chirag kalra

8/6/2019 chirag kalra

1/44

P a g e | 1

1 Department of Computer Science BMIT-JAIPUR

A

PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT

ON

CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATES

TAKEN AT

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF HARDWARE TRAINING

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

DEGREE

RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Session 2010-2011

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

Mrs. Kuntal Gaur KALRA CHIRAG

Seminar Coordinator Computer Engg

VII SEM CS VII SEM CS C

BMIT-JAIPUR 07EC024

BMIT-JAIPUR

DEPARTMENT OF CS & IT

BALDEV RAM MIRDHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY


2/44

P a g e | 2



3/44

P a g e | 3


PREFACE

Summer training is an important part of the engineering curriculum. The B.Tech. coursesummer training helps a student in getting acquainted with the manner in which his/her

knowledge is being practically used outside his/her institute and this is normally different

from what he/she has learnt from books. Hence, when the student switches from the process

of learning to that of implementing his/her knowledge, he/she finds an abrupt change. This is

exactly why summer training session during the B.Tech. curriculum becomes all the more

important. Summer training is prescribed for the student of Technical College as a part of the

four year degree course of engineering by the AICTE. We are required to undergo summer

training for a period of 30 days in our 6th

sem before the commencement of final exams. The

main objectives of summer training are:

Correlate courses of study with the way industry or potential workplace operates Its business or work using technology.

Work on implementing what has been learned in school, especially true for Computer

Science under-graduates.


4/44

P a g e | 4


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am over whelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to acknowledge my depth to all those

who have helped me to put these ideas, well above the level of simplicity and into something

concrete.

I am very thankful to my guide Mrs. KUNTAL GAUR (project coordinator) for her valuable

help. She was always there to show me the right track when i needed her help. With the help

of her valuable suggestions, guidance and encouragement, i was able to perform this project

work.

I would also like to thank Mr. Rajeev(ccna faculty) and Mr. Aarif Sheikh(IIHT Manager)

who helped me In every way I wanted.

I would also like to thank my colleagues, who often helped and gave me support at critical

junctures during the making to this project.

KALRA CHIRAG

VII SEM CS


5/44

P a g e | 5


INDEX

S.NO TOPIC PAGE NO.

1. CERTIFICATE..2

2. PREFACE..3

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...4

4. LOCAL AREA NETWORK..6

5. WIDE AREA NETWORKING OVERVIEW .....10

6. OSI MODEL..12

7. DEVICES AT DIFFERENT LAYERS.16

8. LAN TECHNOLOGIES ...16

9. ROUTER ADMINISTRATION ...19

10. THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE.24

11. IP SUBNETTING ..........26

12. IP ROUTING .....27

13. LAN SWITCHING....3514. VLAN.36

15. ACL.36

16. CONCLUSION ..38

17. REFRENCES..39


6/44

P a g e | 6


BRIEF ABOUT CCNA:-

LOCAL AREA NETWORK

A local area network (LAN) connects personal computers, printers, and other computer

resources together within a building or campus. Many schools, offices, and even homes now

have LANs. These networks allow printers, as well as documents and projects, to be shared.

LANs also enable computers to talk to one another and are often used to share Internet access

across all of the computers in a building or school. Most LANs use wires, or cables, to

connect computers and other peripheral devices. Inmost networks, a network cable (which

generally looks like an oversized telephone cord) connects a computer to a network jack in

the wall. Sometimes, in classrooms or business offices, many computers are connected to an

intermediate hub or switch, not directly to the network jack. The hub or switch into which all

of the computers are plugged is the device that is connected to the network jack. In both

cases, the network jack is connected to a small router by another cable. Printers are also often

shared using this method of hubs and switches. Some LANs are now wireless. Wireless

LANs are fundamentally the same as wired LANs, but the cabling is replaced by small

"radios" that are contained inside the computers. Wireless LANs are generally somewhat

slower than the wired networks, but they are much easier to set up and allow users to move

their machines around without having to reconnect network cables. Wireless LANs have

moved into the mainstream in schools and classrooms during the last few years; however, it is

important to note that security is much more difficult when using a wireless network.

Additionally, the adoption of competing protocols is creating some confusion in the

marketplace. Agencies need to select a wireless protocol with care, considering how the

network can be upgraded and whether it is compatible with existing wireless protocols.

Where a LAN may connect all of the computers within a building or campus, a wide area

network (WAN) connects multiple LANs. Many districts now have WANs connecting all ofthe schools within the district for the sharing of Internet access, selected files, or other

resources.

What Are Servers, Routers, and Firewalls?

LANs often involve a number of different components, including a dizzying variety of

servers, switches, routers, firewalls, and the like. This section provides descriptions of many

of these items.

Servers

While servers often are spoken of in almost mystical tones, they are really just powerful

computers running specialized software designed to share files, manage printers, or perform

any other specialized task assigned. Most of these computers are powerful enough to do more

than one thing at a time; for example, a single network server might be a file server, a print

server, and a mail server simultaneously.


7/44

P a g e | 7


File server.

A file server is essentially the computer equivalent of a filing cabinet. Documents,

spreadsheets, and other (computer) files are stored on a file server, just as paper documents

are stored in a filing cabinet. The file server's job is to make those files available to computer

users on the LAN and, when appropriate, allow the users to update the files.

Print server.

A print server is a piece of software or hardware that manages print jobs submitted by users.

When a document is sent to a networked printer, the print server receives the job and queues

it (puts it in line behind previously submitted jobs). When a job gets to the front of the queue,

the print server sends it to the printer. It is not necessary to buy an individual printer for each

personal computer. Users in classrooms or offices often share printers, since not everyone is

typically printing at the same time. This option can save an agency a great deal of money.

Mail server.

The third common type of server is a mail server. The mail server acts as the conduit to the

outside world as messages are sent and received. Some servers are set up so that all of the

mail stays on the mail server until a user actively deletes it. In other configurations, the user

is able to move the mail from the server to the desktop computer. This process, called

"downloading," uses less space on the mail server.

Router

A router is a piece of equipment that acts as the interface between a local network and the

Internet, by routing traffic from one to the other. A router may be a computer dedicated to

managing the traffic of a WAN, or it may be a piece of software running on a computer that

is configured for other tasