied Endocrinology in the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Medicine.

In the 1920s (to 1925) he was also Editor of the New York Medical Journal (1865-1925). His son Louis Theo also specialized in endocrinology.

Sajous died in the United States in 1929.

859

NAME INDEX B indicates Biography; R indicates a reference

Abderhalden, R. 94R, 113R, 147R, 279R, 347R

Abel,].]. 329, 343, 349R, 471, 493R, 500, 511, B514-16, 539R, 540R

Abella 92 Abelous,]. E. 331,349R Abernethy, John 758 Abraham 30 Abu Mansur 84 Achard 186 Achelis,]. D. 667, 694R Acher, R. 482, 496R Achilles 40 Adams, D. D. 574, 575, 586R Adams,Joseph 272,273, 287R, 379, 383R,

B699-701 Adams, M. 437, 494R Addison, Thomas 178,225-7,230,232,

233, 281R, 282R, 289, 331, 338, 339, 646, B701-2, 715, 810, 821

Adler, Ludwig 323,361, 380R, 396, 429R, 451, 490R

Adrian, E. D. 747 Adrian, T. E. 855R Aeschylus 47, 53R Aesculapios 40, 56 Aetios 63, 69R, 71, 72, 112,267 Agrere, Professor 737 Akhenaten 21,22,309 Albert, E. 728, 753 Albertini, I. F. 780 Albertus Magnus 97 Albinus 742 Albright, Fuller 398,399, 430R, 471,

486-8, 497R, 498R, B524-30, 541R, 700, 701, 730

Albucasim, 84, 191

Aldred, L. 21,24R Aldrich, T. B. 343, 351R, 496R, 695R Alexander, the Great 45, 78 Alexander, ofTralles 71 Queen Alexandra 805 Alfonso XVI, King of Spain 780 Alibert, Baron]. L. M. 309,314, 346R Ali-Ibn Abbas 80,81,91,93 Alkemene 42 Allan, F. N. 605, 633R Allan, J. 726 Allbutt, I. Clifford 71, 72R, 89, 94R, 475,

791 Allen, B. M. 323, 348R, 386, 500 Allen, Edgar 361. 396-400. 429R, 430R,

561, B702. 727 Allen, F. M. 457 Allen, F. P. 483, 496R, Allen, H. 41O,432R Allen, W. M. 362, 401, 402, 430R, 448 Allers, G. W. 517, 540R, 688R AI-Mansur 80 AI-Meiamun 80 D'Almeida, M. 587R Al-Razi 80 Alston, E.]. 691R Amasuerus 32 Amherdt, M. 586R Anak 34 Anaxagoras 48, 130 Ancel, P. 404, 431R. 801 Andersen, O. O. 586R Anderson. D. C. 570, 582R, 585R Anderson, E. M. 517,541R Anderson, R. C. 642, 688R Anderson, W. B. 582R Andrews, H. R. 364, 381R

861

NAME INDEX

Andrews, M. M. 695R Anner 554 Antoniades, H. N. 584R Apert, L. 378 Apollo Alexikakaos 39, 40, 42, 47 Arai, Y. 696R Araki, S. 636R Aran,]. A. 227,265, 281R, 286R Arbuthnot 202 Archadathos 56 Archigenes 59 Aretaeus, of Kappa do cia 45, 61, 68R, 82,

174,405, B702-3 Arimura, A. M. 582R, 585R, 635R, 696R Ariniega, Ve1es de 143 Arisastos 63 Aristophanes 43 Aristotle 17,34,43,45--52, 53R, 59, 66, 75,

89,129,185,272 Armstrong, C. N. 647,681,682, 688R,

696R, 700, 701 Armstrong, M. D. 554, 583R Arnold, F. 214,279R Arnozan, C. L. X. 450, 481R Aron, C. 300, 360, 363, 381R, 529, 626,

676, 748 d' Arsonval, J. A. 292, 293, 294, 295, 296,

300,301,337,338,363,386,810 Artachnaeos 44 Artemis 39,41,42 Arth, G. E. 691R Arundel, Earl of 749 von Arx, E. 584R Ascheim, Selmar 399,407,408, 430R,

431R, 818, 819 Ascher, Leon 417 Aschner, Bernhard 315,316,318,323,

347R,407, 418,419,420, 433R,452,463, 479, 490R, B703--4, 711

Aschner, Bertha 645, 695R Aschoff,J. 589,631R Asclepiades 56, 61 Ascoli, G. 319,347R Askanazy, Max 484, 497R Astwood, E. B. 641,688R Atche1y, D. W. 494R Athanaeus 682 Athanasiou, R. 632R Aubery, Claude 123, 124, 147R von Augenbrugger, L. 740 Augustin, A. V. 689R Auramides, A. 696R Aurback, G. D. 498R Autenrieth,]. H. 214,279R Avenzoar, of Cordoba 84 Avicenna (Ibn-Sina) 80-2, 94R, 98, 314,

700,701,786,812 Axen, O. 609, 634R

Baba, Y. 582R

Baber, E. Cresswell 279, 288R Babinski,]. F. F. 319,320, 348R, 707 Baccius 137 Bachstrom, T. 698R Bacq, Z. M. 341, 350R, 415--17, 433R, 501 von Baer, Carl Ernst 122,187, 209R, 270,

271, 286R, 304, 337, 363, 481, 495R, 529, B704-5,743

Baetens, D. 586R Baeumler, E. 694R Baillie, Matthew 173, 207R, 305, 346R Baker,]. R. 447 Baker, R. K. 695R,696R Balacesco 315,463 Balfour, F. M. 303, 345R Ballance, C. A. 313 Baly, W. 230, 281R Bamberger, Heinrich 753 Banting, Sir Frederick 387, 390, 392, 454,

459-62,464,466-70, 493R, 531, B706, 710,711, 769, 788

von Barde1eben, H. A. 249 Bardet, G. 377,382R Barfield W. E. 692R Barger, George 424, 427, 434R, 435R, 723,

744 Barker, L. F. 736 Barnafi, L. 637R Barnes, A.]. 855R Barnes, A. R. 541R,689R Barnes, E. W. 587R Barnicot, N. A. 486, 497R Barr, M. L. 686, 697R Barraclough, C. A. 696R Barron, M. 461, 468, 492R, 706 Barry, C. 643, 688R Barry, James 685 Barry, Martin 270, 287R, 529 Barthez, P. L. 150 Bartholin, A. A. 65, 129 Bartholin, Thomas 65, 121, 133, 139, 147R,

175,178,205,217-20,223,399,403,414, 676

Bartles, M. C. A. 668, 694R Bartter, F. C. 541R, 648, 652, 689R, 691R,

854R von Basedow, C. A. 262-5, 268, 285R,

320, 513, 700, 701, B706 Basir, M. A. 481,495R Bataillon 186 Bate 189 Bates, R. W. 410, 432R Battey, Robert 364 Bauer,Julius xiv, xvi, 240, 377, 383R, 411,

432R, 471-3, 493R, 616, 617, 653, 675, 687R, 691R, 695R, 700, 701, B707-8

Bauer, W. 497R Bauhin, Caspar 109, 114R, 131, 132, 147R,

821

862

NAME INDEX

Baulieu, E. 568, 585R Baumann, Eugen 256, 257, 284R, 285R Baumann, E.J. 477, 494R, 514, 641, 688R Bayliss, Sir Richard 582R Bayliss, Sir Wm. 4, 7, 9R, 339-42, 350R,

385,390, SOl, 519,604, 633R,662, 700, 701, B708-9, 800

Beach, A. 561 Beadles, C. F 323, 348R Beard,John 365,366,373, 381R, 448, 449,

490R Beaumont, George 726 Beaupre, M. 644, 689R Beebe, S. B. 484, 497R Begbie, James 265 Behrens, O. K. 634R Behring 813 Behrman, S. J. 587R Bell, Sir Charles 178, 208R Bell, P. H. 545,581R Bell, William 201, 202 Bell, W. B. 316,347R Bellerby, C. W. 399,430R Bellinger, F. 176, 208R Benda, Carl 258,285,305,318, 346R,

347R Bendixen, G. 586R Bendtfeldt, Elenor 667,694R van Beneden, Edouard 270, 287R Benedict, A. L. 456, 492R Benedict, E. M. 494R Benedict, S. R. 457, 492R Benfey, B. G. 544,581R Bennet, Izod 726 Bennet, John Hughes 232, 282R Benoit, J. 626 Bensley, R. R. 458, 492R, 493R Benson, B. 196,21OR Berblinger, W. 409,431R Berdez, A. 652, 698R Berenson, S. A. 607,643R Bergland 163 Bergman, P. G. 567, 585R, 632R, 810 von Bergmann, E. 616,636R Bergstroem, S. 612, 635R Berkeley, Bishop George 306 Berkeley, T. W. N. 484,497R Berman, L. 486, 497R Bernal, J. D. 557 Bernal, P. 652,691R Bernard, Claude 5, 7, 123,225, 281R, 336,

337,376,382R,389,394,399,455,458, 459,491R,508,539R, 598, 599,608,634R, 700,701, B709-10

Bernhardt, Sarah 63 Bernovilli, J. 742 Bernstein, J. 811 Berson, S. A. 543, 556, 581R Berthold, A. A. 78, 193, 198, 204, 280R,

337,339,363,368,394,676,700,701, B710

Bertram, E. G. 668, 697R Bertram, F. 665, 667, 693R, 694R Bertuccio, Niccolo 718 Besant, Annie 357,379R Besser, G. M. 420, 434R, 496R, 540R, 569,

582R, 585R, 592, 619, 631R, 636R, 637R, 638R, 650, 655, 656, 658, 688R, 690R, 692R,695R

Best, C. H. 387,390,392,454,459,460, 462,464,466-70, 493R, 503,531,606, 633RB710-11, 769, 788

Bettencourt 293, 294 Beumont, P. V.J. 618,636R Biasotti, A. 505, 539R, 606 Bichat, M. F. X. 191 Bickelmann, A. G. 695R Bickenbach, W. 533,542R Bidloo, G. 135, 136, 176 Biedl, Artur xiii, 8, 9R, 68R, 206R, 217,

241, 280R, 283R, 332, 344, 349R, 351R, 374,377, 382R, 385, 392,394, 418, 419, 598,700-2, B711-12, 732, 797

Billetter 554 Billig, H. E. 698R Billingham, R. E. 571,585R Billings, J. S. 735, 736 Billroth, C. A. Th. 248, 728, 753, 760 Binger, C. A. L. 267,539R Bioerck, G. 609,643R Bircher, H. 294, 344R Birdwell, B. J. 601, 632R Bischoff, F. 122,664, 693R Bishop, P. M. F. 349R, 502, 539R, 656,

690R, 692R, B712 Biskind, G. R. 636R Biskind, M. S. 636R Bitensky, L. 583R Black, M. M. 498R Blackie, G. S. 251 Blatch, S. 687, 697R Blatherwick, N. R. 663,693R Blaza, S. E. 672, 697R Bledsoe, T. 691R Bleuler, M. 420, 434R Blizard, William 192 Bloom, A. 575, 586R Bloom, F. 628,637R Bloom, S. R. 609, 633R, 634R, 635R, 669,

694R,855R Bloomberg, E. 497R Blumenbach,J. F. 743 Bodian, David 419,433R de la Boe, Frans see Sylvius Boehler, Lorenz 753, 754 Boehringer, Mssrs. 667, 669 Boerhave, Herman 142, ISO, 155, 210R,

700,701 B712-13, 740, 742

863

NAME INDEX

Boggon, R. Hodgson 112,l14R Boehelius 109 Bohn,]ohann 341,350R du Bois-Reymond, Eduard 365,415,416,

433R, 788, 810 B0ler,J. 636R Bond, c.]. 441,443 Bonet, Theophile 172, 305, 346 Bongiovanni, A. M. 690R de Bonis, V. 349R Bonnet, Charles 117,182, 184, 186, 209R,

799 Bonsdorff, E. 600, 632R Boothby, W. M. 262, 285R, 423, 426, 428,

434R, 435R, 641, 688R de Bordeu, Theophile xvi, 134, 135,

149--54, 162, 206R, 207R, 21OR, 223, 341, 700,701, B714

Borel, Pierre 127 Borell, Ulf 535 Borell, Merriley 280R, 289, 290, 296, 300,

302,303,327,337, 338,342,343,344R, 350R, 363, 374, 381R, 396, 429R, 437, 440, 489R

Borelli, G. A. 130, 140, 770 Born, Gustav 366, 367, 374, 448, 733 Borrows, E. T. 689R Borth, R. 689R Boss, B. 635R Botalla, L. 692R Botin, P. 404,431R Bottazzo, G. F. 571,580, 583R, 585R,

587R, 571, 580 Bottcher, H. M. xiv Bouchard, Charles 294 Bouchardat, Apollinaire 175, 208R, 456,

492R Bougas, J. A. 584R Bourgeoise, Louis 145 Boussingault,]. B. 254,284R Boveri, Theodor 275, 287R Bovin 801 Bowditch, H. P. 507,508 Bowers, C. W. 621,622, 636R Bowlby, A. A. 268, 286R Bown, B. D. 477 Boyce, R. 323, 348R Boycott, A. E. 232, 282R Boyer, R. M. 584R, 637R Boyle, I. T. 644, 689R Boyle, Robert 116,142,341,817 Bracegirdle, Brian 209R Brachet, A. 396,429R Brachet, J. L. 222, 281R Bradbury, A. F. 628,637R Bradford, Governor 354, 437, 439 Bradford, Rose 335, 708 Brain, Lord 506 Bradlaugh, Charles 357,437,439

Brainerd 301 Bramwell, Sir Byrom 268, 286R, 320,

348R, B714-15 Brashear, R. E. 691R Braun, G. A. 753 Brazeau, l. 582R Brent, L. 571,585R Bretonneau, P. 810 Brettschneider, ] ohannes 100 Breuer,]oseph 337,350R Brewer, B. H. 582R Brewer,]. R. 697R Briant, K. 806 Bridges 274 Bright, E. M. 539R Bright, Richard 175, 207R, 228, B715 Brigidi, Vincenzo 305, 309 Brissaud, Eduard 305, 313, 346R, 776 Bristowe, J. S. 230 Britton, S. W. 539R Broca, A. 307,346R Brock, C. G. D. 498R,692R de Broglie, Louis 796 Bromberg, Y. M. 819 Bromer, W. 608,634R Broster, L. R. 502 Brothwell, D. 21, 24R, 27R, 68R Brouha 406 Broussais, F.J. V. 56 Brown, Augusta 364 Brown, G. L. 417 Brown, H. M. 137,148R Brown, J. C. 611, 635R Brown, Louise 660 Brown, M. J. 691R Brown, W. H. 853,854R Brown, W. M. 697R Browne,]. S. L. 584R Browne, Lancelot 748 Browne, Sir Thomas 739 Brownell, Katherine A. 237,331, 349R,

476,478,494R,649,822 Browning, C. H. 725 Browning, Robert 803 Brown-Sequard, Charles Edouard 221,

230,231, 281R, 282R, 289--94, 296, 299--302,325,326,337,338,341,342, 344R, 345R, 363, 364, 379, 381R, 386, 394, 395,403,414,442,495,498,502,619,676, 677, B715-17, 810, 821

Broyles, E. N. 315,347R Brueck, A. T. 264, 268 von Bruecke, E. W. 223,740,759,790 Bruengger, H. 687R Brugsch, H. K. 19 a Brunner,]. C. 142,148R Bryant, Louise S. 446, 490R Bubnow, N. A. 256,284R

864

NAME INDEX

van Buchem, F. S. P. 691R Bucy, P. C. 481, 495R Buddha 33 Buerlinus, Jacobus 139 Buffon, Comte George Louis

Leclerc 181-3, 208R, 209R, 705, 763, 783 Bugbee, E. P. 496R, 695R Buhler, V. 631R Bulloch, Wm. 240,241, 283R Bullough, V. 361,821 Bunbury, H. W. 310 Burdach, Ernst 207R Burdach, Karl Friedrich 172, 704, 70S Burdon-Sanderson, Sir J. S. 708 Burgos, R. 582R, 622 Burke, G. W. 583R Burnet, Sir F. McFarlane 571, 585R Burnett, C. H. 498R Burns, A. 210R Burr, G. O. 522, 541R Burr, M. K. 522,541R Burrows, George 228,281R Burrows, H. 195,210R Burwell, C. S. 672, 695R Bush, P. G. G. 554, 583R Butcher, M. 582R Butcher, R. W. 582R, 607, 634R Butenandt, A. F. J. 400,402,405, 430R,

431R, 687R, B718, 790 Butler, A. M. 541R Butler, P. W. P. 434R Butler, W. R. 636R Byrne, Charles 305

Cabanis 764 Caesar, C. Julius 111, 661,670,846 Cagnoni, M. 633R Caldani, F. 176, 208R Caleb 34 Callow, R. K. 406,413 Cameron, A. T. 426, 435R Cameron, E. C. 487, 498R Campbell 109, 170 Campbell, C. J. 586R Campbell,J. M. H. 267 Campbell, P. N. 571, 585R Camus, J. 377, 382R, 418-20, 433R Cannon, W. B. 267,341,386,387,390,

394,414-17, 428R, 429R, 500, 502, 504, B507-9, 514, 516, 539R, 598, 599, 716, 717, 770

Cardenal, L. 395 Carleton, B. M. 447 Carlile, R. 354, 355, 379R Carlo, King Alberto of Sardinia 253 Carlson, A. J. 362, 380R Carman, C. T. 691R Carmel, P. W. 637R Carmichael, J. 426, 435R

865

Carnot, P. 600, 632R Carpenter, E. 803 Carpenter, W. B. 223,225, 281R, 389,

429R Carr, F. H. 424 Cartensen, H. 698R Carter, R. B. 292 Carus, C. G. 172 Casonova 438 Casati, A. 74, 76R Cassero, G. 107, 109, 114R, 133 Cassius 670 Castellani, Carlo 117, 146R, 208R, 209R Castleman, B. 497R de Castro 121 Catan, M. A. 756 Catherine de Medici 97 Cato 55,56 Caton, R. 322, 348R Catt, R. J. 587R Catullus 55,58, 68R, 143 Cauldwell, D. 684, 697R Caxton, W. 99 Cawley, Thomas 175, 207R, 455, 491R Cecil, R. L. 528-30 Celsus 52,56,58,59,68,191,716,717 Charaud, O. 585R Chalmers, A. K. 441 Chamberlen, Hugh 145 Chamberlen, W. 98 Chan, V. 631R Chang, M. C. 533, 542R Chap tal, J. 694R Charcot, J. M. 236, 262, 265, 266, 268,

285R,296,306,320,345R, 775, 779 Chard, T. 24R Chargaff, E. C. 691R Charles, C. 247 Charles, D. 656,692R Charles I, King of England, 125,748 Charles II, King of England, 136, 142, 144,

771 Charles IV, King of France, 709 Charles V, King of Spain, 811 Charles X, King of France, 786 Charlesworth, C. 240 Charleton, W. 135,176, 208R Charney, W. 691R Chatin, G. A. 252-4, 284R, 512 Chaucer, G. 94 deChauliac, Guy 91,109, B718-19 Chauvet, J. 482, 496R Cheadle, W. B. 267, 268, 286R Cheney, B. A. 487,498R Cheng, Jung 89 Chen-Heng, Chu 88, 89 Chereau, Achille 129,214,215, 279R Cheselden, W. 174,758 Chesney, A. M. 284R, 641, 688R

NAME INDEX

Chester-Jones, I. 495R, 716, 717 Chevalier, T. W. 319,348R Chevreul, M. E. 174, 207R, 455, 490R,

640,687R Chiang-kai-shek 809 Chih-Thi, Tsui 86 Childs, B. 690R Chiodini, P. G. 692R Chiron 40 de Choisy, Francois TimoIeon 685 Chvostek, F. 268,484, 497R Chowne, W. D. 242, 244, 283R Chretien, M. 637R Chrobak, R. 368, 732, 760 Chu, 1. 1. H. 582R Chuan, Chen 87 Chung, D. 581R Chung-Ching, Chang 16 Chungi, D. 637R Churchill, E. 497R Churchill, E. D. 497R Cipra, A. 514,641, 688R Clare, A. W. 680, 698R Clark, A.J. 363,390-3,417, 429R, 504,

647,813 Clark, Sir George 113R Clark, G. A. 664, 693R Clark,). G. 365, 382R, 459 Clark, T. 632R Clark, W. E Ie Gros 433R, 747 Clarke, Sir Cyril 678, 764 Clarke,). 484,496R Clauberg, C. 688R Clawson, T. A. 284R,688R Clayton, G. W. 690R Clayton,). C. 689R Clement 189 Clement VI, Pope 719 Clement-Jones, V. 638R Cleopatra 20 Cline, Henry 720 Coates, H. 192, 210R Choen, S. 586R Cohn, D. V. 582R Cohn, F. 366,367 Coindet,). F. 175,189,191, 210R, 255,

256,284R,455,512 Coiter, V. 106, 118, 121, 365 Cole, H. H. 409 Cole, I. E. 697R Cole,). R. 178, 208R Coles, H. M. T. 697R Collin, R. 480,481, 495R Collins, Samuel 134,176,178, 268R Collins, W.). 294,344R Collip,). B. 393,400,408,410, 431R,

432R,464, 466,469,485-7,493R,497R, 517,531, 541R, 716, 717, B719

Columbus, R. 107, 811

Colwell, J. A. 635R Compston, N. 434 Compton, K. T. 555 Comte, 1. 304, 323, 346R, 407 Condon, Dr. 144 Confucius 17, 33 Conn, E. S. 583R Conn,). W. 583R, 651, 690R, 822 Conn, P. M. 582R Conrat, Lili 366 Conroy, R. T. W. 1. 596,632R Constantinus, Africanus 92, 93, B720 Cook, Sir James 727 Cooke, W. 239 Cooper, Sir Astley P. 164-7,176,177,

208R, 249, B720-1, 758, 759, 761 Cooper, W. W. 265,267, 286R Cope, C. 1. 651,690R Copp, D. H. 487, 498R Coppage, W. S. 691R Coppen, A, A. 688, 698R Corby, H. 438-41 Cordus, Valerius 98,100, 113R Corner, G. W. 119,269, 286R, 362, 363,

373,38OR,397-9,401,402,410,430R, 448, 502, 522,523,529, 531, 541R, 542R, 561,677, 696R, 716, 717, B721-2, 732

Coronia 40 Correns, Carl 778 Corvisart, F. R. 1. 484, 496R Coskwitz, Prof. 742 Costa, A. 633R Costa-Casaretto, C. 236, 282R Costello, R 511, 540R de Costre, F. 593,631R Coulling, I. 635R Courrier, R. 397,399,403, 430R, 431R Courtauld, S. A. 726 Courtois, B. 189, 210R Cowden, E. A. 582R, 695R Cowper, William 135,140, 148, 176,483 Cox, B. 609, 634R Coxe,). R. 208R Coy, D. M. 582R Craig, Dr. Jessie 744 Craig, 1. C. 487, 498R Cramer,). W. 388, 429R Crawford, A. C. 329, 349R, 400, 515, 516,

539R Crawford,). D. 675, 695R Cremascoli, G. 692R Crew, F. A. E. 404 Crigler,). F.,Jr. 690R Crile, G. W. 760 Crooke, A. C. 657, 692R Crookshank, F. G. 474 Crow, B. F. 495R Crowe,). 316,319, 347R Cruikshank, W. C. 192,205, 211R, 529

866

NAME INDEX

Cruveilhier,J. 319,348R Cudworth, A. G. 586R Cullen, W. 174, 207R Cullinan, E. R. 310 Culpeper, N. 484 Cunliffe, W.J. 498R Cunningham, D. I. 305 Curling, T. B. 221,246, 280R, 283R, 358,

380R Cushing, H. W. xvi, 9R, 138, 313, 315-20,

347R, 348R, 386, 407, 409, 419, 431R, 462, 479,480, 495R,499-501, 503, 504, B509-11, 514, 516, 519-21, 540R, 703, 716,717,755,760,822

Cushing P. 418 Cushny, A. 769 Cuvier, F. 188, 206R, 759, 764, 822 Cybulski, N. 330,620,823

Dakin, H. D. 424, 744 Daldy 233 Dale, Sir H. H. 316,325,327,341, 347R,

349R,350R,363, 400,402, 411,413-15, 417,458,473,479, 480, 482,492R,494R, 495R, 501, 502, 710, 716, 717, B722-3, 745, 769, 770

Dally, P. 618, 636R Dalrymple, J. 267 Dalton, Katherina 680,681, 698R Dam, C. P. H. 727 Dance,J. B. H. 484,496R Daniel, P. M 162, 207R, 303, 480, 481,

495R, 544, 581R, 634R, 669, 695R, 854, 855R

Darlington, C. D. 186,209R Darwin, Charles, 241,274, 280R, 473, 705,

764,813,814 Dastre 463 Daughaday, W. H. 584R, 632R, 655, 692R David 35 David, K. 687R Davidge, J. B. 360, 380R, 499 Davidson, A. G. F. 487,498R Davies, T. F. 585R, 582R, 618, 636R Davis, R. H. 359, 688R Davy, Sir Humphrey 189, 21OR, 716, 717 Dawson, Lord, of Penn 443, 726, 805 Debeljuk, L. 582R Deborah 34 Deflandre, G. 600, 632R Debroot, L.J. 631R Dehoux 301 Dejerine,J.J. 377, 382R, 616, 636R, 707,

765 Dechoume, Leon 345R Demeter 39 Demokritos 41, 48, 56, 66, 272 Desault, P. J. 163, 191

Descartes, Rene xvii, 129, 130, 141, 1471{, 341,483,716,717, B723-4

Desormes 189 Deuben 627 Dewez, F. O. 145 Dexter, R. N. 690R Dhariwal, A. P. S. 544,581R Diane de Poitiers 97 Dickens, Charles 672 Dickens, F. 726 Dickinson, R. L. 442, 446, 454, 489R, 490R Dickinson, W. H. 239 Diczfalusy, E. 535, 657, 692R, 716, 717 Diderot, Denis 764 Diehl, F. 777 van Diemerbroeck, Y s brand 128, 139,

148R Dingemanse, E. 687R Dionis, P. 133,176, 208R Dionysus 39 Dioskorides, P. 59,60 Dirac, P. A. M. 797 Dittmar, F. 697R Dixon, J. S. 581R Dixon, W. E. 751 Dmowski, W. P. 693R Dobell, Clifford 767 Dobson, Jessie 192, 207R, 210R Dobson, Matthew 174,454, 491R, B724-5 Dock, G. 263, 285R, 513, 514, 540R Dodd 561 Dodds, Sir E. C. 400, 401, 405, 408, 430R,

431R, 502, 640, 688R, B725-7 Doecke, F. 628, 637R Doellinger, I. 704 Doerner, G. 628, 637R, 683, 696R, 697R Doerr, P. 697R Doisy, E. A. 5,6, 9R, 333, 343, 361, 362,

396-401, 429R, 430R, 501, 687R, 702, 716, 717, B727

Dollery, C. T. 670, 691R, 695R Domitian 61 Doniach, Deborah 571,572,574,580,

585R, 587R, 688R Donzelot, E. 653, 691R Doorenboos, H. 691R Dorman, R. I. 690R Donovan, B. T. 620, 637R Dostoiewki, A. 304, 346R Dougale, A. J. 695R Doumer, E. 653,691R Doyle, D. 582R Doyle, F. H. 695R, 696R Draper, G. 473, 493R Drash, A. 670, 695R Drebbel, C. 127 Drechsel, F. 256,257, 285R, 425, 434R, 515 Drelincourt, C. 129 Dreschfeld, J. 305

867

NAME INDEX

Drysdalc, C. H. 437, 438 Drysdale, G. 357 Drysdale-Vincent, Dr. Alice 437 Douglas, Lord Alfred 806 Duckert, A. 689R Ducummun, P. 689R Dudley, H. W. 482,496R Duerer, Albrecht 103, 113R Dufan, M. L. 587R Duflos 243 Dukes, C. D. 586R Dumas,). B. A. 270, 286R, 529 Dunbar, Newall 301,345R Duncan, J. 632R Duncan, L. J. P. 586R, 587R von Dungern, E. 276, 288R Dunhill, Sir Thomas 506, 642 Dunnet, Mrs. Agnes 441 Dunsicth, Bridget 69R Dupre, Profcssor 243 Dupuytren, G. 163 Duran 73 Duret, H. 303,346R Dussault,). H. 689R de Duve, C. 564, 584R, 611, 635R Duvernoy,). 135 van Dyke, H. B. 482, 495R Dykshorn, S. W. 410, 432R Dziadin, R. 696R

Earle, H. 192, 210R Ebstein, W. 668, 694R Eccles,). C. 417 Ecker, A. 225, 281R, 716, 717, B727-8 Eckhard, C. 363,376, 381R, 382R Edkins, J. S. 603, 633R Edmunds, W. 344,351R

Ellis, Havelock 804 Ellison, E. H. 603,633R Elliston,). 191 Embden, H. 305 Emerson, G. A. 541R Emerson, O. H. 541R Emery, W. 240, 283R Emmens, C. W. 413 Emmet, T. A. 359, 380R Empedocles 40,47,66 Endymion 42 Engel, G. 485, 497R Engel,]. 172,173,316 Engel, L. L. 478 Engle, E. T. 407,431R Enthymenes of Salamis 240 Enzmann, F. 636R d'Eon, Chevalier de Beaumont 685 Epione 40 Er 31,34 Erasmus, Desiderius 786 Erb, W. H. 484, 496R Erdheim,jakob 304,319,323, 346R, 347R,

348R, 407, 481, 485, 495R, 497R, 525, B730--1

Eristratos 52 Ernst of Wit ties bach 786 Esau 34 Esquinol,). E. D. 170 Estes, E. H. 695R Estes, W. 371, 382R Esther 32 Etmueller, M. E. 174, 207R von Euler, U. S. 430R, 433R, 557, 558,

583R,612, 618, 628,635R, 653, 691R Euripides 42, 47, 53R Eustachi, Bartolomeo 107-9, 114R, 115,

821 Edwards, C. R. W. 540R, 582R, 650, 690R, von Euw,]. 477,494, 689R, 822

Evans, B. M. 651,690R 692R Edwards, R. C. 659, 660 Egeberg, P 586R Egnatius 55 Ehrhardt, A. A. 697R Ehrlich, Paul 395, 521, 570, 585R, 723 Eichenberger, E. 687R Eichwald, E.). 682, 696R Eileithyia 42 Einstein, Albert 778, 796 von Eiselsberg, Baron Anton 294, 322,

344R,642, B728-30, 753, 760 Eisenberg, H. 478 Eisentraut, A. M. 634R, 635R Eler, C. D. 687R Elijah 29 Elishah 29 Ellings, H. S. 691 R Elliot, T. R. 232, 282R, 415, 416, 486,

497R, 769, 770

Evans, H. McLean 302,315,319, 345R, 346R,347R, 386,397, 407-9,411,430R, 431R, 500, 502, 517, B520--4, 541R, 548, 562,563,584,620,677,679, 696R, 722, 728, 729, 821

Evans,). S. 196,210R Evans, R. D. 555,583R Evelyn,John 144 Evered, D. 582R Everett,). D. 503,626 Ewald, E.). R. 738 Exner, Franz 796 Eyquem, M. 587R Ezekiel 30

Faber, M. 694R Fabricius, Hieronymus 111, 112, 184,

209R,529, 705, 748 Fabre,). 689R

868

NAME INDEX

Fagge, C. H. 230, 246, 247, 252, 281R, 283R,284R

Fairbairn,]. S. 441,489R Fairfield, Laetitia D. 441,489R Fairwell, T. 582R Fallopio, G. 104,106, 113R, 118, 121, 144,

529, B731, 811 Falta, Wilhelm 8, 9R, 132, 155,341, 350R,

376, 382R, 385, B731 Fanton-Cameron 292 Farquhar,]. w. 586R Feasby, W. R. 464 Fechheimer 203 Fee 409 von Fehling, H. C. 455,491R Feldberg, W. 415-17, 433R, 501, 638R, 833 Feldstein, A. 631,638R von Fellenberg, T. 252, 284R, 422, 434R,

512 Fellner, O. o. 362, 380R, 398, 448, 451-4,

490R, 531-3, B732, 740, 742 . Fells, W. 368, 381R, 431R Fernery, P. 767 Fenger, F. 427, 435R Fenner, F.]. 571,585R Fenwick, H. 294, 295, 344R, 345R Fereol, F. E. 268 Ferin, M. 636R Fessard 415 Fevold, H. L. 408,431R Feyter, F. 604,633R Fielding, U. 163, 207R, 304, 346R, 481,

495R, 496R, 544, 747 Fife of Edinburgh 190 Fihlene 267 Finch, B. E. 489R, 490R Finck, H. 583R Findlay, G. M. 231 Finkelstein, M. 818 Firor, W. M. 494R Fischer, P. 265,286R Fisher, H. A. L. 72R Fisher,J. W. 600,601, 632R Fisher, R. A. 692R Fishman,]. B. 563, 584R Fitz, R. 539R Flajani, G. 159, 206R, 259, 260, 285R, 513 Fleming, W. 270, 287R, 815 Fletcher, Walter 770 Flexner, A. 393, 521 Flexner, S. 521 Flores, A. 696R Florin-Christensen, A. 587R Foa, P. P. 608,634R Fodere, F. E. 170,250,251 Foesius, A. 100 Foges, A. 219 Foglia, V. G. 757 Foley, T. P. 689R

Folin, O. H. o. 726, 744 Folkers, K. 636R Folley, S. J. 502 Fontana, A. 634R Forbes, T. R. 210R, 211R, 218, 280R Ford, Henry 398 Ford, W. W. SIS, 540R van Foreest, P. 109 Forel, August 804 Forsham, P. H. 647, 688R, 689R Forsyth, L. A. 692R Foster, G. V. 604 Foster, Sir Michael 479, 724, 765 Fothergill, Dr. 724 Fothergill, L. A. 638R Fourman. P. 688R Fowler, R. E. 659 Fox, E. L. 295, 345R Fracastoro, G. 570, 585R Fraenkel, Ernst 732 Fraenkel, Felix 332, 350R, 361, 652, 822 Fraenkel, Mrs. Lili 146R, 366 Fraenkel, Ludwig 122, 256, 364, 36£r.8,

371,372,401,402,448,B732-3,742 Frank, A. E. 479, 494R, 674, 695R Frank, E. 664, 693R Frank, Johann Peter 154,174, 207R, 376,

479, 674, 695R, B733-4 Frank, Joseph 734 Frank, R. T. 362, 380R, 401, 442, 452, 620,

680, 698R Franke, H. 666,667, 694R Franklin, Benjamin 722 Franklin, E. R. 695R Franklin, R. R. 586R Franks, S. 692R Frantz, A. G. 632R,633R Franz, K. 818 Franz, V. E. 606 Fraser 460, 492R Fraser, F. A. 854,855R Frederick II, Emperor 93 Frederick III 676 Freedman, H. H. 632R Freedman, L. 693R Fremery, P. 767 Frensberg, A. 222 von Frerichs, F. T. 175, 208R, 297, 298,

345R,457,668,782 Freud, Sigmund 337, 350R, 420, 454, 475,

766 Freund,]. 579, 587R, 687R Freund, M. 768 Frey, H. 225 Fried, J. 648, 689R, 691R Fried, W. 632R Friedman, A. 586R Friedman, G. S. 481, 496R Friedman, H. M. 637R

869

NAME INDEX

Friedman, M. H. 481, 496R, 532 Friesen, H. 633R Frisch, R. E. 636R Fritzsche, C. F. 311-13, 347R, 728, 729,

760 Froben,)ohannes 786 Froehlich, A. 319--21, 348R, 769, 770 Froelich, H. 52R Frohman, L. A. 637R Froriep, Robert, 813 Froschauer 145 Fuchs,E. 728,753 Fuchs, K.). 666, 694R Fujii, K. 803 Fukushima, D. 689R Fuller,). H. 694R Fulton,). 146R, 147R, 348R Furth, E. D. 585R

Gaddum,). H. 417,833 Gaertner 272, 777 Gaines, W. L. 409, 431R Gairdner, W. 257,285R Galansino, G. 634R Galante, C. 498R Galen 41,43,49,63-8,72,79,80,90,98,

103,106, 111, 115, 131, 138, 139, 151, 360, 413,483,529,658,B735, 743, 748, 768, 786,811

Galilei, Galileo 767 Gall, F.). 172,221,413, 432R Gallagher, T. F. 405. 431R Galland, R. B. 634R Galton, Sir Francis 274, 287R, 815 Gamble, D. R. 586R de Games, Eugenia Martinez 239 Ganong. W. F. 544 Garbut. F. A. 477. 494R Gardner, L. I. 690R Garrison, F. H. 11, 13R, 18R, 23R, 27R,

35,36,41, 52R, 68R, 94R, 113R, 130, 146R, 147R, 148R, 207R, 286R, 287R, 369, 380R, 381R, 382R, 493R, 509, 539R, 728, 729, B735-6, 813

Garrod, Sir A. 174, 207R, 275, 276, 287R, 288

Garrod, O. 648,690R Garrow,). S. 672,697R Gask, G. E. 511 Gaskell,). F. 482, 496R, 769 Gaskell, W. H. 765, 768 de Gassicourt, Cadet 190 Gates. R. R. 803 Gaunt, R. 240,241, 283R, 332, 356R Gaupp, R. 433R Gauthier, G. 414,432R Gautier, T. 696R Gay-Lussac, L.). 189,210R Gaynor, L. 693R

Geddes, P. 677, 696R Gedke, C. E. 156 Gee, S.). 314,377,675,722, B736-7, 765 Gegenbauer, Carl 270, 286R Geikie-Cobb, l. 75, 76R Geiling, E. M. K. 481, 495R, 496R, 540R Gemzell, C. A. 657,692R Generali, F. 343, 351R, 484, 497R Geoffrey, C. J. 240, 283R George III, King of England 758 George V, King of England 726 George, G. C. W. 636R Gerall, A. A. 696R Geraudel, E. 653, 691R Gerhardt, C. A. c.). 455, 491R Geschwind,1. 1. 584R Gheri, R. 633R Ghirlenzoni 305 Gibb, Charles 441,471 Gibier, Paul 302 Gibson, G. A. 228, 483 Gibson, T. 140 Gilbertus, Anglicus 93, 98 Giles, A. E. 441,489R Gilford, Hastings 375, 376, 382R Gill,). R. 691R Gillray,)ames 310 Gilmore 203 Girard 400 Giraud 210R Girault 359 Girwood 361 Gish. D. T. 496R,695R Givens, J. R. 854R Gleason, T. H. 581,587R Gley, Eugene 7,8, 153,279, 288R, 296,

323,343, 345R, 345R, 348R, 351R, 363, 386, 390, 392,394,395, 429R, 458,459, 470, 484,492R, B737, 794, 813

Glick, T. F. 69R, 385, 393, 395, 428R, 429R Glinski, L. K. 325, 349R Glisson, Francis 115, 131, 132, 147R, 176,

177,208R, 743, 791 Glover, F. H. 690R Glynn, E. E. 240, 283R Goddard 143 Godlee,SirG.). 309 Goebel, K. 803 von Goethe,). W. 172,214,234, 279R Goetsch, Emil 315, 347R, 495R, 480 Gog 309 Goldberg, L. 430R, 688R, 727 Goldberg, M. W. 687R Goldblatt, Henry 810 Goldblatt, M. W. 612, 635R Goldfein, A. 648, 689R Goldie, D.). 582R, 638R, 695R Goldman, E. 285R Goldman, E. E. 521

870

NAME INDEX

Goldner, G. 669, 694R Goldschmidt 274, 287R Goldwasser, E. 632R Goliath 35, 74 Goltz, F. L. 222, 223, 281R, B737-8 Gomez,joan 618,636R Goodfellow 203 Goodhart,j. F. 232,282R Goodman, A. D. 691R Goodsir, j. 178, 208R Goormaghtigh 600, 632R Gorden, P. 582R Gordon, A. S. 601,632R Gordon, S. 496R Gorski, R. A. 696R Gosselin, L. 188, 210 Gottfried, H. 532 Gottschau 333 Govan, A. D.]. 498R Gowers, G. W. 755 Gowers, W. R. 472, 493R Goy, R. W. 696R de Graaf, Regnier 115, 118-25, 129, 145,

146R, 184,368,403,529,728,729, B738 Graber, R. P. 689R von Graefe, F. W. E. A. 265,268, 286R,

728, 729 Graham, Cynthia 594, 595 Grant, G. 635R Gratiolat, P. 231, 282R Graunt, R. 230, 281R Graves, R.]. 260,261,265,269, 285R, 513,

728,729, B738-9,802 Gray, R. S. 586R, 587R Greaves,john 127 Green, H. 489R Green,]. D. 746,822 Green,]. F. 248 Green,j. H. 191,192, 210R Greenblatt, R. B. G. 656,681, 692R, 698R Greene, C. 477 Greene, R. 680, 698R Greenfield, W. S. 247,258,285 Greenhow, E. H. 233, 234, 668, 694R Greenwald, I. 111, 114R, 485, 497R Greep, R. O. 483, 495R, 496R, 500, 503,

539R,636R Gregory, R. 604 Greig, W. R. 689R Greil, A. 453 Greslin,]. O. 692R Greving, R. 480, 495R Griffith, F. 24R Grigorescu 301 Grimelius, L 609, 634R Groczynski, R. 679 Grollman, A. 476-8, 494R, 517 Gross,]. 427,428, 435R, 556, 645, 822 Grossman, M. I. 546,582R

Grosz, S. 75, 76R, 304, 322, 346R, 671, 695R,809

Grote, I. W. 496R,695R Gruber, Dorothy 815 Grueter 409,410, 431R Grueters, A. 633R Grumbach, M. M. 690R Grundy, H. M. 583R, 647, 689R Gudernatsch,]. F. 323, 348R, 425, 426,

435R Guillemin, R. 582R, 620--4, 627, 628, 637R,

747 Guliezmi, Domenico 780 van Gulik, R. 16 Gull, Sir W. W. 245-8, 283R, 616, 636R,

728, 729, B739, 754 Gulliver, G. 215,222, 279R Gunnarson, R. 586R Gunther 103 Gussenbauer, C. 753 Guthrie, L. 240, 283R Gutman, G. 687R Guttmacher, A. F. 448 Guttman, P. H. 235, 282R Guyda, D. 633R,689R Guye 438 Gwei-Dien, Lu 15, 17R, 94R

Haberlandt, L. 447-54, 490R, 491R, 531-3, 728, 729, 732, B739-40

Habershon, S. O. 232,282R Hackeng, W. H. 497R Hadden, D. R. 688R Hadden, W. B. 249,313 Hadrian 61,702 Haellsten, K. G. 810 de Haen, Anton 658,728,729, B740--1 Haeusler, H. F. 769 Haeussler, E. A. 400, 406, 430R Hagedorn, H. C. 663, 693R Hagerty 17 Haighton,]. H. 188,211R Haire, Norman 439, 443, 805 Halban,josef 215,361,369,371-3, 382R,

410, 432R,449,499, 703, 728, 729, 732, B741-2

Halberg, F. 589,590,603, 631R, 633R Haldane,]. S. 342, 726 Hall, Diana Long 69R, 385, 388, 390, 393,

428R, 429R, 677, 682, 696R Hall, Marshall 341, 350R Hall, R. 498R, 568, 569, 582R, 585R Hall, Ruth 802, 806 Hallas-Meller, Knud 697R von Haller, Albrecht: 7,34, 39R, 82, Ill,

118, 149, 154--60,184, 206R, 529, 728, 729, B742-3,764

Haller,]. 532, 542R

871

NAME INDEX

Halsted, W. S. 8,192, 210R, 344, 351R, 485,510-12,520, 760, 498R

Haly Abbas 80 Hamen 270 Hamilton, T. 197,558 Hammerton, J. L. 203, 211 R Hammond, W. A. 301,819 Hampton, A. O. 541R Hananiah 29 von Hann, F. 482, 496R Hannover, A. H. 304, 346R Hanson, A. M. 486, 497R Hardebeck, R. 667, 694R Hardy, Sir W. B. 7,341 Harington, Sir Charles R. 256, 257, 262,

285R, 422, 424-8, 434R, 435R, 478, 501, 584R, 718, 728, 729, B744-6

Harington,John 744 Harley, G. 230,359 Harley, V. 296,345 Harnden, D. G. 697R Harper, M.J. K. 586R Harrington, Malcolm 639,687R Harris, G. W. 65, 138,413,414, 432R, 622,

624,627,628,637R,650, 728, 729, B746-8 Harris, S. 633R Harrison, B. 739 Harrop, G. 477, 494R Harrower, H. R. 503 Hart, Berry 201 Hart, G. H. 409 Hart, I. R. 585R Hart,]. K. 688R Hart, P. C. 430R Hartman, F. A. 237,331,332, 349R, 350R,

476-8,493R,494,649,821,822 Hartman, W. E. 476,493R Hartmann, Max 402 Harun-AI-Rashid 80 Harvey, William 43,111,112,115,121,

124-8, 146, 147R, 180, 184, 209R, 529, 705,728,729, 743,B748-9, 810

Haryngton, Sir John 92 Hasenoehrl, F. 796 Hashimoto, H. 571, 585R, B855-6 Hatschek, B. 425 Hatsumoto, A. 696R Hauptmann, G. 813 Haworth, N. 791 Haydar, N. H. 689R Hayes, R. M. 586R Hays, H. W. 240, 283R Heape, Walter 381R, 412, 432R, 561,

584,677,819 Heawood, P. 776 Heberden, Wm. 266 Hecht, A. 669, 694R Hedenus,J. A. W. 191 Hedlund, T. H. 173, 207R

Hedon, Edouard 298, 457 Heftman, E. 884R Hegel, G. F. W. xv Hegar, A. 364,381,733 Heidhain, R. P. H. 800 Heinroth 219, 280R Heister, Lorenz 155, 156, 206R, 750, 751 Hekate 39 Helbig, C. E. 63 Heliodorus 59 Heller, Hans 626,627, B749-51 Hellin, D. 257 Hellman, B. 607, 634R Hellman, L. 584R, 637R von Helmholtz, H. L. F. 223, 365, 737,

810 van Helmont,]. B. 128,264 Hems, B. A. 689R Hench, P. S. 517,518, 540R, 541R, 646,

647, 689R, B752, 791 Henderson,]. R. 148R, 162, 206R, 207R,

277,288,454,458,470,471, 491R,544, 855R

Hendry, W. F. 578,582R Henle, F. G. J. 216,223,225,279,343,365,

B752-3 Henoch, E. H. 264, 285R Henriquez, F. M. 236 Henrot, Henri 307,309, 346R Henry, C. 675,695R Henry II, King of France 97,786 Henry III, King of France 786 Henry IV, King of Castile 310, 775 Henry Vlll, King of England 768 Henschel, A. F. 688R Henson, D. E. 586R Henut-Tawy, Queen 22 Henzle, K. G. 487, 498R Hera 39, 42, 684 Herakles 40, 42, 240 Heraklitos,ofEphesos 40 Hering, H. E. 712, 801 Hering, K. E. K. 274, 287R Herman, M. 586R Hermes 39 Herodotus 20, 24R, 42-4 Herophilos 19,46,52,130,529 Herring, P. T. 305, 346R, 349R, 377, 382R,

415,426,435R, 479,480, 495R Herrmann, Edmund 362, 380R, 397, 398,

401,449,452, 490R Herrmann, W. I. 656, 692R Herschenberg, E. B. 691R Herschler 203 Hersley, R. B. 590 Hertwig, O. 270, 287R, 529, 542R, 815,

816 Hertz, Saul 555,583,641, 688R Herzog, H. L. 691R

872

NAME INDEX

Hess, G. P. 496R Hesse, E. 664, 693R Hetenyi, G. 464 Hetzel, B. S. 669, 694R Hewson, W. 176,208R Highmore, Nathaniel 109, 114R, 125-7,

144, 147R, 148R, 772, 821 Hildebrandt, F. 214,279R Hill, L. E. 441 Hill, M. 408, 431R Hill, P. 726 Hill, P. H. 633R Hill, S. R. 582R, 688R Hilton, John 226 Himes, Norman L. 13R, 17, 18R, 23R,

27R, 35, 36, 49, 50, 53R, 61, 63, 68R, 94R, 113R, 144, 148R, 280R, 355, 379, 437, 446, 489R, 490R, 798

Hindmarsh, T. A. 642,646,750,751 Hine, D. C. 669,694R Hinton, James 739 Hintz, R. L. 584R, 692R Hinz, G. 683 Hippocrates 39-45,47,49,50, 53R, 59, 60,

62-5, 69R, 80,98, 218,237,238, 360, 658, 702, 750, 751

Hirsch, O. 332,348R Hirshfeld, Ludwig 276, 288R His, Wilhelm Jr. 515 His, Wilhelm Sr. 515, 540R, 761 Hisaw, F. S. 408, 431R, 565 Hitchcock, F. A. 477,494R Hitler, A. 703,707, 732, 797, 801, 818, 819 Hitschmann, F. 361, 380R, 429R Hjort,]. 586R Hoagland, Hudson 421, 434R, 627 von Hockenegg, Julius 322, 486, 642, 728,

B753-4,774 Hodgkin, Thomas 817 Hoechst Pharmaceuticals 471,667 Hoefer, W. 170 Hoering 377,383R Hoff, D. R. 691R Hoffenberg, R. 662, 689R, 693R Hofmann, Caspar 749 Hofmeister, F. 768 Hohlweg, W.]. M. 627,628, 688R Hollander, C. S. 582R Holmes, Oliver Wendell 233,234 Holmgren, B. 420 Holst, I.]. 584R Holtkamp, D. E. 656, 692R Holton, P. 691R Homans,John 316,319, 347R, 458, 492R Home, Sir Everard 205, 207R, 359 Home, Francis 174, 211 R Homer 20, 39, 40, 42, 75 Hook, E. B. 697R Hooke, Robert 116

Hope,]. 637R Hopkins, F. G. 342 Hoppe-Seyler, E. F. I. 297,515 Hopwood, N. I. 689R, 690R Harley 761 van Horne,J. C. 121,128 Horsley, Sir V. A. H. 249,250, 283R,

292-4,305,315,347R, 750, B754-5, 760, 782

Hoskins, R. G. 324, 349R, 417, 420, 433R, 502,503

Houghton, Captain 242 Houssay, B. A. 291, 332, 350R, 420, 433R,

500, 505,539R, 606, 750, 751, B755-7 van Houten, S. 446 Howard, C. P. 263,285R Howell, W. H. 324, 346R, 349R, 416, 479,

480,494R Howitz, F. 295, 345R Hsi, Wang 86 Hsuan, Li 87 Huang, S. W. 576, 586R Huang-Ti 5 Huard, Pierre 18R, 27R Hubble, Sir D. 614, 635R Huber, Paul 642 Hudgson, P. 498R Hudson, R. V. 571,585R Hufeland, W. C. 155, 223 Hughes, A. F. W. 6, 9R, 581R, 750, 751,

B757-8 Hughes, J. 629, 638R, 762 Hung-Ching, Tao 16 Hunt, Reid 426, 427, 435R Hunter, A. 422 Hunter, John 90, 164, 192-206, 21OR,

211R, 223, 306,337,359,399,403,409, 410,602,660,676,699,750,751,758,759, 761

Hunter, William 102,173,192-206,227, 529, B758

Huschke, Emil 237 Hutchinson, Sir Johnathan 230, 232, 233,

28IR, 309,347R,375, 376,382R Hutchinson, W. 313 Hutchison, R. 257, 285R, 421 Hutquist, G. T. 609, 634R Huxley,]. 124,443,677, 696R Hygieia 40 Hyrtl,J. 127,144,750,751, B758-9, 790

lason, A. A. 18R, 24R, 27R, 35, 36, 53R, 68R, 72R, 94R, 113R, 148R, 206R, 207R, 251,268,269,284R,286R

Ibn Sina see A vicenna Ibrahim, E. A. 636R Igarishi 627 Illig, R. 689R Imperato-McGinley,]. 696R

873

NAME INDEX

Inge, Dean 443 Inglis, J. 191, 210R, 253, 284R Ingram, W. R. 628 Inhapy, Queen 22 Inhoffen 688R Innocent XII Pope 771 Innocent VI Pope 719 Irvine, W. 197,198,204, 211R Irvine, W.J. 577, 586R, 587R Isaacs, A. J. 618, 636R Iscovesco, H. 362, 389R, 397, 398, 401, 451 Isery, L. T. 651,690R Island, D. P. 854R Ivers, F. 441 Ivy, A. C. 635R

Jackson, M. 535 Jackson, W. P. U. 689R Jacob 30,34 Jacobi, A. 441 Jacobs, Aletta 446,697R Jacobs, E. C. 617,636R Jacobs, H. S. 632R Jacobs, L. S. 632R Jacobson, Dora 628, 637R, 747 Jacobson, L. O. 601,632R Jacoud, F. S. 282R Jaeger, E. 634R Jaeger, G. 815 Jahan, I. 486,497R Jailer, J. W. 648,690R Jalavista, E. 600, 632R James, V. H. T. 553,583R James I, King of England 127,748 James II, King of England 771 Jamieson, G. S. 258, 285R, 425, 434R Janbon, M. J. 665, 694R Janney, N. W. 258,285R Janssen, Zacherias 767 Jarrett, R.J. 596, 632R, 695R Jaworek,J. 638R Jeffcoate, S. L. 633R Jeffcoate, W. J. 629, 637R, 638R, 650,

690R,695R Jen-Djieh, D. H. 16 Jendrassik, E. 285 Jenkins, D. 689R Jenner, E. 758, 787 Jensen, B. N. 663,693R Jephunneh 34 Jequier, A. M. 692R Jerne, N. 572,585R St. Jerome 62 Jersild, M. 693R Jeshurun 35 Jessenius, Johannes 109 Jesus 32,36 Jivaka 25 Joffe, B. I. 497R

Joffroy 268 Johanson, AnnJ. 632R Jonathon 35 John of Gaddesden 93 Johnson, G. S. 582R Johnson, L. P. 635R Johnson, Dr. Samuel 125, 205 Johnston, D. B. R. 691R Johnston, D. I. 634R, 695B Johnston, D. R. 13R, 18R, 23R, 27R, 53R,

94R, 147R, 380R Johnston, I. D. A. 498R Joliot 555 Joll, C. A. 642 Jolly, W. A. 344, 351R, 365, 368, 373,

382R,396,429R,777 Jones, Ann 631R, 650, 689R, 690R Jones, Arthur 644, 688R Jones, c. H. 267, 286R Jones, D. H. 690R Jones, G. 804 Jones, I. C. 479,564,584 Jones, K. H. 688R Jones, Richard 798 Jones, R. E. 689R Jones, R. G. 642, 688R Jones, R. H. 570, 585R deJongh, S. E. 430R,767 Joplin, G. F. 498R,696R Jorgenson, C. B. 193-5, 198,200, 210R,

211R, 217-9, 280R, 281R, 350R Joseph 30 Joshua 30 Jowett, T. P. 698R Judaeus, Isaac 83 Judah 34 Jungck, E. C. 692R Jurjani 83, 94R Justinian 71 Juvenal 62

Kafka, K. 448 Kamm, O. 482, 496R, 675, 695R Kanai, T. 414,432R Kanis, J. A. 696R Kanno, T. 855R Kapen, S. 584R, 632R, 637R Karim, S. M. 613,635R Karlson, P. 559,584R Kaspar, F. 642 Kasparja 25 Kastin, A. J. 582R, 621, 627, 635R, 696R Katsoyannis, P. G. 496R,695R Keeling 189 Keen, A. 695R Keene, M. 658, 697R Keeton, R. W. 603, 633R Kehrer, F. A. 222, 281R, 364, 381R Keil, H. 237, 238, 282R

874

NAME INDEX

Keith, Arthur 21, 24R, 74, 76R, 474 Kellas, A. M. 725, 726 Keller, K. 200, 203, 211R, 809 Keller, S. 634R Kellie, G. 484, 496R Kelly, M. 237, 282R KeIser, G. A. 695R Kendall, E. C. 386,387,422-4,427,428,

434R, 435R, 477, 478, 494, 500, B516-18, 540R, 541R, 565, 646, 647, 688R, 689R, 750-2,791,822

Kennaway, E. L. 232, 282R, 725, 727 Kennedy, G. C. 675, 695R Kennedy, T. H. 575, 586R Kenny, F. M. 690R Kepler, E.). 477,494R Kermer, Anton 778 Kessel, N. 680 Key, C. A. 192,210R Keynes, Sir Geoffrey 147R, 148R Keys, A. 688R Killian, G. 304,346R Kilo, C. 634R Kimball, O. P. 254, 284R, 500, 514 Kimmig, J. 665 King, P. H. 631R King, T. W. 164,165,178,222, B759 Kinnicutt, F. B. 476, 493R, 499 Kircher, A. 767 Kirkes 235 Kirsch, R. E. 533, 542R Kitai, R. 581R, 694R Klacel, M. 777 Klebs, T. A. E. 311-13, 347R, B760 Klein, A. 633R Klein, A. H. 689R Klein, M. 560,561, 584R Klein, R. 690R Kelinberg, W. 632R Kleiner,J. 461 Klinefelter, H. F. 488,498R Klinger 254 Kleinsorge, H. 667,694R Kmentova 627 Knapp, F. C. 777 Knauer, Emil 215,368,369,371,373,

381R,449,499, 732, 741, B760 Knobil, E. 636R Knoll, P. 712 Knowlton, C. 354-7,437 Knox, Robert 103, 113R Koch, F. C. 301,405, 431R, 603, 633R Koch, Robert 728, 813 Kocher, A. 294, 345R Kocher, E. T. 248,249, 255, 283R, 284R,

512,641, B760-1 Kockott, G. 697R Koeben 267 Koehler, R. 372, 382R, 742

von Koelliker, R. A. 187, 209R, 216, 223, 225, 270, 274, 281R, 286R, 287R, 337, 363, 365,405

Koelsche, G. A. 517,540R Koenig 347R Koeppen 267 Koestl, F. 253, 284R Kohn, A. 351R, 396, 429R Kohn, L. D. 344, 585R, 586R Ko-Hung 86,189 Kolodney, R. C. 632R Konishi, J. 586R Konschegg, A. 482, 496R Konturek, S.). 638R Kopelman, P. G. 633R Kopp,). H. 176, 208R Kornfield, E. C. 642, 688R Korpi, K. 408, 431R Korth-Schutz, S. 633R Kosterlitz, H. W. 568, 585, 628, 638R, 750,

751, B761-2 Kovrides, I. A. 585R Kowarski, A. 632R von Kraft-Ebbing, R. 684, 697R Kragt 627 Kramer, B. 460,461,470 Kramlinger, K. G. 855R Kraus, E.). 409,431R Kraus, Rudolph 756 Krayer, Otto 761 Krebs, E. G. 607,634R Krell, L. 697R Kretschmer, E. 475, 493R Krey, L. C. 636R Krieger, Dorothy T. 552,553, 583R,

590-2,629,631R Krieger, Howard 590 Kriss,]. P. 573,586R Krol, R. 638R Kromann, G. 586R Krulich 627 Kuehne, W. 277,288R Kuestner, O. E. 733 Kultschitzky, N. 609,610, 634R Kumar, N. 691R Kummer 267 Kundrat 753 Kuratowska, Z. 601, 632R Kurland, S. 477,494R Kurz, Selma 742 Kussmaul, A. 455, 491R, 750, 751, B762,

779, 783 Kylin, E. 616,636R

Labbe, E. M. 653,691R Laberge, C. 689R Lacassagne, A. M. 555 Laennec, R. T. H. 45

875

NAME INDEX

Laguesse, G. E. 277, 288R, 298, 328, 457-9, 469, 470, 492R

Laidlaw,J. C. 689R Laignel-Lavastine, M. 244, 283R, 420,

434R Lallemand, M. 221 Lamarck,j-B. P. A. de M. 377, 383R, 678,

B763-4 Lancereaux, E. 175, 207R, 241, 283R, 311,

347R, 462, 492R, 493R, 787 Landon,j. 553, 583R, 592, 631R Landott, A. M. 351 Landouzy, L. T. H. 11, 13R, B765 Landsteiner, Karl 276, 288R Lane, M. A. 457,492R Lane-Clayton,]. E. 361,410, 432R Lane-Petter, W. 584R Langdon-Brown, Sir W. 293, B76~, 782 Lange, F. 399, 430R Lange;Johann 109, 114R von Langenbeck, B. R. C. 248, 752, 760 Langer, Carl. 170,313,753,759 Langerhans, Paul 142,276,277, 288R, 750,

751 Langley,]. N. 342,722,769 Langlois,]. P. 331,349R Lankester, Sir E. 708 Lanz, H. C. 634R Laqueur, Ernst 317,400,405,409, 430R,

687R, 750, 751, B766-7 Larendas, D. B. 236 Larger, L. 74. 76R Larsen, P. R. 689R Lasche. E. M. 636R Lasegue. E. C. 232. 282R Lataste. F. 561, 584R Latham.John 174.207R Latham. P. M. 174 Launois, P. E. 313,347R Laurence, J. Z. 377. 382R de Laurens 121, 136 Lawrence, M. 693R Lawson, A. 643, 688R Lawson, W. 727 de Lazerda, L. 632R Lazerges. P. 694R Lea, A. S. 272, 288R Leber, T. 456,491R Lebert, H. 256, 284R Leblond, C. P. 435R, 555, 556, 583R Lebon, G. 287R Lederer, E. 584R Lederer, M. 584R Lee,]. K. 413,502,614, 632R, 635R Lee, P. A. 690R van Leeuwenhoek, A. 116, 117, 125, 129,

146R, 180, 182, 185,270,403,750,751, B767-8

Legallois,].]. C. 216,217,223, 279R

Legg,]. W. 260,264,265, 286R Legnani, T. 319,347R Le Gros Clark, W. E. 433R Leitch, D. B. 485,497R Leland,]. 494R Lemery, N. 143 Lemli, L. 498R Lender, E. Jane 855R Lenhart, C. H. 284R, 514, 540R Leonard, S. L. 408, 431R Legniceno, Niccolo 99, 100, 113R Leophanes 47 Lepkovsky, S. 541R Leriche, R. 653, 691R Lerman,j. 514,689R Lerner, L.]. 692R Lesky, Erna 67, 68, 69R, 371 Lessa 472 Letarte, ]. 689R Leto 42 Levin, M. E. 634R Levinson, R. E. 586R Lewartowski, B. 601,633R Lewaschew 458, 492R Lewis, Dean 258, 285R Lewis,]. T. 332, 350R, 757 Lewis, M. 618,636R Lewis, P.]. 691R Lewy, F. H. 414,433R Leydig, Franz 363, 380R, 403 Lhermitte,]. 421,434R Li, ChohHao 517,523,524. 541R, 545,

563,581R,628,637, 822 Libenson, L. 663, 693R Liberalis, A. 144 Lichtenstern, Robert 801 Lichtwitz, L. 324, 349R Liddle, G. W. 503,648-50,652, 689R,

690R, 691R, 853, 854R Liendo-Ch, P. 631R Lieutaud,]. 160,176,178, 207R, 544 Lightman, S. L. 698R Liljestrand, G. 466, 493R Lillie, F. R. 199, 200, 203, 211R, 274, 677-9 Linacre, T. 86, 100, B768 Ling, N. 582R, 628, 637R von Linnaeus, C. 183,209R Linnell,]. W. 506 Liotta, A. 638R Lipschuetz, A. 625,819 Lipson, N. 855R Lipton, M. M. 587R Lisser, Hans 343,379, 383R, 500-2, 50S,

507,539R Lissitzky, S. 585R Lister 249, 369 Liston, R. 22 Littre, M. P. E. 53R, 110, 237, 282R Liuzzi, A. 656, 692R

876

NAME INDEX

Livia 56 Lloyd, G. E. R. 287R Locke,john 817 Lode, A. 741 Lode, H. 368 Lodge, Sir O. 776 Loeb, Leo 373,449,822 Loeb, R. F. 477, 494R, 528-30 Loewe, S. 397, 399, 430R Loewi, A. 404,431R Loewi, O. 414-7,722,723,749, B768-70 Lombroso, C. 253, 309, 313, B770 Long, C. N. H. 517,524, 541R Long,]. A. 315, 346R, 397, 407, 430R,

584R Long, M. 1. 664, 693R Loomis, H. P. 301 Lothringer, S. 304,346R Loubatieres, A. 665, 666, 668, 694R la Louette, P. 159--63 Louis XV, King of France 714 Louis XVI, King of France 339 Loven, C. 809,810 Lowe, D. C. 688R Lower, Richard xvi, 65, 69R, 135, 137, 138,

140, 148R, 154,223,314,413, 750, 751, B771,817

Lowry, P.]. 637R,638R Lucchesini, Marchese 187 Luciani 762 Lucretius 59 Ludwig, A. 348 Ludwig, C. F. W. 360, SIS, 762, 809, 810 Lueneburg, E. 68R Lugol,j. G. A. 191 St. Luke 31 Lups, T. 303, 346R von Luschka, H. 304, 346R, 480, 495R Lusitanus, A. 142 Lusitanus, Z. 142 Lusk, G. 298, 345R, 457 Lycurgos 41

MacAlister, A. 304 MacArthur, G. C. 476,493R McArthur,]. W. 636R McCall, M. S. 635R McCall Smith, A. 639R McCallum, c.]. 586R, 587R MacCallum, W. G. 298, 345R,456, 485,

497,719 McCann, S. M. 544, 581R, 620, 622, 624,

627,637R MacCardle, R. C. 691R McCauley, E. A. 697R McClintock, Martha 594, 595 McClenahan, V. 606,633R McCloy, james 674,695R McCloy, R. 674, 695R

McClung, E. 677,696R McCord, C. P. 483,496R McCormick, N. A. 460 MacCorquodale, D. W. 687R McDevitt, D. G. 688R McGavran, M. H. 609,634R McGee, 1. C. 405, 431R McGirr, E. M. 689R MacGregor, R. R. 582R McIlroy, Prof. Anne 446 McIntosh, D. 695R MacIntyre, Ian 604, 696R MacKay, E. M. 232, 282R MacKay, 1. 1. 232, 282R McKenzie, B. F. 517,540R MacKenzie, H. W. G. 267,295,296, 345R MacKenzie,].]. 375, 382R MacKenzie,]. M. 585R MacKenzie, W. 265,286R MacLagan,]. T. 739 McLaren, Anne 196, 211R, 490R MacLaren, N. K. 576,586R McLaughlin, K. C. 642, 688R McLean 697R MacLeod,].]. R. 387, 393, 460, 461, 464,

466,468,471, 492R, 493R, 706, 710,719, 761

McLeod, R. M. 585R McLoughlin, Lorraine 637R, 638R McMillan, A. 554, 583R McNeilly, A. S. 582R, 587R, 631R, 692R MacPherson,]. 294, 345R MacPherson, P. 582R,695R Mcquarrie, I. 670, 695R Ma,]. T. C. 698R Mach, R. S. 689R Machaon 40 Mack, W. S. 498R Mader,I.]. 651,690R Madison, 1. 1. 634R, 635R Maestre, A. 414, 432R Maffoni 253, 284R Magee, D. F. 635R Magendie, F. 483, 709, 795 Magnus, R. 349R, 377 Magnus, V. 36:H!, 382R, 448 Magnus, W. 122 Magnus-Levy, A. 259, 285R, 426, 435R,

456, 491R, 783 Magog 309 Magrath, C. 305, 306 Mahoudeau, A. 74, 76R, 313 Maier, Adolf 762 Maimonides, Moses 84 Makepiece, A. W. 533 Malacarne, M. V. G. 170,176 Malcolm,]. 315,347R Mall, F. F. 521,522 Mallaisse-Lagae, F. 586R

877

NAME INDEX

Mallanaga, V. 26 Mallinson, C. N. 609,634R Malmejac 417 Malpighi, Marcello 63,65, 115, 118, 163,

187,272,365, 381R, 768, B771-4, 780 Malthus, T. R. 354, 439, 444, 445 Maltzer, S. 461 Manasse, P. 343, 351R, 698R Mandl, Felix 486, 479R, 754, B774 Iylanhattan, Baron A. 806, 807 Mankowski, A. 458, 492R Manley, Q. T. 514, 540R Mannaberg,). 707 Manson, A. 191,210R Mantle, D.). 697R Manutius, A. 100 Maphoon 241 Maraiion, C. 227, 281R, 310, 393-5, 403,

419, 429R, 431R, 458, 737, B774-5, 813 Marburg, Otto 7\7 Marchant, Sir)amr.s 441,489R de Marchetti, Dom 121 Margules, D. 672-4 Maria Theresa 357,713 Marie, Pierre 266,268, 286R, 296, 303-14,

318, 346R, 707, 772, 773, B775--6 Marine, David xvi, 254, 255, 284R, 387,

500, B511-14, 516, 539R, 54OR, 641, 688R, 772, 773

Marinesco 318 Mark, L. P. 235,310, 347R, 772, 773 St. Mark 31 Marks, H. 239 Marks, V. 608, 634R, 638R, 695R Marrack,). R. 570, 585R Marri, G. 634R Marrian, G. F. 400,402, 430R, 687R,

B855--6 Marsh, Sir Henry 265, 286R Marshall, A.). 681, 696R Marshall, A. M. 765 Marshall, F. H. A. 363,368, 373-5, 379,

382R, 385,396, 398,400,404,412,429R, 441,501,677, 696R, 746, B776-7, 819

Marsi, L. 780 Martial 63 Martin, C. 340, 351R Martin, ). 697R Martin, R. R. 474, 493R Martineau, L. 232, 282R de Martini, A. 331,349R Martini, L. 496R, 544 Martinovic,). 637R Martius, F. W. A. 474, 493R Martyn 155 Marx, Karl xv Mary,Queen 805 Mary Tudor 768 Masaherta, High Priest 22

Mashiter, K. 583R Masius, W. 697R Mason, A. S. 648, 690R Mason, H. L. 517, 540R, 688R Massalongo, R. 299,313, 347R Massari, B. 771 von Massenbach, W. 533 Massey,). C. 646,689R Masson, P. 609,634R Matovinovich,). 540R Matsuo, A. 5S2R Mattei, R. 232, 282R St. Matthew 32 Maude, A. 803 Mauriceau, F. 145 Maydell, E. 603, 633R Mayer, M. 790, 632R Mayer, O. 623 Mayne, E. B. 805 Mayo, C. H. 262, 653, 691R Mayrand, R. R. 855R Mead, T. H. 745 Meakin,). W. 649,690R Meakins,). C. 744 Means,). H. 255, 284R, 349R, 428, 555,

583R Means, W. 324 Meckel,). F. 156,172, 206R, 219, 237,

280R, 282R, 414, 705, 743 Medawar, Sir P. 560, 564, 565, 585, 679 Medinaveitis,). 395 Medvei, V. C. 72R, 240, 283R, 383R, 510,

540R, 616, 617, 619, 636R, 639, 642, 653, 671, 687R, 688R

Mehuman 32 Meier, A. H. 603, 633R Meier, R. 654, 691R Meige, H. 305, 313, 346R Meites,). 620-4,626,627, 637R Mendel, Gregor 273-5, 287R, 620, 772,

773, B777-8 Menendez, E. B. 757 Mensinga, W. P.). 354, 379R Mercado 272 Merck 453, 646 von Mering,j. 297,298,328,337, 345R,

456, 460-2, 492R,515, 772, 773, 779 Messalina 56 Mesue,). The elder 80 Metchnikoff, E. 707 Metropolitanski,). H. 694R Meyer,). 687R deMeyer,). 361,414,460, 492R, 769 Meyer-Steineg, T. 807 Michael, R. 595 Michalak, E. 601, 632R Mical 163 Michelangelo Buonar~tti 103, 107 von Michel,). 315

878

NAME INDEX

Miesche,). F. 769 Migeon, C.J. 632R,690R Mihalkovics, G. V. 303,346R Milgrom, F. 571,585R Milhaud, G. 635R Mill,). S. 470 Millard, C. K. 804 Miller, C. 658, 697R Miller, W. C. 409 Mills, I. H. 583R Mills,). N. 596, 632R Milne, M. D. 651,690R Milton, John 763 Minkowski, H. 778, 779 Minkowski, O. 297,298,309,314,328,

337,345R, 346R,347R,456,460-2,491R, 515, B778-9, 783

Minot, A. S. 664, 693R Mirbeck, Sieur 309 Mirsalis, T. 414,432R Mitchell,). R. A. 689R Mittler 627 Moebius, P.). 258,259,266,428, 435R,

772, 773, B779-80 Moeri, E. 414,432R Mohammed 33 Mohr, B. 262,264, 285R, 320, 348R Moliere,J-P. 142 Molinetti, A. 133,134, 147R, 178 von Monakow, C. 417, 433R Mondinus 93 Monguio, J. 395 de Montesquieu, C. 179, 327, 821 Montgomery, D. A. D. 688R Moody, R. O. 522 Moon, R. C. 377, 382R Moore, C. R. 217,405, 431R, 679, 696R Moore, R. A. 583R Moore, S. 74, 76R Morau, H. 561 M0rch,). R. 426, 435R Morgagni, G. B. 65,159,164,188, 206R,

208R, 215, 414, 513, 658, 697R, 772, 773, B780, 814

Morgan, B. A. 638R Morgan, D. B. 688R Morgan, T. H. 274,287R Morisette, J. 689R Morris, C.J. O. R. 648,690R Morris, C. W. 606, 633R Morris, H. R. 638R Morris, P.). 586R Morris, R. T. 369-72, 381R, 499, 772, 773 Mortimer, C. H. 582R, 692R Mortlake, G. M. 803 Morton, L. T. 736 Morton, R. 130,147,298,616, 636R Moschion 61, 145 Moses 20,30

Mosinger, M. 418,419, 433R, 481, 495R Moskovitz, P. 498R Motulsky, A. G. 275,276, 287R, 288R, 701 Moussu, G. 484, 497R de Mowbray, R. R. 690R Mueller, E. E. 692R von Mueller, F. 258,259, 285R Mueller, H. 265, 286R Mueller,). 47,132,154,155,176,216,223,

224,270,279, 28lR, 286R, 341, 365, 752, 772, 773,B781-2, 788,813,814

Mueller, W. 303,346R Mueller-Hess, H. G. 360, 380R Muenster, 114R,170 Muirhead, A. L. 235, 282R, 476, 646 Muller, W. H. 208R,274 Mullin, B. R. 573, 586R Mullins, N. C. 394,395, 429R Mulon 241 Mummenthaler, A. 155 Munday, M. 698R Mundy,). 730 Munger, 163 Munro, R. L. 586R Murlin,). R. 460,461,470,471,607 Murphy, E. A. 54lR Murray, George Redmayne 266, 267,

286R,292-6,327,333,338,344R,345R, 359,646,755,772,773, B782

Murray, Ian 454,462,466, 48lR Murset, G. 498R Musitano, C. 189, 210R Mussy, G. 268 Myers, C. S. 517, 540R, 688R

Nabarro,). D. N. 632R, 648, 650, 690R, 692R

Naegeli, K. W. 778, 815 Naffziger 643 Naftolin, F. 631R, 697R Nagayama, T. 349R Nageire, C. 689R Nair, R. Y. G. 582R Nakabayashi, N. 586R Nakao, K. 632R Napoleon I 339,734 Napoleonlll 710,717 Nardone, G. E. 361,380R Narses 71 Nasse, C. F. 273, 287R Naunyn, Bernard 297,298,343, 345R, 456,

772, 773, 779, 782, 783 Navratil, E. 770 Nedjmet, Queen 22 Needham, Joseph 15, 17R, 85, 86, 94R,

180,182,195,519, B784,800 Needham,). T. 181, 208R, 209R, B783--4 Negrier 361 Negrin, Juan 394, 429R

879

NAME INDEX

Nehemiah 29 Neher, R. 554, 584R, 689R, 791, 822 Neisser, A. L. S. 359, 380R Nelson, D. H. 637R, 649, 690R Nelson, M. M. 618, 636R Nelson, W. D. 692R Nerup,J. 586R Nestorius 79 Nettleship, Edward 320 Neuburger, Max 153, 206R, 714, 808,

B857-9 von Neusser, E. 707 Newns, G. D. 644, 689R Newsholme, Sir A. 441,489R Nicholson, W. E. 63IR,854R Nicolaus, Salernitanus 93 Nicoll, G. S. 603, 627, 633R Niepce, A. 325, 348R Nieschlag, E. 586R Noah 34 Nobile, A. 691R Noble, E. C. 460, 468, 469, 493R, 710 Nodine,]. H. 636R Noeggerath, E. 359, 380R Noel, G. L. 309, 346R, 633R Nofretari, Queen 22 von Noorden, C. H. 456, 492R, 731 Nordaw, Max 243,283R Norris, G. W. 606, 633R Norris, H. 252, 284R von Notthaft, A. 258, 285R Nothmann, M. 664, 693R Nothnagel, C. W. 282,456, 492R, 707, 731 Noyes, H. D. 455, 456, 491R Noyes, J. H. 443, 489R Nuernberg, A. 421 Nung, Shan 189 Nussbaum, M. 217,222, 280R, 338, 815

Oberling, C. 653, 691R Oberndorer, S. 609, 634R Obersteiner, H. 707 Obolensky,]. 221, 280R, 338, 475,476,

493R,499,511,512,521,646 O'Brien, C. 305, 306 Oesterreicher 267 Ogawa, Olivia 643R, 695R Ogle,]. W. 230,239 Ohno, S. 201 Ojeda, S. R. 637R Oldberg, E. 611,635R Oldham, F. K. 481,495R Oldham,]. 817 Oliver, George 163,219,230,300,324-35,

336, 349R, 479, 480, 482, 494R, 496R, 499, 620, B784-5, 795, 823

Onan 31,34 van Ophuisen, J. H. W. 420, 433R Opie, E. L. 298,328,337, 345R, 457, 492R

Oppenheim, H. 305, 322 Orci, L. 586R Ord, W. M. 246, 247 Orestes 47 Orias, Oscar 627,757 Oribasios 62, 71 Orloff, M.]. 328,349R Orth, D. N. 63IR, 649, 652 Orth,J. 690R,691R Ortoloff, of Bavaria 145 Osler, Sir William 235, 269,276, 282R,

350R, 736, 821 Oswald, A. 257, 285R, 421, 422, 434R Ott, P. 482, 496R Otto, H. 241,667, 694R Ovidius Naso, P. 78, 78R, 684 Owen, R. 198, 211R, 278, 288R Owen, R. D. 354, 355, 357

Paal, H. 426, 435R Paean 40 Pagel, ]. 857 Pagel, W. 858 Pal, Jacob 652, 691R Palkovits, M. 638R Palmer,]. F. 197 Palthauf, R. 703, 712 Panacea 40 Pancoast, W. 660 Pandian, M. R. 691 R Panizza 770 Papanicolau, G. N. 361, 380R, 397, 473 Papaspyros, N. S. xiv, 45, 69R, 94R, 148R,

207R Paracelsus (Aurelius Theophrastus

Bombastus von Hohenheim) 98, 113R, 170, 252,284R, 703, 772, 773, B785-6, 807

Pare, Ambroise 72,90,110,112,145,238, 267, 282R, 719, B786-7, 798

Parfitt, A. M. 549, 582R Parke, L. 692R Parke-Davis 482,516 Parker, G. H. 341,350R Parkes, Sir A. S. xvi, 398--400, 403--10, 412,

413,430R, 431R, 478, 502, 777,818 Parry, C. H. 159, 160,259,513, 772, 773,

B787 Parson, W. 498R Pastan, I. H. 582R Pasteels,]. L. 544, 581R, 627 Pasteur, L. 466, 479, 755 Pastrana, Julia 241, 242 Paton, Noel 231,282R Patry, F. 309 Paul, F. T. 322 Paul of Aegina 72, 72R, 80, 111 St. Paul 804 Paulesco, N. C. 315,316, 347R, 387, 393,

880

NAME INDEX

454,462-70,479, 493R, 620, 772, 773, B787-8

Pauli, F. P. 262,285R Paulkovics, E. 533, 542R Paulsen, C. A. 656, 692R Paulsen, J. 474 Pavlov, l. P. 341, 350R, 604 Pavy, F. W. 456,492R Pawan, G. L. S. 648, 690R Pawlik, W. 638R Payne, N. N. 698R Pearce, R. G. 492R Pearse, A. G. E. 604, 609, 633R, 634R, 635 Pechet, M. M. 648, 689R, 691R Pechkranz, S. 320, 348R Pencharz, R. I. 408,431R Pende, N. 8, B788 Pendred, V. 267,286R Pentecost, B. L. 670, 695R Pepe, F. A. 583R Pepys, Samuel 144 Peremeshko 480, 495R Perez, A. 775 Pericles 42, 43 Perkins,]. P. 634R Perlman, P. L. 691R Perloff, W. H. 618 Persephone 39 Peter III, of Aragon 189, 812 Petersen, K. 663, 693R Peterson, B. 607,634R Peterson, R. E. 696R Petit, J. L. 173, 207R Petrarch 719 von Pettenkofer,]. 734 Petters, W. 455, 491R Pezard 204 Pfiffner,].]. 476, 494R, 517, 646, 689R,

822 Pflueger, E. F. W. 222,338,361,365,371,

613, B788-9 Pharez 34 Phenekos, C. 582R Phidias 43 Philip the Fair 189 Philipp, E. E. 693R Phineas 34 Phoenix, C. H. 696R Piccolomineus, A. 109, 114R, 821 Pick, E. P. 749 Pickering, G. W. 752 Piliero, S.]. 632R Pilkington, T. R. E. 633R Pimstone, P. L. 636R Pincus, G. 448, 532-4, 542R, 627 Pindar 42 Pinel, P. 170 Pinero, H. G. 756 Pines, l. L. 480, 495R

Pirie, A. H. 310 Pirke, K. M. 697R Pitcairn, D. 699 Pitcairn, W. 699 Pitman, H. 239 Pitt-Rivers, R. 421-5,427,428, 434R,

435R,478,540, 556,645 Pitts, R. F. 486,497R Place, Francis 354, 355, 444, 490R Planck, Max 797 Plato 43, 45, 46, 49, 272 Platt, Professor 776 Platter, Felix 109, 114R, 167, 772, 773,

B789 Playfair,J. H. C. 585R Pliny 55, 56, 58, 65, 75, 99, 110, 240, 360,

B789 Plummer, H. S. 262, 285R, 423, 426, 434R,

435R, 513, 540R, 641, 688R Plutarch 63 Plzak, L. 632R Podalirios 40 Polak, J. M. 634R, 635R Polani, P. 686 Polik, H. 634R Poll, H. 219,280R Pollard, J. 679 Polley, H. F. 517,540,541, 689R Polo, Marco 15, 18R, 85 Pool, F. L. 383R Popa, G. T. 163, 207R, 304, 346R, 481,

495R, 496R, 544, 746, 747 Popp,J. 633R Popper, Karl 417 Popys, Sir L. 701 Pordage, S. 138, 148R Porter, R. R. 163, 586R Potiphar 32 Pott, P. 360, 380R, 499, 699, 758 Pottenger, F. 503 Potter, Beatrix 185 Potvin, R. 431R Poulsen,]. E. 586R Pouplard, A. 587R Power, M. H. 605, 633R Powers, S. R. 691R Pozza, G. 634R Pozzi, G. l. 133, 176, 178, 208R Prader, A. 498R Pratt,]. P. 382R Pratt, O. E. 634R, 695R Praxagoras 52 Preger, L. 498R Prenant, A. 366,373,374, 381R, 448, 449,

490R Preuss,]ulius 32,35,36,49-51, 53R, 69R Prevost,]. L. 253, 254, 270, 284R, 286R,

529 Price, Dorothy 628,679, 696R

881

NAME INDEX

Prionneau 376 Prior, Dr. 816 Pritchard, M. M. L. 303,480,481, 485R Prochaska, G. 213, 279R, 341, B790 Pronove, P. 691R Prosser, T. 189,21OR Prout, Wm. 175,191, 210R, 376, 382R, 455 Prunty, F. G. 237, 239 Puah 30 Puech, A. 364, 381R Purnell, D. C. 694R Purves, H. D. 574, 586R Puschmann, T. 807,808 Pusey, W. M. 444, 489R Pythagoras 41, 45

Querido, A. 509, 539R, de Quervain, F. 254, 284R, 512

Raab, W. 382R Raacke,). D. 520,524, 541R Rabelais, F. 98 Raben, M. S. 654, 691R Race, R. R. 211R Rachel 29, 30 Racovitza 47 Radcliffe, ] ohn 173 Rafael, ofUrbino 103 Rahere 56 Raith, L. 583R Raiti, S. 644, 689R Ramazzini, B. 154 Rambaud, G. C. 302 Ramon Y Cajal, S. 480, 495, 774 Ranby,]ohn 135 Randall, S. S. 425, 745 Rannsley, K. 688R Rao, R. 693R von Rapp, W. 249 Rasmussen, E. 486, 498R Ratcliffe,). G. 582R,695R Rath, C. E. 632R Rathke, M. H. 303, 346R, 480, 495R Ratner 627 Ratter, Sally). 637R Rauber, A. A. 815 Ravazzola, M. 586R Ray, A. W. 692R Rayner, P. F. O. 172 Raynalde, T. 798 de Reaumur, R. A. F. 799 Rebecca 34 Recant, L. 634R von Recklinhausen, F. D. 175, 207R, 267,

311, 456,485, 492R, 497R Redding, T. W. 582R Redfield, A. C. 492R Rees, L. H. 583R, 637R, 638R, 650, 690R,

695R

Refetoff, S. 631R Regley, L'abbe 180 Rehn, L. 258, 285R Rei, The Lady 22 Reichlin, S. 417,433R Reichstein, Tadeus 477,478, 494R, 517,

688R,689R, 752, 767,B790-3, 822 Reid, A. 140 Reid,]. 669, 695R Reifenstein, E. C. 486, 488, 498R Reinhard, F. 20 Reinke, F. 405, 431R Reiss, Max 421, 434R, 712 Reiss, R. S. 689R Reissmann, K. R. 600, 632R Remak, R. 278 Rennie 460, 492R Renold, A. E. 689R Ressler, C. 496R Retzius, M. G. 794 Reverdin, A. 248, 283R Reverdin,). L. 248, 761 Reynold,). R. 234, 235 Reynolds,]. B. 444 Rhazes (AI Razi) 80 Rhode, A. 135 Rhone-Poulenc 665 Ribera 243 Richerand 154,206R Richet, Ch. 509, 539R Richter, C. P. 590 Riddle, Oscar 197, 211R, 410, 411, 432R,

529,531,563,602,677,792,793,826 Ridley, H. 140,483 Riedel, B. M. K. L. 268, 286R Rieger 683R Rillet, F. 191, 21OR, 255, 284R, 512, 541R

620 Rimington, C. 643, 688R Ringer, S. 782 Riolan, The Elder 133, 147R Riolan, Jean the Younger 121, 125, 133,

140, 749 Rittell, W. 582R Rivelli 361 Rivier,]. 582R Robbins,]. 425,434R Roberts, A. 555, 583R, 688R Roberts, C. W. 496R Robertson, H. E. 60S, 633R Robertson,]. D. 726 Robertson,]. M. 444 Robin, C. P. 374,382R Robin, E. D. 695R Robinson, G. A. 582R, 607, 634R Robinson, R. 405, 688R, 727 Robinson, V. 405,431R Rock, John 532 Rodriguez, C. 689R

882

NAME INDEX

Roe, H. V. 806 Roegel, F. 594 Roentgen, W. C. 359 Roesel 185 Roeslin, E. 145,798 Roger of Palermo 93, 189 Rogerius Salemitanus 111 Rogoff, J. M. 240, 283R, 332, 350R, 394,

476,493R,514,821 Rogowitsch, N. 323,348 Rohde, W. 697R Roitt, I. M. 571,585R Roizin, L. 417,433R von Rokitansky, C. 316 Rolfink, W. 128 Rolleston, Sir Humphrey D. xiii,S, 13R,

113R, 130, 135, 141, 146R, 147R, 148R, 206R, 207R, 208R, 217, 230, 235, 237, 258, 263, 277, 279R, 283R, 285R, 286R, 303-6, 311, 345R, 347R, 394, 405, 430R, 492R, B791-3

Rollo,john 175, 208R, 455, 491R Romano, S. 633R Romberg, M. H. 668 Romeis, B. 426, 435R, 481, 495R Rondelet, G. 298, 345R Root, C. A. 471,692R de Rose, J. 696R Rose, j. C. 632R Rose, N. R. 586R Rosen, S. H. 514,540R Rosenback, O. 268 Rosenberg, E. 627, 690R Rosenbloom, J. 362, 380R, 442 Rosenkilde, N. 695R Rosenmueller,j. C. 375,382R Rossi, P. 187 RothbaUer, A. B. 637R Rothen, A. 495R Rothwell, Nancy J. 695R Rouillier, C. A. 540R Roussy, G. 377, 382R, 418-20, 433R, 481,

495R,775 Rowan, W. 198 Rowe, L. W. 496R, 695R Rowlands, I. 413 Rowlandson, T. 310 Rownstein, M. J. B. 638R Rownuee, L. G. 236, 515, 540R, 822 Roy, C. S. 791 Roy, P. 313,347R Rubens, P. P. 137 Rubin, A. A. 695R Rubin, I. C. 45, 360, 380R Rubin, S. 95R Rubinstein, H. 742 Rudolphi, K. A. 781 Rueff,j. 145 Ruemke, P. 579, 586R, 587R

Rufener, C. 586R Ruffer, M. A. 22, 24R, 63, 69R Rufus of Ephesus 71,80, 163, B793 Ruiz, C. L. 663, 665, 693R Rush, B. 722 Rushig, H. 368, 381R, 431R Russell, Bertrand xv Russell,J. A. 563,584R Russell, M. 594 Ruttgers,]. 354, 446, 490R Ruysch, F. 7, 115, 135, 154 Ruzicka, L. 405, 431R, 687R, 718, 790 Ryan, W.]. 399,430R Ryhage, R. 635R Ryle, A. P. 581R, 694R Ryle, john 726

Sabo, E. F. 648,689R Sacchi, E. 158,316, 347R Saenger, Max 773 Saffran,Murray 544, 581R,622,627, 636R Sahyun, M. 664, 693R Saint-Hilaire, E. G. 155, 206R, 220, 280R,

814 Saint-Yves, C. 159,262,706 Saito, A. 855R Sajous, C. E. de M. 9, B859 Saladin 84 Salmon, P. R. 609, 634R Salmon, W. D. 655, 692R Salter, W. T. 425,434R Samaan, N. A. 670, 695R Samols, E. 608, 634R Sampson, H. 239, 240 Samuel 35 Samuels, L. T. 688R Samuelson, B. 635R Sanctorius 130, 141 Sand, K. 625, 637R, 819 Sandison, A. T. 21, 24R, 27R, 68R Sandler, Iris 183, 185, 186, 209R Sandstrom, I. V. 278, 288R, 343, 458, 484,

737, B792-4 Sanger, F. 581R, 667, 694R Sanger, M. 445, 490R, 534, 804 Sanger, R. 211 R, 545 Santorini, G. D. 303, 346R, 780 Sarrett, L. H. 646, 689R, 691 R Sassin,]. P. 632R Sattler, E. 266,286R Saturn 40 Saucerotte, N. 306,309, 346R Saussure, H. B. 170 Sawyer, C. H. 696R Sayers, Dorothy L. 686 Sayers, G. 517,524, 541R, 822 Schaap,]. 694R Schade, S. D. 625, 637R, 669, 695R Schadt, D. C. 694R

883

NAME INI

Schally, A. V. 544, 581R, 582R, 585R, 620, 621,627, 635R, 636R, 638R, 696R, 747

Scharrer, B. 414,417,419,420, 432R, 433R,597, 628,632R

Scharrer, E. 414,417,419,420, 432R, 433R, 434R, 482, 496R, 597, 628, 632R

Schauta, F. 362, 369, 452, 703, 732 Schenk,). T. 176,208R Schering 718 Schiefferdecker 416,432R Schiff, M. 248,249, 283R, 293, 314, 337,

347,455,491R, 755, 761, B795-6 Schindler, o. 689R Schlichtkrull 663, 693R Schloffer, H. 322, 348R Schmidlin 554, 822 Schmidt, R. 707 Schmiedeberg,]. E. O. 515,769 Schneeberg, N. G. 636R Schneider, C. V. 65, 69R, 138, 413 Schoeller 400 Schoenemann, A. 304, 346R Schoenwetter, H. P. 214, 237, 297R Schotte 235 Schreiber 627 Schroeder, R. 361 Schroedinger, E. 339, 350R, 613, 635R,

B796--7 Schroetter von Kristelli, L. 707 Schuleman, W. 521 Schulster, D. 585R Schultze, P. 230, 281R, 814 Schur,Max 616,617,619,635R Schuster, E. 482,496R Schwann, T. 223 Schwartz, T. B. 399 Schwartz, W. B. 854R von Schweidler, E. 796 Schweiger-Seidel, F. 270, 287R Schwimmer, W. B. 587R Scommegna, A. 693R Scott, E. L. 460,469, 492R, 493R Scott,]. C. 482,496R Scott, Katherine]. 522,523, 541R Scott, Sir Walter 670 Searle, C. E. 643, 689R Searle, G. D. Ltd. 532 Seftel, H. C. 497R Segal, D. 628,637R Segal, S.). 692R Seidell, A. 427,435R Seipel, C. M. 704, 794 Seitz, L. 703 Sekeris, C. E. 584R Seligmann, C. G. 21,24R Seltman, C. W. 52R Selye, H. 410, 432R, 486, 497R, 598, 599,

617,624, 632R, 637R, 712, 792, B797-8, 822

Semon, Sir Felix 249,283R Senac,].-B. 176,208R Sequeira,). H. 242,241, 282R, 283R, 821 Serrano 293, 294 Sertoli, E. 403 Setchell, B. P. 146R Severino, M. A. 135 Severus, EmperorCaius). V. M. 310 Sganarelle 142 Shai, F. 695R Shakespeare, William 137,670,803 Shanahan, M. F. 587R Shanks, R. G. 689R Shapiro, S. L. 693R Sharpey, Wm. 784, 795 Sharpey-Schaefer, Sir E. A. 6, 7, 230, 290,

300, 305,324-34,336--40, 342,343,346R, 347R,350R,363,373,374, 377,379, 382R, 385,387,388,390,396,460,479,480, 492R, 494R, 499, 501, 613, 620, 677, 741, 776, 777, 778, 792, 793, B795, 800, 812, 823

Shattock, S. G. 403, 431R Sheldon,). H. 618,619, 636R Shemaikin, A. I. 638R Shenkin, H. H. 637R Shenkman, L. 582R Shennung 15 Sherrington, Sir C. S. 342, 570 Shi-Chen, Li 87 Shimeah 35 Shipley, A. M. 691R Shippen, W.]r. 722 Shirrah 30 Shore, T. W. 304 Short, R. V. 112, 114R, 122, 129, 148R,

200,201, 211R, 274, 490R, 536, 538, 542R, 677

Schumacker, H. H. 147R, 179, 208R Shuster, S. 498R Shu-Wei, Hsu 88 Shyrock, R. A. 722 Sibley, S. W. 230, 235 Sicker, H. O. 695R von Siebold, C. T. 242, 283 Sigerist, H. W. 807 Silber, R. H. 691R Silva, L. L. 663, 693R Silverman, S. H. 690R Silverstrini, F. 692R Silvius,). 104, 123,811 Simmer, H. H. 122,138,139, 146R, 148R,

361,364,369,371-3,380R,381R,382R, 413,447,452,454,490R,491R,732,8oo

Simmler, J. 109 Simmonds, M. 324, 348R, 349R, 407 Simmonet 406 Simon, John 52, 53R, 175, 178 Simonsen, D. G. 427,435R

884

NAME INDEX

Simpson,). Y. 219, 280R Simpson, M. E. 409, 431R, 517, 523, 524,

541F Simpson, S. A. 554, 582R, 583R, 647,

689R, 791, 822 Simpson, Mrs. S. A. 727 Sims,). M. 357-9,361, 380R, 499, 712 Sims, K. 635R Singer, C. 146R,722 Singer, F. R. 696R Sinn, L. G. 634R Sipple,). H. 654, 691R Sisson, W. R. 315, 347R Sjoerdsma, A. 691R Sjovall, ). 635R Skoda,J. 707,770 Slater, J. D. H. 698R Slimser, C. R. 682, 696R Slocum, C. H. 517, 540R, 541 R, 689R,

822 Slotta, K. H. 368, 381R, 402, 431R van Slyke, D. D. 424,744 Smith, D. C. 637R Smith, D. W. 498R Smith, Edwin 20 Smith, G. Elliot 22, 24R Smith, H. L. 541R,689R Smith, Homer 751 Smith, I. P. 347R Smith, John 7 Smith, L. F. 581R,694R Smith, P. E. 315,320,323, 347R, 348R,

386,407-9,411, 431R, 432R, 500, B518-19, 522, 523, 541R, 562, 818, 821

Smith, P. H. 498R Smith, R. N. 642, 646, 688R, 689R Smith, T. W. 638R Snell, A. M. 474, 494R Snell, C. R. 637R Snider, M. E. 498R Soberg, M. 586R Sobotta, R. H.). 365,366, 381R, 448, 490R von Soemmering, S. T. 172,414,792,793 Soffer, L.]. 649,690R Socrates 43, 59 Soley 555 Solomon, D. H. 586R Solomon, I. L. 498R Sonnenschein, C. 697R Sophocles 42 Soranos 43--5, 51, 61, 62, 66, 145, 358,

B798 Sorrentino, S. 193,21OR Soule, J. 443 Southwell, R. 143 Souza-Leite,]. D. 30&-8, 313, 346R Spallanzani, L. 118,179,180,182-8, 209R,

270,403,660,743,783, B798-9 Spaulding, C. A. 698R

885

Speidel, C. C. 417, 433R, 482, 496R Spence, A. W. 514,649,650, 688R, 689R,

690R Sprague, G. R. 690R Spiegelberg, O. 365 Spigelius, A. 109, 821 Spurzheim, J. C. 221 Squibb & Son 424 Srebnik, H. H. 618, 636R Ssobelew, L. W. 298, 337, 343, 345R,

351R, 457, 461 Ssu-Hui, Hu 86 Stadelmann, E. 455,456, 491R, 783 Stahl, F. 697R Stanbury, J. B. 256, 284R Starling, ErnestH. 7,254,339,340,341,342,

343, 350R, 361, 368, 380R, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 393R, 399, 420, 429R, 432R, 460,461,462,501,509,604, 613,633R, 662,677,708,709,722,769,792,793, B799-801,813

Starling, S. 632R Staub, A. 608, 634R Stebbins, P. C. 587R Steele, E.]. 379, 678,679, 697R Steele, S. J. 692R Steiger, M. 477, 494R, 688R Stein, M. 449, 490R Steinach, E. 220,221, 280R, 338, 342,

350R, 351, 395,404, 414,431R,449, 502, 677, 696R, 740, B801

Steinbach, H. L. 498R Steiner, A. L. 654, 691R Steinheim, S. L. 484, 496R Stellwag von Carlon, C. 267 Stenkvist, B. 609, 634R Stensen, Niels 112,121,127-9,140, 148R,

483 Stephan us 115 Steptoe, Patrick 659, 660 Sternberg, Max 310,313,318, 347R Stevenson, I. 386, 508 Stewart, G. N. 230,240, 281R, 283R, 332,

350R, 394, 476, 493R, 821 Stewart, I. 680, 698R Stewart, J. J. S. 201, 203, 498R Stewart, R. D. H. 575, 586R Stilling, H. 232, 282R Stock, M. J. 695R Stockard, C. R. 361, 380R, 397, 417, 433R,

473,493R Stockham, A. 444, 489R Stoeckel, W. 733 von Stoerck, A. 740 Stoerk, H. C. 691R Stohlman, F.Jr. 601,632R Stokes, W. 266, 286R, 513, 738, 792, 793,

B802 Stolz, F. 6,343, 351R

NAME INDEX

Stone, H. M. 445, 490R Stone, J. C. 633R Stopes, Henry 802 Stopes, Marie 49, 353, 438, 443, 446, 489R,

B802-7 StoPles-Roe, H. V. 806 Stopes-Roe, M. 804 Story,]. B. 320,348R Strabo 46, 53R Strauss, E. B. 733 Stricker, P. 409,410, 431R, 711 Stricker, S. 711 Struempell, E. A. G. G. 779 Stumme, E. 323, 348R, 407 Stumpf, J. 109, 170 Sturge, Mary 755 Sturges, G. 442, 443, 446 Sturla, E. 696R Startevant, A. H. 274, 287R Suda, T. 638R Sudhoff, K. F. J. 52, 93, 95R, 101, B807-8 Sudmundsson, T. V. 498R Suessmilch, P. 154 Suetonius 63, 68R Suh, H. K. 633R Suner, A. l. 394 Sun Ssu-Mo 17,86,189 Surridge, D. H. C. 689R Susanna, V. 349R Susman, W. 511,540R Sutherland, E. W. 564, 582R, 584R, 607,

620, 634R, 635R Sutherland, H. 855 Sutherland,]. 680,698R Sutton, H. G. 739 Sutton, W. S. 275,287R Swammerdam, Jan 115, 116, 124, 184, 185,

529, 738 Swan,]. M. 496R Swanzy, H. R. 306 van Swieten, G. L. B. 357, 713, 740 Swift, Dean 197 Swinburne, Algernon Charles 803 Swingle, W. W. 476, 494R, 822 Swyer, C. I. M. 535 Sydenham, T. 142 Sylvius (Frans dela Boe) 134, 140, 141,

236,237,738 Szymonowicz, L. 330,331, 349R, 620, 823

Tadeisnik, S. 637R Tait, J. F. 554, 583R, 647, 689R, 791,822 Tait, L. 512,540R Taka Hara,J. 585R Takaku, T. 632R Takamine,J. 6,343, 351R Takeda, Y. 573 Talesnik 627 Talmage, R. V. 486,497R

Talwar, G. P. 579,580, 587R, 691R Tamari, I. 819 Tambach, R. 257,285R Tamburini, A. T. 258,285R Tandler,]. 75, 76R, 78R, 200, 203, 211R,

304,322,346R, 348R, 671, 695, B808-9 Tangl 811 Tanner,]. M. 655, 692R Tarquini, B. 633R Taruffi 313 Tasler, J. 638R Tatum, A. L. 257, 285R Taubmann, G. 664,693R Tawei, Ch'ang 16 Taylor, l. E. 232,282R Taylor, N. B. 492R Taylor, R. M. 694R Taylor, S. 646, 688R Taylor, S. A. 689R Teasdale, G. M. 583R,695R Tee!, H. M. 409,431R T eiresias 684 Tello, F. 480,495R Temin, H. 679 Temkin, O. 69R Temple, T. E. 690R Teng, C. S. 573,586R T ertullian 52 Testa, A. 159,259 Thales 40 Thamar 29,31,34 Thayer, S. A. 687R Thayer, W. S. 235, 400, 430R, 499 Theodoric 718 Theophrastos ofEphesos 59 Thorn, W. 481,495R Thomas, Briony J. 695R Thomas, I. D. 688R St. Thomas, Aquinas 99 Thompson, Dorothy B. 44, 53R Thompson, F. D. 323,349R Thompson, G. E. 587R Thompson,].]. 746 Thompson, R. L. 794 Thompson, St. Clair 658, 697R Thompson, W. O. 506 Thomson, D. L. 410, 432R, 517, 541R Thomson,]. A. 582R, 677, 689R, 695R,

696R Thor, P. 638R Thorn, G. W. 476--8, 494R, 583R, 647, 649,

690R, 688, 689R Thorne, M. G. 690R Thorner, M. O. 633R, 655, 692R Thorson, A. 609, 634R Thukydides 43 Tiberius 775 Tichomiroff, A. 220, 280 Tietze-Conrat, E. 18R, 63, 69R, 74

886

NAME INDEX

Tigerstedt, R. A. A. 416,567, 585R, 600, 632R, B809-1O

Tillaux, P. J. 658, 697R Tillinger, G. 657, 692R Timaeos 45 Tine!, J. 653, 691R Tischler, M. 689R Tise!ius, Professor 466 Tissot, S. A. 734 Titus 56 Tizard,J. P. M. 314, 347R Todd 74 Tolksdorf, S. 691R Tomlin, Susan 638R, 650, 690R Toply, R. V. 857 Torup, S. C. F. 367 Trajan 61 Trail, R. T. 443 Trauner 383R Treip, C. S. 581R Trelawney, Elizabeth 771 Trembley, Abraham 799 Trentin, J.]. 636R Trevorrow, V. 425 Trincavella, V. 141 Troisier, M. 456, 492R Trommer, C. A. 455,491R Trotula 92 Trousseau, Armand 226,229,232,262,

265, 266, 268, 269, 281R, 282R, 286R, 484, 496R, 513, 738, B810-11

Truelove, E. 357 Truszkowski, R. 477, 494R von Tschermak, E. 778 Tschirsch 256 Tucker 472 Tuffier, M. T. 371, 382R Tunbridge, W. M. G. 582R Turner, B. B. 515, 540R Turner, C. W. 636R Turner, D. 144 Turner, H. H. 488, 498R Turner,J. M. W. 738 Tutankhamun, Pharaoh 23 Tuthmosis IV, Pharaoh 22 Tyler, A. 586R Tyler, E. T. 586R Tyler,]. M. 634R Tynearson, E. H. 477,494R Tzetzes 43

Udenfried, S. 691R Uedel, A. 694R Ulpianus 111 Underhill, F. D. 663,693R Underwood, L. E. 584R, 692R Ungar, G. 664, 693R Unger, F. 777 Unger, R. H. 607, 634R, 635R

Urban V, Pope 719 Usadel, K. H. 586R Ustay, K. A. 587R Ustiin, Z. 688R

VaiIlard, Louis 456, 491R Vale, W. 582R,635R de Valera, Eamon 797 Valescus de Taranta 90,91, 189 Vallisnieri, Antonio 798 Valsalva, A. M. 135,237,780 Vaquez, L. H. 653,691R Varcot, G. 291,301,376 Varrier 359 Vassale, G. 316,343, 347R, 351R, 484, 497 Vaitukaitis, J. L. 587R Vaughan, H. 586R Vaughan, N.]. A. 698R Veit,]. 703 Velch, G. 178 Veler, C. D. 400 Velthuysen, Lambert 360 Vercelloni, J. 158, 206R Verga, A. 305,309,313, 346R Verzar, F. B811 Vesalius, A. 52,65,103-6,112,114,121,

131,365,731,792,793,810, B811 Vesey, W. T. 7 Vesling,J. 123 Vespasian 56 Vetter, A. R. 734 Victoria, Queen 715 Vieillard, C. B. 636 Vicq d'Azyr, F. 759 Vieussans, Raymond 140, 173, 207R, 305,

346R du Vigneaud, V. 482, 496R, 675, 695R Vijayan, E. 637R Villanova, Arnold of 90,91,189,190, B812 Villeneuve 301, 364 Vimont,J. 413,414, 432R Vincent, Swale 324,331-4, 349R, 351R,

363,379,385,387-94, 429R, 459, 475, SOl, 504,505,647,677,725, B812-13

da Vinci, Leonardo 102, 103 Vinil, A. V. 636R Virchow 215,220,222,270, 279R, 288R,

338, 668, 792, 793, B813-14 Vitruvius 110 Voegtlin, C. 484,485, 497R Vogel, F. 275,276, 287R, 288R Voght, E. 361 Vogt, M. 417,628,747 Voight, H.]. 697R de Voltaire, F. M. A. 783 Voronoff, Serge 342, 351R, 395, 404, 429R,

502, 776 de Vries, H. M. 274, 287R, 778

887

NAME INDEX

Vulpian, E. F. A. 215,231, 279R, 282R, 822

Vyazov, O. 586R

Wade, N. 620,621,623, 636R, 637R Wagner, A. 664,693R Wagner, L. 728 Wagner, R. 218,280R Wakeling, A. E. 585R Wakley, T. 354,444 Waldeyer-Hart, H. W. G. 365,381R Walker, G. 648,690R Wallach, S. 695R,696R Walsh, D. A. 634R Walus, K. 638R Wardle, W. R. 7 Warin, A. P. 609,634R Warren, S. 458,492R Wass,J. A. H. 655,656, 692R Watanabe, C. K. 663, 664, 693R Waterhouse, W. D. 292,344R Watkins,]. N. xvii de Watt, J. 786 Watts, G. 695R Wauchope, G. M. 633R Webb, Sidney 441 Webb-Johnson, Lord A. 726 Weber, F. P. 793 Webster, B. P. 284R, 641, 688R Wegelin,K. 512 Weichselbaum, A. 730 Weidenreich, F. 414,432R Weightman, D. 582R Weinhold, C. A. 354 Weinstein, G. L. 533 Weisman,A. F. L. 270,287R, 764, B814-16 Weissmann 678 Weitzman, E. D. 584R, 632R, 636R, 637R,

689R Welburn, A. B. 634R Welch, W. H. 511,520 Weldon, V. V. 690R Wells, C. 68R, 72, 76R Welsch, I. 633R Welsh, D. A. 344, 351R, 794 Wen, H. L. 638R Wendler, N. L. 647,689R Wenzel, C. 171 Wenzel,]. 171,172,174 Wepfer,].]. 305,346R Wermer, Paul 556,610, 635R Westphal, U. 402 Wettstein, A. 402,554, 689R, 791, 822 van der Weyden, Roger 136 Whaley, R. D. 695R Wharton, Thomas 121, 129, 130, 131, 132,

134,140,142, 147R, 175, 178, 194,483, 772, 792, 793, B816

Wheeler, H. L. 257, 285R, 425, 434R

Wheeler, T. D. 331,332, 349R, 475 Whipple, A. O. 606, 634R White, A. 517,524, 541R White, N. 633R White, W. H. 296, 323, 328, 333, 345,

348R White, W. P. 582R Whitehouse, R. H. W. 655,692R Whitman, Professor 531 Wickings, E.]. 586R Widal, G. F. 707 Wien, Max 796 Wiener, N. 420,433R Wiesel,]. 241,283R Wiggins, R. C. 698R Wilde, F. A. 353, 354, 379R Wilder,]. 634R Wilder, R. M. 605, 606, 633R Wilder, R. N. 477,494R Wiles, P. 410,432R Wilhelmi, A. E. 563, 584R Wilkins, L. 507,531,648, 690R Wilks, Bart., Sir Samuel 226,227,230,234,

235,263, 281R, 309, B816--17 William 1lI of Orange, King 136, 176 Williams, E. D. 498R,634R Williams, I. 688R Williams,]. A. 855R Williams, L. 392, 429R Williams, R. H. 675, 695R Williams, W. W. 500,514, 539R Williamson, O. 631,638R Williamson, R. J. 668, 694R Willis, R. 376, 382R Willis, Thomas xvi, 115, 135, 137-9, 141,

143, 148R, 154, 174,314, 376,413, 483, 658, 697R, 724, 771, 792, 793, B817

Willison, R. G. 689R Willmer, B. 189, 210R Wilson, E. B. 379,383R Wilson, G. M. 642, 688R Wilson, L. 579,587R Winand, R. 585R, 586R Windaus, A. 718 Winning, G. 689R Winter, C. A. 691R Wintersteiner, O. P. 402,517,646, 689R,

822 Wirsung,J. G. 123,124,727 Wirtinger, W. 707, 796 Wiseman, R. 136 Witebsk, E. 571, 585R Withof, I. P. L. 210R Witschli, E. 565, 584R de Witt, Lydia 469 Wittelsbach, Ernst of 786 Woelfler, A. 279,288R Wolff, C. 145 Wolff, C. F. 272,743

888

NAME INDEX

Wolff, F. 670, 695R Wonder, D. H. 408,431R Wong, Ming 27R Wood,E.]. 283R Wood, N. 296 Woodhouse, N.]. Y. 498R, 676, 696R Woodrow,]. C. 586R Woodstrup, I. 663, 693R Woolley, P. G. 240, 283R Wren, Sir C. 138 Wrenshall, G. A. xiv, 464 Wright, Dr. H. 443 Wright, S. 812 Wright,]. A. 201,294, 345R Wuensch, E. 608, 634R Wundt, W. 724 van Wyck,].]. 584R, 691R, 692R Wynder, E. 633R

Yalow, R. S. 543,556,563, 581R, 584R, 607, 621, 634R

Yarrell, W. 220, 280R Yeakel, E. H. 637R Yeo, P. P. B. 573,586R Young, F. G. 195,225,226, 281R, 297,

303, 345R, 502 Young, W. C. 696R Yule, Henry 241

889

Zacchaeus 35 Zachman, M. 351R,498R Zambrano, D. 581R Zanderm R. 414, 432R Zanichelli, G. 780 Zarah 34 Zavadovsky, B. M. 425,426, 435R Zavadovsky, E. V. 425,426, 435R Zawadski, A. 777 Zenon 62 Zeus, 40, 42, 684 von Ziemssen 762 Zeitlin,]. I. 524, 541 R Zipporah 30 Zollinger, R. M. 603,633R Zondek, Bernhard 399,400,402,406-9,

430R, 431R, 432R, 792, 793, B818-19 Zondek, Hermann xvi, 252, 284R, 342,

350R, 404, 409, 411, 431R, 671, 695R, B819--20

Zorzi, A. A. 187 Zuckerkandl. E. 703, 808 Zuckerman, Lord xvi, 160, 207R, 401, 405,

406 Zuelzer. G. L. 457,470, 492R Zwemer, R. L. 477, 494R Zwick, A. 634R

SUBJECT INDEX

abortefacients 60, 62 Hippocrates' rejection 62

abortion 17,51,81 abstinence in marriage 442 acetylcholine 415, 833 achondroplasia, dwarves in Egypt 20-2 acquired characteristics 678 acromegaly 303-14

aetiology 306, 307 in ancient Egypt 21,23 autobiography of a doctor, and

post-mortem 310,311 biblical 35 diagnosis from descriptions, Pierre

Marie 309,310 eosinophil, pituitary tumour 306 hypertrophy of hands, feet and face 307 Marie's disease 308 Norse settlers 74 operation on 322 pituitary enlargement 309 pituitary tumour 318 radiological sella and hand

enlargement 305 sculptures 31, 311 sella turcica 305,308,310,312 signs 311 sterility 74 synonyms 313 thesis by Pierre Marie 306, 307 thesis by Souza-Leite 307 thirst 306, 307 thymus 311,312 treatment 656 urine production 306, 309

aero-trophoneurosis 311 acupuncture 4, 16

electro-, in pain 630 and endorphins and enkephalins 829

Addison's disease see also bronzed disease Addison's paper rejected 235 amenorrhoea 577 auto-immunity 576, 577 inChile 236 collections of patients 233-5 comments by Wilks 233, 234 cortin in crisis 476 cortisol in crisis 647 diagnosed retrospectively 227 early descriptions 227-30 electrolytes 477 pigmentation 331 treatment

advances 646--8 attempts 235, 475 DCA pellets 477,478

Addison's keloid 701,702 Addison Lecture 502 Addison's treatise 227-30 adenopituicytes 481 Aderlass-Kalender (1462) 100 adrenal cortex

Addison's disease 477 in anencephaly 828 chronology of discovery 821, 822 cortical extract in Addison's disease 477

adrenal cortical extracts 475, 476 cortin 476 cost of 477 crystalline 477,478

891

SUBJECT INDEX

adrenal cortical extracts (conI.) effect in Addisonian crisis 477 epinephrine 476

adrenalectom y in pregnancy, effects of sex steroids 240,

241 adrenal hyperplasia, congenital (CAH) 241,

648,649 adrenaline 6, 230

discovery by Vulpian 216 adrenal medulla, chronology 822, 823 adrenals

'adrenals' preferable 237 adreno-cortical hypertrophy 232, 237 antitoxin 230, 231 cavity 237 compensatory hypertrophy 232 cortex, medulla distinction 237 emotional role 386 essential to life 230, 231, 330 excretory duct 135 fetal 133, 152 medullary secretions 386 multiple staining with FeCI3 215,216,

231 terminology 237 transplants 395 tumour 332 venous blood 216 see also suprarenals

adrenal tumours, cortical 648, 649; see also Cushing's syndrome

adrenal tumours, medullary see phaeochromocytoma

adrenocortical hyperplasia 157 adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

blind persons, rhythm 591 circadian changes 552, 553, 590, 599,

626 control of release 614,615 episodic secretion 552 excess 510 and feedback 553, 597 isolation and purification 517, 523 nykt-hemeral rhythm 597 and obesity 673 releasing factor 553 and rheumatoid arthritis 517 and sleep-wake cycle 592 and stress 597, 599, 626 structure 553

adreno-genital syndrome 406 early case-histories 238-44 early necropsy 239 caused by adreno-cortical hyperplasia 237 historical accounts 34 history of 232 rarer in boys 240

Akron experiment 500

Albright, Fuller 399,524-9 'do's and do nots' 525-7 honours 527 parkinsonism 525 sense of humour and antics 529, 530 studies 527,528

Albright's syndrome 529 alchemy

Chinese sources 85 and pharmacology 84

alcoholism, cushingoid symptoms 172, 631 aldosterone 647

isolation and synthesis 554, 647 suppression test 651

aldosteronism (Conn's syndrome) 554,650, 651

Alexandrian school 52 alkaptonuria 275, 276 AI-Mansur Hospital (Cairo) 84 amenorrhoea 33, 44, 238

and anorexia nervosa 66 and masculine appearance 61

amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea 536 and Hippocrates 658 and pituitary tumour 658

American Goitre Association 506 Transactions of 506

The Americans 499-539 approach to research 500

AMP, cyclic and hormone action 546, 567 second messenger 607,608

amphimixis 270 anaesthesia, hindu 25 Analyse Medicinale Du Sang 149 Anathomia of Mundi nus 93 anatomic injection 115 anatomists

Aquapendente 111 artists 102, 103 Columbus 107 Duerer 103 Eustachius 107, 108 Fallopio 104, 106 Knox's comments 103 Leonardo da Vinci 102, 103 Michaelangelo 103 Morgagni, pathological 159 Rafael 103 Vesalius 103--5

anatomy Anathomia of Mundinius 93 Anatomicae Praelectiones 109 De Humani Corporis Fabrica 109 De Re Anatomica Libri XV 107 discoveries ofEustachius 106--8 Galen 64 Manuall of the Anatomy or Dissection of the

Body, Gibson 140

892

SUBJECT INDEX

Recherches Anatomiques sur la Position des glandes 150

Tabulae Anatomicae, Casserius 107 Tabulae Anatomicae, Eustachius 107, 108

androgens active substances in female urine 406 capon-comb test 405 implants of pellets 405

androsterone crystalline isolation 405 prolonged injection into mandrill 406 synthesis 402

aneurysm caused by syphilis 112 discovery 64

angiotensins 601, 602 mechanism of action 567

animals early use 123 useof 559

anorexia nervosa 298,616-19 chronological table 823, 824 deficient secretion of pituitary

hormones 617,618 descriptions

Galen 66, 823 Gull 616 Soranos, sex associated 66, 823

hypothalamic dysfunction 617-19 symptoms 616,617

antagonistic factor 408 anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

antagonistic and synergistic factors 408 atrophy 324 chronological table 824-8 control 480 and genital hypoplasia 407 gonadotrophins 408, 409 insufficiency 616, 617 intraperitoneal injections 407 lactogenic hormone 409 male, ICSH 408 post-partum necrosis 325 properties of hormones 562, 563 septic puerperal infarction 324 and sex gland function 406, 407 transplants and precocious sexual

development in mice 407 anthrax, malignant; 'persian fire' 81 anthropophagi 11

ritual theophagy 11 antibodies 556

anti-sperm in female 577-80 tolerance 570 use of tagged 558

anti-diabetic substances, oral 663-70 beta-cytotrophic effects 668 biguanids 664 guanidins 663, 664

salicy lates 668, 669 sulphonamide derivatives 663, 667 sulphonureas 667 sulphonylurea, structure and action 667 synthalins 664, 665 thiodiazol derivatives 665 VK57 665, 666

anti-diuretic principle 479, 480, 482 Antidotarium (Salerno) 93 Antidotarium Florentinum 100 antigens 559

genetic controls of response 578,579 antigonadotrophic principles 413 aphrodisiacs 59 APUD cell series 604-9

derivation of name 604 arabic medicine 79-85

Greek basis 79 nestorian heretics 79, 80

Arabs arithmetic and chemistry 79 caliphate in Baghdad 80-5

Aristotle 45--51 and fertility control 49-51 view on reproduction 48, 49 works 46

arteriometer, invention 327 artificial insemination 118

AID 660 AIH 660 ethical and legal problems 661 papal encyclical against 359 by Sims 359 by Spallanzani 187, 188 suggested by J. Hunter 205

Ascheim-Zondek pregnancy test 400, 407 Association for the Study of Internal

Secretions 501 First Forty Years 501, 507 Lawson Wilkins' Presidential address,

1957 507 autacoids 7 auto-antibodies in Hashimoto's disease 571,

574 auto immunity 571

in Addison's disease 576 criteria 571, 572 in diabetes mellitus 571, 575, 576 and HLA type 577 in male infertility 571, 577-80 thyroid 571-4

A yur Vedic medicine 25--7

Babinski-Froehlich-Cushing's syndrome 319,320

Baghdad caliphate Ali-Ibn Abbas 81 AI-Razi 80, 81 hospitals 84, 85

893

SUBJECT INDEX

Baghdad caliphate (cont.) Ibn Sinna 81-3 physicians 80-5

Barr bodies 686 Bartter's syndrome, secondary

hyperaldosteronism 652 von Basedow's disease 266

and criticism 264 basilisk 676 basophil adenomas 510-11 Battey's operation 364 Bible

Jewish medicine 29-36 surgery 30

bioassays 523, 543 biographies 514-36,699-820,855-9 biological clock 590 birth control

abstinence in marriage 442 Medical Aspects of Birth Control 444 Medical Views on Birth Control 441 National Birth Control Association

(Britain) 443 National Birth Control League (USA) 445 reliable methods and poverty 445 safe and effective means 440 The State and Birth Control 441

Birth Control - Medical Advice 441 blindness, circadian rhythms 553 blood, constitution in arteries and veins 216 blood groups, ABO 276 (animal) blood transfusion 270 Blutdruesen (blood glands) 8, 155,223

sclerosis 376 Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and

Rage 386 Book of Changes, China 531 botium 111 Bradlaugh-Besant trial 357 brain

chronological tables 828, 829 integrating organ 130 mastergland 544 sex centres in rat hypothalamus 683 third ventricle 161

breast cancer and menopause 538 diseases of 167 hydatid disease 167 relation to womb 214,215

Brockman Bodies 460 bromocriptine 548,616

acromegaly treatment 656 hyperprolactinaemia-hypogonadism

syndrome 659 bronchocele 57, 72, 156; see also goitre

herniation from windpipe 136, 137 types 251

bronzed disease 226

named Addison's disease 232 bronzed skin, The Poet at the Breakfast

Table 223, 224 Buddhism 25 burning of Galen and Avicenna's works,

Paracelsus 98 By a Physician, the Fruits of Philosophy 356 Byzantine medicine 71,72

compilers 72 and Greek medicine 71 names for goitre 72

cachexia 519 strumipriva 249

CAH see adrenal hyperplasia, congenital calcitonin 487, 548

in Paget's disease 676 salmon 676 thyroid origin 675

cannibalism as organotherapy 11 W. B. Cannon's studies 507-9

and digestion 508 homeostasis 508, 509 and hunger 508

Canon Avicennae 81-3 mania for classification 82

capon-comb test 405 carbimazole 643 carcinoids

cause of signs 610 clinical 610 origin and alternative

name - argentaffinoma 610 castration

in animals (spaying) 8, 33, 195 and atrophy 364 biblical 32 and cerebellum, unilateral effect 221 China 15,83 domestication of animals 78 female 33 humans 8, 374 and nervous reflexes 214 pituitary enlargement 304, 322 'remote sympathies' 194 Skopzes 33 slaves 50, 77 technique in sows 363 see also eunuchs

Die Castration der Frauer 364 Catalyst Club 405 catecholamines 415

blockade 653, 654 epinephrine response to ~-type 653 norepinephrine response to a-type 653

cerebellum control of gonad function and sexual

behaviour 221 unilateral castration effects 221,413

894

SUBJECT INDEX

chalone 7 chemical messengers 340; see hormones Chemical Transmission of Nerve Impulses 341,

413 autonomic nervous system 416 catecholamines 415 du Bois Reymond 415 early history and acetylcholine 415 electro-chemical events at synapses 416 Les Transmissions Chimiques de l'Influx

Nerveux 415 secretion by neurons 416 Vagustoff 416

childbirth 42; see also pregnancy Chinese, ancient 15-17

coroners 16 drug use 16

Chinese, middle ages 85-9 dangerous elixirs 85 description of thyroid 86 hormone preparations 89,400 placenta and fertility improvement 88 seaweed and goitre treatment 86 three forms of diabetes 87 thyroid organotherapy 86 urinary therapy 88, 89

cholecystokinin, isolation and properties 611

chorionic gonadotrophin 408 chromatography 556

chroma to electrophoresis 559 column partition 558 paper 558

chromosomes determinants in linear series 271 disorders 488 reduction division 270

chronobiology laboratory, University of Minnesota 590

Chvostek's sign 484 circadian clock 553, 596 circadian rhythm 552,553,555,580,581,

616, 625 and age 591 corticosteroids at birth 553 DNA activity 590 in insects 597 variations in TSH, thyroid hormones and

prolactin 592, 593 circumcision

Egyptians 30 Jews

climacteric Maranon's theory 403 ovarian hormone role 403

Clinical Notes on Uterine Surgery 357, 358 clomiphene 566, 568

and anovulatory infertility 656, 657 citrate, synthesis 656

coitus interruptus 83, 99, 356 biblical 31

CoIlip, J. B., training and career 531 competition in research, assessment 620-4 conception

essentials to 358 favourable time 62 side-effects of control of 534, 535

condom 353,441 origin and history 144

congenital adrenal hyperplasia, treatment 648, 649

Conn's syndrome, treatment 650, 651 Constitution, The Power of(J. Hunter) 473,

474 The Constitutional Factor 472

and disease 472,473 constitution and selection 474 contraception

condemnation 62 Contraceptive Advice Station 445 Control of Conception 446 corpus luteum role 533 Haberlandt's failure of hormonal in

humans 453 handbills 355 Have as many children as you want 440 hormonal 449-51,454 Illustration and Proofi of the Principle of

Population 354, 355 mediaeval England 93, 94 Medical Aspects of, Committee 441 medical implications 2, 443 nineteenth century 353-7 the Oneida community 443, 444 'Pill' and Pincus 532, 533 The Practice ofContmaption 445 Practitioner special issue 439 Social Problems of Medicine 444 temporary sterilization, indications 453 Theory, History and Practice (Stopes) 443

contraceptives chemical 447,448 hormonal 448-50 prolonged lactation 448 requirements for ideal 447 VOLPAR preparations 447 white poplar and mule kidney 60 see also oral contraceptives, condom

contraceptive techniques 12 Aetios 63 analysis 439 ancient Egypt 23 A vicenna 82, 83 beeswax 438 cabbage 62, 83 Casanova's golden ball 438 clinical study (US) 442, 443 condom 144, 353

895

SUBJECT INDEX

contraceptive techniques (cont.) de Materia Medica 60 diaphragm 354, 446 goat bladder 63 Gynaecology of Sora nos 61,62 hindus 26 hot baths 81 infibulation 354 intrauterine device 536 Jews and Bible 31,32 opposition of Church 99 poisons 532, 533 primitive people 12 Rhazes 80 rhythm method 51 rubber cervical cap 353, 354 salt 81 Soranos 61 sponge 354, 355

The Control of Fertility 532 Corner, G. W., scientist and historian 529 corpus luteum 111

Born's theory off unction 366 descriptions

Fallopius 106 first 365 de Graaf 118,119,121,122 Harvey 121, 122 Malpighi 119,365

false and true 374 follicle rupture 365 Ludwig Fraenkel and Vilhelm

Magnus 122 and menstrual bleeding 371-3 ovulation suppression 366, 373, 449 pregnancy, functions 401 serial study in mice 365, 366 temporary suprarenal cortex 241 theories 365

corticosteroid periodicity 592, 593 corticotrophin release system 599 cortisol

in Addisonian crisis 637 in depression 420 synthesis 647

cortisone (compound E, F) 518,646 acetate 647

cost of publishing in 1830 166 cost of modern research 623 C-peptide 562 craniopharyngiomas 319 cretinism 109,169-71,221,245,701

description 200, 644, 645 de Generatione Stulforum 98 endemic in Chiselborough 252 goitre connection and Paracelsus 252 origin of word 170,251 treatment of hormone deprivation 644

Crises Hypertensives 652

Cushing, H. W. address to Association for the Study of

Internal Secretions (1921) 503, 504 St Bartholomew's Hospital, London 511

Cushing-Babinski-Froehlich's syndrome 319

Cushing's disease 510 alcohol-induced 631 circadian periodicity 591 Greek statue 44 treatment 649, 650

cytochemical bioassays 552

Dakin's solution 424 Sir Henry Dale Lecture 502 depression, Addison and 702 desoxycorticosterone (substance Q) 477,

478 side-effects 478

dexamethasone 566,652 and Zeitgeber 591

diabetes insipidus 3, 376 anti-diuretic principle 674 clinical aspects 174 defined by Frank 154,174 definition 674 and destruction of pituitary, posterior

lobe 479, 481 forms 376 nasal spray 675 nephrogenic 314,377,675 treatment advances 674, 675

diabetes mellitus Aetios'description 63 ancient China 16 Aretaeus'description 61,702 autoimmunity 571, 575, 576 Avicenna 82 Benedicts'tests 457 boils and carbuncles 174 Celsus 57 China, middle ages 86 coma 175, 456 detection by chemistry and

polaroscopy 175 Dobson's experiments 174, 454 and excesses 142 experimental phloridzin 297,298,456 Fehling's test 455, 456 furunculosis and tuberculosis 142 Galen 68 Gerhardt's test 455 and heredity 298, 299 hindu's sweet urine 26,27 hyaline degeneration of islet cells 457 insulin resistance 569 juvenile 575 Kussmaul's respiration 455 lipaemia 129

896

SUBJECT INDEX

lymphocyte toxicity 576 milestones to 459-62 multifactorial disorder 575, 576 obesity 672 origin of name 61 /3-oxybutyric acid 456 pancreas, pathology 175 pancreatic calculi 175 pancreatic extracts 328 Pary's modified Fehling's test 457 Paracelsus' studies 98 polyuria and polydipsia 314 post-infection 576 prolonged fasting 457 respiratory quotient 460, 466 Rhazes'description 80 sadness and grief 141,142 sugar tests 174 sweet serum 174, 454, 455 sweet urine 26,87, 141 'thin' diabetic 462 treatment

advances 662-74 pancreatic extract 296, 297, 328 restricted meat diet 175, 455 undernourishment and lime water 141

type I 575, 576 diabetic coma 175,456 diaphragm see contraceptive techniques diazo oxide 670 diet 92

Baghdad caliphate 83, 84 China, in diabetes 87 in diabetes 455, 457 Graeco-Roman 57

diethylstilboestrol synthesis 640 On the DiffUsion ofa New Specialty 393,395 dihydroxyphenylalanine see DOP A di-iodothyrosine 258, 421 'Dioptrique' 130 discoveries (Wilks) 234 dissection, first public 90 diuretic principle, posterior pituitary 377 DonJuan personality 394 dopamine

and growth hormone secretion in normal man and acromegaly 569

and prolactin secretion 551 Drosophila 274 draught in clinical endocrinology 379 drugs

and Abu Mansur 84, 85 Celsus 57 introduced by Paiacelsus 99

drug withdrawal syndrome 630 ductless glands 7, 216

von Haller 154, 155 search for ducts 135 vascular or bloodglands 223-5

dwarfs ancient Egypt 22 Asia and Africa 75 biblical 36 China 15,16 cretinous in Rome 63 treatment with HGH 654-5

dynoestrol 401 dysfunction 8 dysmenorrhoea and ovarian transplants 370 dysmenorrhoea and sterility 359 dyspituitarism 8 dysthyroidism 8 dystropia adiposo-genitalis 320, 321

ecdysone 597 insect hormone for moulting 599

Ebstein's disease 668 ectopic ACTH syndrome 650, 853 ectopic hormone secretion 548, 853-4 The Eggs of Mammals 533 Egyptians 19-23

Ebers papyrus 19 influence on Greek medicine 22 medical knowledge 20

electricity and vital principles 213 The Elements of Social Science 357 elephantiasis of the throat 84 embryology 515

Aristotle 46 chick 111,118 de Formatione Ovi et Pu/li 111 de Formatione Pulli in Ovo 118 de Formato Foetu 111 de Ovo Incubado 118 Exercitationes de Generatione

animalium 125-7 embryotomy 31 endocrine disorders 549

in prehistoric times 12 treatment in ancient times 518

endocrine evolution 564, 565 endocrine function

abnormal 5 ancient culture, abnormal 63-5

endocrine hazards male infertility and mercury and lead 639 male infertility and overheating 639 oestrogen dust 639 synthesis of diethylstilboestrol 640

endocrine obesity 670 endocrine orchestra 4,411,614

conductor 4 lecture by Hubble 614

Endocrine Organs in Health and Disease xiii endocrine research

criticisms 560, 561 expansion of 549 techniques 557-62

897

SUBJECT INDEX

endocrine research (cont.) in USA and Britain 500

Endocrine Society 501-7 Society for E. (Britain) 502

Endocrinology, publication 502, 505 50th anniversary issue 506

endocrine therapy: experimental basis of 391

endocrinology birth 339 classes of people interested 390, 391 classical period 394 Crisis in the Field of 388, 394 definition 5 definition of Fuller Albright 399 Department of Medical, Maranon 395 Doisy's four stages 6 Edward Schaefer 338, 396 etymology 7 histories of xiii, xiv, 6

endorphins 507,628 opiate receptor binding 628 potency 629

enkephalin peptides 629 distribution 673 and pain 629 rapid destruction 629, 630

enteroglucagon 611, 612 epidemics in the 16th century 97 epididymis, descriptions 126, 375 epilepsy

pituitary in 174 remedies 58, 59

epinephrine 515 epoch 235,236,331 independent discoverers 329, 330

'epiphysis cerebri' 140 epitheliokoerperchen 343 erythrogenin 601 erythropoietin 600, 601

and hypoxia 601 ethics in medicine

artificial insemination 359, 660 experimental animals 559 extracorporeal fertilization 661 Hippocrates 43 pre-determination of sex 661, 662

eugenics 274 and Haberlandt 453 Laboratory in London 274 Spartan 41

eunuchoids 32,407,657 eunuchs (castrates) 8

baldness 43 Byzantine generals 71 in China 88 in civil service in China 15 described by Willis 139 used by Roman women 62, 63, 77

various degrees 77 Evans, H. M. 520--4

co-workers 522 and team research 523, 524 training 520, 521

Every Woman's Book or What is Love 355 excellence, centres of

in Britain 500, 501 different approach in America 500

excretion and secretion 152, 153 exocrine gland 7 exophthalmic goitre

descriptions Basedow 262, 263 Flajani 262, 263 Graves 261,262 Parry 259, 260

eponyms 268, 269 mistaken for aneurysm 72, 267 named by Dock 268, 269

exophthalmos 258, 259 cause of endocrine 572, 573 description 159, 160 goitre association 83 Maya statuette 73, 74 mistaken for aneurysm 112, 267 Peruvian jug 73 progesterone treatment 643 significance of 264, 265 two-prong theory 573

extracorporeal fertilization description and technique 659, 660 history 659 success 660

Fallopian tubes blockage 659, 660 description 106, 107

Family Planning Association (Britain) 443 fat

brown 671 and castration 8 white 671

fecundability 537 feedback mechanisms

control of gonadal and hypophysial hormones 597

gonad protection 412 fertility

Catherine de Medici 97,98 rites 11,12 tests by Greek midwives 45 see also infertility, sterility

fertilization early studies 126, 127 external 183 extracorporeal 659--62

Flajani's disease (Morbo di) 159 9-a-fluorohydrocortisone 566, 648

898

SUBJECT INDEX

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 408, 523

and infertility 657 follicle stimulating hormone-releasing

hormone (FSH-RH) 551,615 free martins 678

bovine 199 cellular theory 202, 203 common placental circulation 200 gonads of 200-2 Hammerton's thesis 203 Lillie's theory 199, 200 origin of word 199 and testicular feminization 202, 203

Froehlich-Babinski-Cushing syndrome 262

galactorrhoea, male 34, 658 Galen 63-8

animal spirit 65 anorexIa nervosa blood flow 65 and diabetes 68 discoveries 64

68

dissection manual 64 drug use 64 and ductless glands 64, 65 and foetation 67 founder of experimental physiology four temperaments 64 and hormone research 67, 68 impregnated female dissection 67 influence until 17th century 63 ovariectomy effects 68 ovaries 66 pituitary gland 65 pneuma 64 polypharmacy 64 prescriptions 64 pulse 64 semen role 67, 68 testicles for sperm storage 66 thymus 66 thyroid in de Voce 64, 65 works burnt 98

gastric inhibitory peptide 611 gastrin

first description 603 isolation and structure 604 in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome 605

gastro-intestinal polypeptides 605, 611 general adaptation syndrome 598 genes 274

direct action on effector organ 472 immune response 572 indirect action through endocrine and

nervous system 473 the Lancet and 275

63

genetics in Hippocratic writings 272 immortality of germ plasm 270 inbreeding 272 Law of Filial Regression 274 La w of Ancestral Inheritance 274 laws of heredity and statistics 274 mendelism 273 psycho-physical theory 274 reduction division 270 Sutton-Boveri hypothesis 275

geological descriptions of A vicenna 82 geschlechtskraft 220 giants and giantism 158, 318

and acromegaly 312,313 associated personality changes 74 biblical 34, 35 endemic in Sogn, Norway 35 Greek 44 Greenland 35, 74 rearing experiments 306 rock tracings in Sweden 74 types 75

glands Adenographia 130 characteristics 152 classification 135 Glandulae Excretrices 131, 132 secretory function 131 specific taste 152 without ducts 154

glibenclamid (HB419) 669 glucagon

continued secretion stimulates gluconeogenesis 564

-like immunoreactivity 611 purification 607 sugar mobilization from a-cells 461,470,

471,607 synthesis and isolation 608

glucagonomas in apudomas of the pancreas 609 autopsy findings 608, 609 hyperglucagonaemia 608

goitre

899

abolition in Switzerland 254, 255 Aetios' description 63 Albucasis' operation 84 in Alps 110, 111, 701 ancient China 20, 21 ancient Egypt 20, 21 aneurysm 72 botium 111 burnt sponge 189 cagots, capots, canas 170 Ce!sus books 57,58 Chinese prescription 86 Cleopatra 20, 21 compression of trachea 163

SUBJECT INDEX

goitre (cont.) contagious 136 and cretinism 247,248 and deaf mutism 267 Derbyshire neck 109 distribution 157 ease of prevention 254, 255 endemic 90,109,111,170 exophthalmic, recognition 159 experimental, toxic 267 frequency in women 151 hindus and 26 Hippocrates and snow water 45, 59 honeymoon neck enlargement 58 iodine treatment 189, 253, 254

and Graves' disease 257 and loss of periods 160 mountain regions 86 as ornament 157 Paracelsus 98 pazzi 170 in pictorial art 136, 137 Pliny and water impurities 58, 59 Pyrenees 151

Graeco-Roman period (156Bc-576AD) 55-68

Aescula pios cult 56 Aetios' medical encyclopaedia 63 Celsus' books 56, 57 Dioscorides' De Materia Medica 60 Galen 63-8 gladiator blood therapy 59 gynaecology of Sora nos 61 itinerant Greek physicians 56 Lucretius' De Natura Rerum 59 Pliny 58,59 sanitary engineering 56

Graves'disease 192, 257, 258, 573 cause of goitre 568 described by Graves 260, 261 iodine treatment 255 nitrogen catabolism 258, 259 thyroid cause 266

seaweed treatment 15, 65, 86, 90, 91,

Greek medicine 39-52 Aristotle 45-51,272 before Hippocrates 39-42 Hippocrates 42-5, 271 practitioners 40 veterinary 42

189 in Shakespeare's Tempest 137 studies by Marine 254,255,512,513 surgery 191, 192 surgical removal 91, 248 terms 111 water quality 137 see also bronchocele

goitrogens 255,514 gonadal hypoplasia and olfactory lobe

agenesis 414 gonadotrophins

in bull testicle 406 episodic release 593 luteinizing hormone sleep release and

puberty 594 seasonal variations 593 sexually undifferentiated 409

gonads adrenal connection 222 atrophy of testicle in stags 220 cerebellum role 221 connection with brain 222 effects of removal 337 nervous control 221 and secondary sexual characteristics 213,

215,219 sympathetic mechanism 222, 223

gonococcus, discovery 359 gonorrhoea, latent in females 359 gorgonin 257,425 gout 701

diathetic disease 98 Greek observations 43

growth hormone anabolic effects 564 disorders 655 and dopamine 569 molecular weight and species 563 properties and effects 563 release episodic 551 synthesis of crystalline 563 treatment with HGH 654, 655

guanidins 663-5 biguanid toxicity 665 metformin 664 phenformin 664 synthalin 664, 665

guinea-worm 82 gum acacia 23 gut hormones

cell types 604 chronological table 829, 830 see also hormones

guttur tumidum 72 gynaecomastia 488, 552, 640

occupational 640

haemochromatosis 229 haemodynamometer 326 haemophilia, Nasse's law 273 haemopoietin 600 harmozones 7 Hashimoto's disease 571, 855 health

900

Committee of Maternal Health of New York City 442

definition 441

SUBJECT INDEX

sexual activity 442 height, determined by GH 655 heredity 272-6

properties of disease 272, 273 role and environment 473

hermaphrodites biblical 33 de Foeminis ex Suppressione Mensium

Barbatis 139 description of Bartholin 139

hermaphroditism, case 219 Herophilos, Alexandrian School 52 hibernation 599

and naloxone 673 Hindus 25--7

anaesthetics, Cannabis sativa 25 A yur Vedic medicine 25 Susruta 25

Hippocrates 42-5 adreno-genital syndrome 237,238 amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea 658 birthplace and family 43 illnesses of women 51 methods 43

hirsutes 238-44 causes 241 in mental patients 243, 244

History as an Art xv histocompatability gene complex 276

and auto-immunity 577 homeostasis 588, 589, 599

achievement, understanding 599 mineral and bone 547

homosexuality ancient Greece 78 experimental and androgen

treatment 683 oestrogen feedback in LH secretion

in 683 Sparta 78

hormetic 7 hormone replacement therapy 5 hormones

antagonists 546 antigenic 589 chemical messengers 340 definition

Starling 389 Swale Vincent 389 Zondek 342

first isolation 343 first use of word 7 gut 603-12

Hormones, Brain Functions and Behaviour 421 kidney 600-2 mechanism of action 545--7,567-70 mode of action on target cell 545, 546 ovarian and sterility 360 peptide, mode of action 545, 546

protein binding 559 pulsatile release 551,591,616 receptors and disease 546 release 4 secretion 340 structures 562-6 therapeutics of 388, 389 see also individual hormones

hospitals, Arabs 84 human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)

ectopic 580 production in pregnancy 580

De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (1543) 103, 104

Humours and Hormones 413 Hunter, John, experimental work 192-205 hydrocephalus, internal 239 hyperparathyroidism, stages 486, 487 hyperpituitarism 258,317 hyperprolactinaemia-hypogonadism

syndrome 657 and bromocriptine 616

hyperthyroidism 258 cardio-vascular ataxia 268 diagnostic test 480 signs 267, 268 synonyms and eponyms 263, 264 use of term 262

hypoadrenalism 503 hypoglycaemia

foetal hyperinsulinism 606 glucagon deficiency 607 idiopathic in childhood 670 oral agents 666-70 result of multifactorial conditions 606 spontaneous 606 in stress 625

hypogonadism Kallman's syndrome 657 see also eunuchoids

hypophysectomy and atrophy of adrenal cortex 319 and atrophy of thyroid 323 experimental 315,316,463 and ovulation in rabbit 409 periodicity ofCRF after 591 Smith's method in rats 518,519

hypophysis cerebri 318, 319 address by Cushing 317

hypopituitarism and genital hypoplasia 407 hypothalamic releasing factors 551,613-15,

624 first reports 626, 627 list 627

hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis 614 circadian rhythm 553

hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, rhythmic variations 593

hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis 614

901

SUBJECT INDEX

hypothalamus 4 chronological tables 830-2 histology 480 Hohlweg effect 628 predominance 419,420 regulatory mechanisms 61~16, 624-31 secretory droplets in fish 419

hypothyroidism congenital, screening 644 following radio-iodine 642 treatment 644-6

iatro-chemists (Chinese) 89 iatro-chemical school in Europe 141 iatro-mathematical school 130 immunopathology 547,548 immunophysiology 570-81 impotence 58, 59,78

Ovid's poem 78 sterility 358 treatment

Chinese 89 Jews 33 Hindus 26

Imrad xvii inborn errors of metabolism 275 infertility

ancient Egypt 20, 23 gonadotrophin hormone deficiency 657 Greeks 50,51 Hindus 26 Jews 30,31 male 639 male and autoimmunity 571,577-80 medical treatment 657 menstrual cycle 357-63 mule 678 Scythians 50, 51

infusoria, confused with sperm 181-3 inheritance of acquired characteristics

Lamarck 377, 378 Steele 379, 678, 679

Inkretion 9 Inkretory glands 9 insomnia, arabic treatment 85 insulin 398

Banting and Best 464-9 Barron's paper, pancreatic lithiasis 461 binding 559 C-peptide and 562 cell binding sites 562 chains 562 codfish 460 crystalline 515 experiments 458, 459 Kleiner and Maltzer's experiments 461 MacLeod and Starling 461,462 mechanism of action 547 Murlin's technique 470, 471

naming 457,460 new varieties 663 Paulesco 462-8 pro-insulin 546 purification 468, 469 E. L. Scott 460 story of 454-70 structure 667

intermenstrual bleeding cured by Jesus 31 internal secretion 5, 135

address by Schaefer 333-6, 387 anticipation of concept 215,216, 223 applicable to every organ 336 de Bordeu's role 134, 149--54 Doisy's criteria 333 forecast by Willis 139, 225 forerunners 178, 21~16 Internal Secretion and the Ductless

Glands 391,392 Maranon 394, 395 originator 134 research funds 343 secretion interne, Bernard 336

International Endocrine Congress, 1934 xiv Copenhagen, 1960 xiv

intersexuality 681 in birds, Aristotle 676 Tutankhamun 23

interstitial cell stimulating hormone 408 intrauterine device, 18-carat gold 537 iodine

discovery 189--92 goitre prophylaxis 254, 255 iodization of water 253 iodothyrin 256 Jod Basedow 255, 256 MRC recommendations 253 in plants 252, 253 preoperative use 513

902

refuted value 253 salt, culinary 191 in sponge 190 thyroid constituent 256, 421 thyroid distribution 257 and thyroid function 255 thyroiditis 256 thyroiodine 256 tincture 190 toxicity 191, 255

islet cells of the pancreas a and ~ cells 457 a cells and glucagon 461,470,471 ~ cells secretory 458, 562 Brockman Bodies 460 converted acinous cells 458 D cells 458 degradation 457 discovery 276 exocrine tissue in cod 460

SUBJECT INDEX

foetal 277 naming 277 numbers 458 predisposition to damage 605, 606

isletin isolation work 622 isotopes

and endocrine function 555 and endocrine condition treatment 556

Japanese medicine, ancient 17 jet-lag 592 Jews 29-36, 85

in Baghdad caliphate 85 Jod Basedow see iodine Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 505, 506

renamed 505 Journal of Endocrinology 502

Kallman's syndrome 657 treatment 657

karezza, male continence 443, 444 karzinoide 609, 610 Kendall, E. c., contributors 516--18 kidney hormones 600-2; see also individual

hormones Klinefelter's syndrome 488 Koeperbau und Character 475 konarion 140

labour, Harvey and 146 lactation

hypophysectomy and 410 male 640 oestrone and progesterone 410 prolonged 23, 448, 537, 538 short duration 537, 538 theories 410

lactogenic hormone see prolactin Lataste's observations (vaginal

epithelium) 561 Laurence-Moon-Biedl-Bardet

syndrome 377,378 Law of Population 357 laxierkalender (1457) 100 legal problems

in artificial insemination 660 in extracorporeal fertilization 661 of predetermination of sex 661

lesbian women increase in plasma testosterone 683 and virilism 683

leucocyte migration inhibition test 575 Liddle's syndrome 651 Life of Sir William Osler 511 Life, What is (Schroedinger) 339 lipaemia 129 lipomatosis 672 j3-lipoprotein 626, 628

endorphin precursor 629 liver, glycogen storage in 463 London Thyroid Club 506 long-acting thyroid stimulator 549, 572

in Graves' disease 574, 575 -protector 572, 575 synthesis 574, 575

luteinizing hormone (LH) 408, 523 pulses 594 and starvation 618

luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone 551,615

isolation race 621 in Kallman's syndrome 657 pulsatile release 616 release 624 synthetic 657

lymphocytes and self-unresponse 572

macrobiotica in ancient China 85 macrophages 572 Malthusian League 357, 437

disbanded 433 medical branch 438

mammary gland and placental hormone action 361, 362

mannweib 215 Marine, D. 511-14

collaborators 514 contributions 514 method of work 512

marriage, definition of (in Britain) 684 Materia Medica, Willis 81 Mayas

statuette with exophthalmos 73 surgery 73

mechanism of hormonal action 545-7, 567-70

anti-androgens and anti-oestrogens 568 clomiphene and tamoxifen 568 complex, humoral and nervous

actions 567 renin 567 role of receptors 545-7,568-70

mediaeval medicine 79-94 Arabic 79-85 Chinese 85-9 Western barrenness 89-94

'medullo-surrenalome hypertensive' 652 melanocyte-stimulating hormone 626, 627 melatonin 483 menarche, biblical 33

in developed countries 537-8 mendelism 273,274

and human characteristics 276 Menformon 400 menopause

903

early and breast cancer 538 nervous reflexes 214

SUBJECT INDEX

menopause (cont.) premature 370

menstrual cycle baboons 371 calender connection 360 cease after ovariectomy 360 detoxication 360 fermenting force 360 monkey 398, 702 and ovarian transplants 370 and ovulation 360, 361 reflexes 222,371 regulation 361 synchrony 594 synonyms 360 vaginal histology 361

menstruation considered unclean 33 loss in goitre 160

mental symptoms in endocrine disorders 420, 434R

Merseburg triad 262, 265 metanephrine 653, 654 methimazole 642, 643 metyrapone 650 mice 20 microscope

and chick embryology 127 early history 116 de Graaf recommends Leeuwenhoek 125 inventor 127 Leeuwenhoek's contribution 116-18 Malpighi's observations 118 and sterility 359 the microscopists 116-27

midwives, printed textbook 145 milieu interior 508 miracles 29 misy 49,51 Moral Physiology 355, 356 motilin 611 Muellerian duct, discovery 223, 270 muliercula 215 multiple endocrine neoplasia 609,610

MEN type I 610 MEN type II 654

myxoedema ancient Egypt 20, 21 cause 258 coma 646 descriptions 246, 247 myocardium 645 naming 221,246 organotherapy 293 pituitary in 323 skin in myxoedema 246 and thyroidectomy 249, 250 treatment of myxoedema coma 646 treatment of myxoedema by tissue

transplant 294

'nanisme type senile' 376 Nasse's Law 273 National Committee on Maternal

Health 442 National Council of Public Morals 438, 440 Neiching 15-16 Nelson's syndrome, prevention 650 neo-malthusianism 444 nerves:pipes carrying fluids 194 'Nestor ofThyroidology' 255,511 N estorian heretics 79 neuro-endocrinology 339,417,418

anencephaly 414 chronological tables 832-4 gonadal hypoplasia 414 higher centre control 412 neuronal secretions 415, 416 phases of opinion 419,420 Pioneers in Neuroendocrinology 626 progress 558 reproduction, internal rhythm 413 secretory droplets 419 spinal cord secretory cel1~ in skate 417 Traite de Neuro-Endocrinologie 418, 419

neuro-hypnosis see pituitary neuro-secretions 413, 419·

Richard Lower 65 New York Pasteur Institute 302 Nobel Prize

Banting and MacLeod 466, 469 Burnet and Medawar 571 von Euler 558, 653 Guillemin and Schally 620-4 Houssay 505 Kendall, Hench and Reichstein 517 RoughJourney to a Nobel Prize 620 Temin 679

noradrenaline, sympathetic transmitter 653 norepinephrine and insulin 625

obesity 670-4 alimentary 672 in ancient Egypt 21 biblical 36 brown fat (experiments) 671 cerebro-pituitary 671 diabetes 88 enkephalins and endorphins 673 endocrine 670 eunuchoids and castrates 672 experiments on obese mice 673, 674 fat mobilizing hormone 671 and fertility 50 metabolic studies 672 pituitary ACTH levels in 673 storage offood 673 due to violence 671 water-salt obesity 671

obstetric chair

904

SUBJECT INDEX

ancient Egypt 19 Jews and the Bible 29, 30 Harvey 146

obstetrics, Greece 45 occupational endocrinology 639 employment of post-menopausal

women 640 oestrogen suppression and sperm

counts 640 oestradiol 401, 565 oestrin 396-401,565

crystalline 400 isolation 396, 400 oestrus-like effects from liquor

folliculi 397 in pregnancy 400 pregnancy tests 399, 400 pregnant mares urine 400 testes of stallions 400

oestriol 565 in pregnant women's urine 401

oestrogen 565 antifertility 452 hazards 639 synthetic 401

oestrone 401, 565 oestrus cycle

guinea pig 397 and oestrogen, progesterone in

castrates 402, 403 and ovariectomy 364 rat 397

olive oil 49 'Oneida Community Experiment' 443--4 opotherapy 11 orbital decompression 661-3 orbital irradiation 644 organ extracts 300-2, 333 orgasm, function of female 152 Oribasios, Medical Collection 62 osteitis fibrosa cystic a 484, 485 osteomalacia 486, 487 osteoporosis 570 ovarian extracts 362-8

lipid solvents 362 effects on women 364

ovarian transplants 368 prevention of uterine atrophy 373,374 Tuffier's transplants 371 Tuttle Morris' experiments 369-71

ovariectomy 222, 360 breast cancer 369 removal of ovaries 360, 361

ovaries atrophy and bird plumage 219,220 chronological tables 83~ discovery offollicles 105, 128 dual function 366 eaten boiled by de Graaf 122

905

Eierstock und Ei 365 extirpation of one, effect 195-7 extracts injected 364 female testicles 128 and follicular scars correspondence to

periods 361 function and spinal cord 222 Galen 66 Graafian follicle 118 Graafian vesicle 121, 122 Harvey and role 121 Herophilus 19,52 nervous system guidance 215 ovariotom y and contraception 19 results of ovariectomy 222, 360 secondary female characteristics 215 transplantation 368-73, 449 Vesalius 105 women without lack periods 361

ovariotomy 46 ovulation

location on humans 371 multiple 657 primitive communities 537 rabbit 366

ovum attempts to stimulate growth 186 chromosomes, half set 270 discovery of mammalian 187, 188, 529 fertilized in doe 127, 128 induced ovulation 188 movements 205, 206 phantom grasshopper 223 segmentation of frogs 270 sperm union 270 unicellular 27

/3-oxybutyric acid in diabetic coma 456 oxytocin 65,479

analysis and synthesis 482

Paget's disease 675, 676 pain 386

chronic and acupuncture 630 Pale's syndrome 610 pancreas

China 87 chronological tables 836-41 description

de Graaf 122,123 Langerhans 276-7 Pare 113

in diabetes 175 dual function 4 feeding of raw 328 function 113, 134 as a single organ 854-5 structure and salivary gland 134 see also islet cells

pancreatectomy 142

SUBJECT INDEX

pancreatectomy (cont.) experimental 297 secretion stimulation 340

pancreatic duct cannulation 123 discovery 123 ligature, effects 456

pancreatic extracts 296, 297, 328 pancreatic juice

function 142 de Graaf 122, 123

pancreatic polypeptide antibodies 577

pancreine 462 pangenesis theory

ancient Greeks 4fr-8, 271 Aristotle's criticism 48

parakrine glands 604 parathormone ('parathyrin') 485

antibodies 569 isolation 487 extraction 485 four main actions 485, 486 main function in man and mammals 485,

486 pre-prohormone 550 prohormone 550 purified 487 role of vitamin D 486 secretion inhibition and magnesium 550 structure and molecular weight 550 suppressed by vitamin D 550

parathyroidectomy calcium loss 484 experimental, effects 344, 484

para th yroids accessory tissue 344 chronological tables 841, 842 descriptions

Gley 279, 343 rhinoceros 279 Sandstrom 278, 279

extract and tetany relief 484 guanidine detoxication 231 hyperplasia 483 metabolic bone disease 486 pseudohypoparathyroidism 487 pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism 487 removal and tetany 344, 484 transplants 485

parathyroid tumours hyperplasia and osteomalacia 485 hyperplasia and spontaneous rickets 485 and osteitis fibrosa cystica 484 primary, secondary and tertiary

hyperparathyroidism 486, 487 removal of adenoma 486

parhormones 8 Parry's disease 159

pars intermedia see pituitary pars nervosa see pituitary pars tuberalis see pituitary De passionibus mulierum 92 paternity 13 Pendred's syndrome 267 The Pentacle of Rejuvenescence 291 pergonal 657 pernicious anaemia, Addison's anaemia 227 perspiration, insensible of the body 130 phaeochromocytoma

catecholamine blockade 654 Crises Hypertensives 652 detection 554, 653 first report 332, 333 Gejaesskrisen 652 treatment advances 652-4

pharmacopoeia Boyle's 142, 143 Brettschneider 100 dried human bones 143 Egypt 20 european 143 first 98 Foesius 100 Goddard's drops 143 Madrid Textbook 143 and organotherapy 143 Paracelsus 99 and printing 100 Thottske manuscript 100, 101

Pharmacorum Conficiendorum Ratio 98 pheromones

male 595 and menstrual synchrony 595

Philosophie Zoologique 377, 379 phloridzin 450 phthisis 64

miner's recognized by Paracelsus 98 phthoria 62 physic gardens 98 physical basis of personality 473,474 physiology

Descartes' textbook 129 new 339,387 old 339 of reproduction 373

Pickwickian syndrome 672 pigeon's milk 410

906

bioassay 197 J. Hunter and 197

the pill (Pincus) 448 Age of the Pill 536-9 effect on third world 536, 537 results of US trials 535 side-effects 534, 535 tricycle pill 538 three types used 535 UK trials 535

SUBJECT INDEX

pill-galactorrhoea-amenorrhoea syndrome 536

pineal body blood supply 483 description by Wharton 134 'epiphysis cerebri' 140 extract and gonadotrophins 483 function, Willis 140, 141 innervation 483 konarion 140 lymphatic, Ridley and Cowper 140, 141,

483 melatonin synthesis 483 names for 140 'penis cerebri' 140 photoreception 483 pinealocytes in mammals 483 and precocious puberty 483 seat of soul 129 secretory organ 483 seventh sense 130 specific factor 483 'virga cerebri' 140

pituita 138 The Pituitary Body and its Disorders 510 pituitary gland 4

anatomy 303 anterior, powder feed 314,315 l'appendice sus-sphenoidal 172 Babinski-Froehlich-Cushing

syndrome 319 basophilism 510,511 de Bordeu 150, 151 blood supply 303, 304 and caucasian characteristics 75 circulation 163 disease in alcoholics 174 diseases 304-10 embryology 303 enlargement

after castration 304, 322 in cretins 417 in myxoedema 323 post-mortem 305

function 304, 305 van Diemerbroecls: 139, 140 Galen 65, 115 lobes 545 Vesalius 65, 104-6

genital effects 316, 317 glandula pituitam cerebri excipiellS 65, 104-6 histology and cell types 304 in hydrocephalus 173 in pregnancy 407 infantilism 654, 655 intermediate lobe 478-80 microadenomas 511 pars anterior 511 pars nervosa 303

pressure symptoms 173 sixth sense of Theosophists 130 size in pregnancy 304, 323 specific growth stimulating

substance 316 stalk role 161-3 structure and function 140,161, 162 and tadpole metamorphosis 323 theories offunction 172, 173 thyroid axis 417 thyrodectomy changes 323 treatment 654-9 tumour 305,319

acromegaly 305 removal 305 surgery 320 surgical mortality 322 surgical routes 322

pituitary extracts evaluation and stockpiling 413

pituitary-portal vein system 161 placenta

anastomoses 203, 204 burnt, taken as contraceptive 17 eaten and fertility 17 extract, use in China 88 mammary gland hormone 361 prolans 408 Plimmoth Plantation 356

pneuma 66,67 police, medical 174 polydipsia

description by Gee 314,377 in diabetes mellitus 313,314,702

polyglandular syndrome 510 polyuria

description by Gee 314 in diabetes mellitus 314 experimental 376

polyorchidism and virility 112 population

control in ancient Greece 49 portal circulations and counter-current

systems 162 posterior pituitary

adenopituiticytes 481 anterior brain extremity 481 antidiuretic extract 479, 480, 482 chronological tables 842, 843 colloid origin 480, 481 destruction and diabetes insipidus 482 and diabetes insipidus 479, 482 function unknown 189,479 Herring bodies 480,481 hormone routes 481 infundibular body 303 innervation 480 nerve origins 480 opossum 419

907

SUBJECT INDEX

posterior pituitary (cont.) origin othormones 419 oxytocin 480 portal circulation 481 rich in cystine 480 source of pressor 480 stalk, reunion of severed 481

post-mortem, first report 90 precocious puberty 155-7,240

infant Hercules type 158, 240 pineal 483

prednisone 566 preformation theory 126, 180 pregnancy

maintenance 401 role of midwives 145 pituitary 407 testing time for endocrine system 473 thyroid enlargement 512 tubal 145

pregnancy diagnosis in Egyptian papyri 19

prehistoric communities, endocrine disorders 73-5

premenstrual syndrome 680,681 progesterone and 681 rare in prostitutes and dancers 681

present trends and outlook 543-687,854 'princeps doctorum' 81 'principle of the treble safeguard' 473 printing

effects of invention 99 Venice, centre of Greek 99, 100

progeria 375 progesterone 401-3,410

during pregnancy 403 isolation 368, 402 in pill 532, 533 structure 402

progestin 402 prohormones 546 proinsulin 546 prolactin

actions 410 bioassay 197 chorionic somatomammotrophin 563 factors affecting secretion 603 and fat deposition 603 fish pituitary 410 functions 602 and growth 563 -inhibiting factor 544, 569 males 602 and migration 603 preparation 197,410 release, pulsatile 595 secretion and dopamine 659 structure 563, 564 versatilin 603

prolactinoma 659 prolan 408 prolonged lactation 448 propranolol 643, 653 prospect asia 305 prostaglandins

discovery 548, 610 effects 612, 613 inhibition by NSAID 610 isolation 610 renomedullary 601

prostitution 31,81 Egyptian origins 19

proteohormones, antigenic properties 543 pseudo-Cushing's syndrome 631 psychiatry

endocrine psychosyndrome 421 Endokrinologische Psychiatrie 420

psycho-endocrine society 421 Psychopathia sexualis 684

dress-fetishism 684 psycho-somatic medicine 508 puberty 536-7 puberty gland 404 pulsatile release of hormones 591 pulse

Galen's essays 64 Hippocrates 43

'pulsilogium' 130 pygmies 75

quotations xv-xvi

radioimmunoassays (RIA) 543 principle 556, 557 suitability 557 TSH 645 uses 556

radioiodine (1281, 1311, 1251) 555, 556, 641 radiolabelling of hormones 545 receptors 545-7

acetylcholine in myasthenia gravis 568, 569

concentration 547, 548, 568 and disease 568-70 hormone complexes and RNA

synthesis 545,547 insulin 576 opioid peptide 568 sites 568, 570

Recherches Anatomiques 150-4 attacking Boerhave's doctrines 150

Recherches sur les Maladies Chroniques 149 reflex action 213

secretion of pancreatic juice 340, 341 Regimen Sanitas Salemitanum 92 register of newly diagnosed diabetic

children 576 rejuvenation operation 404, 405

908

SUBJECT INDEX

releasing factors 544, 545 Renaissance, medicine during 97-113 renin 600

mechanism of action 567 reproductive endocrinology 396, 437 rheumatoid arthritis 517, 518 rhythm and endocrine secretion

terminology 589, 590 Riddle, Oscar 529, 531

avian physiologist 531 identification of prolactin 531

Rosa Anglica Practica Medicina 93 round ligaments 106

safe period 357,441 Salerno, School of 91-3

goitre treatment 91 salicylates

action on ACTH 669 anti-diabetic substances 668, 669

salt, iodized 254 Schaefer's meeting with Oliver 325-7 Schmidt's syndrome 646 Schneider's membrane 138 'Schwachsinn, Ober den

physiologischen' 266 screening

methods 644, 645 neonatal hypothyroidism 644 Quebec Screening Network for Metabolic

Diseases 645 results 644

Seabright-Bantam syndrome 487 seaweed

goitre treatment 15, 65, 90, 91, 93 and iodine discovery 189 tincture 86 use in China 86

secretin 7, 340, 341, 458 regulation of production 604

secretion de Bordeu 152, 153 'externe and interne', Bernard 225 tissue types 389, 390

De Secretis Mulierum 97 semen

Aretaeus 405 De natura seminis hominis 92 role of, Galen 66--68 tonic effect, de Bordeu 150

seminal ducts, description 125 serosities (de Bordeu) 150 serotherapy 302 serotonin

brain/gut hormone 630,631 identification 630 released from duodenum 630

seventeenth century 115-46 sex characteristics 677

sex chromosomes 677 action ofY -chromosome 681, 682 H-Y antigen 682 surveys in prisons and mental

hospitals 686 variety 686 XYY males 686

sex determination 274, 661, 677, 681 ancient China 16 Galen 66 Greeks 46,47 offspring 661,662 uroscopy 84

sex hormones and starvation 617 sex reversal 203

reports from China 88 sexual activity

female and ovarian rhythm 561 maintenance essential in marriage 442

sexual behaviour and the sex chromosomes 676---87

sexual behaviour and the sex hormones Biology, sex hormones and sexism in the

1920s 677 brain, sexual differentiation 682 Brown-Sequard's experiments 676, 677 and chromosomes 677 embryos bisexual 677 and fertility of mule 678 genetic mechanism 678 homosexuality and hormones 683 hormones closely related 679 intersexuality in birds 676 marriage and 684 masculinization and androgens 683 and pituitary endocrine feedback 678 sex centres in brain 683 and sex chromosomes 677,686 and sex differences, cause 677 sexual spectrum 681 Teiresias 684 transsexuals 684 transvestites 684 and variable sex characteristics 677

sexual development and intellectual maturity 537

sexuality, ambivalence 406 sexual spectrum 681 sexual problems, treatment in mediaeval

England 93 Siamese twins, independent

menstruation 220 signs in hyperthyroidism 267,268 Simmond's disease 324

Glinski's description 325 functional 618

sixteenth century

909

medicine 97-113 ovary recognition 112

SUBJECT INDEX

Skopzes 33, 304, 348R P. E. Smith's contributions 518, 519 somatic selection and adaptive

evolution 678,679 somatomammotrophin 563 somatomedins

growth hormone dependent factor in serum 564

sterility arsenic treatment 81 and impotence 358 microscope and diagnosis 359 observations on 358 thyroid deficiency in female 359 see also infertility

sterilization stimulates cartilage and adipose tissue 655 attacks on Haberlandt 452, 453

'Feminin', oestrogenic material 451 hormonal, Haberlandt 449-53 oestrogen 451

somatostatin antibodies 577 and insulin release 575 isolation race 621

Soranos ofEphesos gynaecology and obstetrics 61,62

soul, seat of 130 sow-gelder 363 spaying see castration sperm

act at distance 184 and adjuvant 579 agglutinins 578, 579 anti-sperm antibodies after

vasectomy 579 anti-sperm antibodies in prostitutes 580 auto- and iso-antigens 674 Aristotle's view 50 brain, source 17 cell division and karyokinesis 270 chromosome half set 270 description by Leeuwenhoek 116 external impregnation 183 fertilization, essential for 185, 270 fertilization and fluid portion 185 and infertility 578, 579 infusoria 183 injections 290 longevity 118 nuclear union with ovum 270 nucleus 270 propagation of spermatic animals 185 salamanders 185 search in ovum after copulation 184 shape and mobility 182, 183 size error 116, 117 Spallanzani and fertilization 179, 180,

182,183,185,270 union with ovum 270 viviparous female, sperm in 183

spinal cord, section and fertilization 222 spleen, Paulesco's thesis 462 sponge, burnt and goitre treatment 91,93,

189, 190 stags, unilateral atrophy of antlers 220 stallion (oestrone content of testicles and

urine) 400, 406 starvation and sex hormones in male 617,

618 steatopegia 672

watery ovarian extracts 452 steroid hormones

derivation 565 19-nor 566 nucleus 565 secretion 566 three groups 565

stilboestrol 401 stress 617

definition 598 physiology and pathology 598

stress hormones 608 and circadian rhythms 625

struma 57, 137, see also goitre struma lymphomatosa 571, 000 subincision 12 suprarenals 821 see also adrenals

Academie of Bordeaux prize 179 active principle of medulla 329, 330 Addisonian epoch 331 blood diverticulae 134 bronzing and disease 226 capsulae suprarenales 125 chromophil tissue removal 332 cortex 332 cortical epoch 331 discovery 108 early mention 109 epinephrine period 331 extirpation 332 as foetal kidneys 133 function 135, 178, 179 function, early ideas 134, 135 glandulae adplexum 125 glandulae reductrices 132 glandulae renales 132 glycerine extract 326, 327 insufficiency 179,702 internal secretion 225, 226 interrenal tissue removal in fish 331 medulla destruction 392 physiological action of extract 325 secondary carcinoma 228 secondary tuberculosis 228 synonyms 133

surgery arabic 84

910

SUBJECT INDEX

barbers 90 brain 510 dangerous treatment 90 goitre 84,90,91,157,158,191,192 greek 40 inferiority, A vicenna 82, 83 Rome 57 thyroid 641,642

Susruta 25 sympathy 'syndrome thalamique' 377

blood as mediator 218 'de sympathia et antipathia rerum' 570 gonads and sex characteristics 194 spaying and castration effects 195 universal 193

synergistic factors 408 systematists 154

tachyphylaxia 324 Talmud and Jewish medicine 29-36 tamoxifen 568 taoism and sex life 17 teams, psychology of 619-24 techniques of endocrine research

biochemistry and biophysics 557 chromatography 556, 558 critical assessment 560 microanalysis 558 protein synthesis inhibitors 546 tagged antibodies 545, 559 X-ray crystallography 557

testicles 363, 403 atrophy

effect on cerebellum 221 effects in stags 220 and spermatic nerve 221,338

chronological tables 844-6 compensatory hypertrophy 196 early interest 77 edible dormouse 124 female function 119 feminization 202, 203 freemartin 201 hydatid 166, 188 interstitial gland 404 malignant disease 166, 167 malignant scirrhus 166 mediastinum 168 powdered 88, 97 secondary sexual characteristics 213 seminal ducts 125 seminiferous tubules 125 Sertoli cells 403, 404 sex determination 46 sexual behaviour 198 size differences 198 stallions and oestrin 400 structure 124, 145

structure and disease 166 undescended 169 vas deferens ligation effects 404

testicular extracts androgens and androsterone 405 aphrodisiac 80 Brown-Sequard's auto experiments 290,

291,299,300,403 capon-comb test 405 elixir of youth 292 extract of bull testicle 405 preparation 301

testosterone 405 tests of adrenal function 552, 553

medulla 443 VMA in urine 554

tests of hypothalamus and pituitary 551 tests of gonads' function 552 tests of hormonal function 549-52 tests of parathyroid function 549,550 tests of pituitary function 551 tests of thyroid function 549 tetany

Chvostek's sign 484 'laryngismus stridulus' 484 parathyroidectomy 344 Trousseau's sign 484

theelin 399 The Therapeutics ojHormones 388 thermometer (clinical) 130 thiocyanates 641 thymus 52, 66, 154

Astley Cooper 17~ cavity 133, 175 death 176 fat and hibernating gland 178 foetal role 176, 177 glandulae nutriciae 132 history 175 hypertrophy and infant death 110 lymphatic gland 136 reservoir 166 theories of function 175-8

thyroid-binding globulin 566 thyroid gland

absence 246 atrophy, foetal 250 autoimmunity 572 basal metabolism and desiccated

911

thyroid 426 canals 151 C-cells 487 chemical investigation 256 chemistry and physiology 257, 442 chronological tables 846-51 circadian rhythm 592, 593 description

Casserius 107 King 164, 165

SUBJECT INDEX

thyroid gland (cont.) Vesalius 104, 105 Wharton 131

duct 135 ductless 154, 155 excessive function 257, 258 fluid into duct 164 function assessment 259 glandula laryngea 109 green parrots 219 iodine 257 iodothyrin 256 isthmus 109, 159 lubricator 109 and myxoedema 246, 247 organotherapy 86 pyramidal lobe 163 receptacle for worms 154, 158 seasonal variation of iodine 427 size in women 107 storage 566 theories of disease 269 thyroproteins 256 tri-iodothyronine discovery 427 underfunction 245, 246, 250

thyroidectomy 248 dangers of 248, 249 effects of 336, 337 experimental 165,249, 487 pituitary effects 323 subtotal, numbers done 641,642

thyroiditis, Hashimoto's 571, 574 thyroid organotherapy 292-5

China 86 thyrotoxicosis, ancient portrayal 73 thyrotrophine 549

circadian rhythm 592 thyroxine

assay 425 axolotl metamorphosis 425, 426 bioassay 425 commercial synthesis 645 cost of production 424 latency 423 specific dynamic action 423, 424 structure 422, 423, 566 thyrindole crystals 422,423,516

totemism 11 tracheocele 156; see also goitre transplant experiments

cock's spur 195-7 cock's testes 194-7,204-6,217,218 John Hunter 193 Hunter, evidence of an eyewitness 197 ovarian 368--71 and vital principle of Hunter 196 of parathyroids in dogs 485

transsexuals 33 definition 684, 685

transvestites 33 famous 684, 685

treatment advances ACTH analogues 652 adrenal medulla 652-4 adrenals 646-54 f3-adrenergic blockers 643, 654 anovulatory infertility 656 bromocriptine 659 clomiphene 656 compound E 646 congenital adrenocortical

hyperplasia 648, 649 congenital hypoplasia screening 644 Conn's syndrome 650,651 considerations 640 cortical insufficiency 646-8 corticosteroid analogues 652 cortisol 647 cortisone acetate 647 cretins 644 Cushing's disease and metyrapone 649,

650 Cushing's syndrome 649, 650 diabetes insipidus 674, 679 diabetes mellitus 662-74 growth hormone disorders 655, 656 hyperprolactinaemia 657, 658 hyperthyroidism 641-4 hypo glycaemia 670 hypo gonadotrophic-hypogonadism 657,

658 hypopituitary infertility 657 hypothyroidism 644-6 and infertility 656-62

and extracorporeal fertilization 659-62 insulin-zinc 662 oral antidiabetic agents 663-70 orbital decompression 644 orbital irradiation 644 Paget's disease 675, 676 phaeochromocytomas 652-4 pituitary 654-9 pituitary infantilism 654, 655 progressive exophthalmos 643 protamine-zinc 662 radioiodine 556, 641 systemic corticosteroids 643 thyroid 641-6 thyroxine synthesis 645 tri-iodothyronine 645, 646

tri-iodothyronine discovery 427,428,556 more acid-soluble than thyroxine 428 oral 645 structure 566 thyroid suppression 573

trophoneurosis 311 Trousseau's sign 484

912

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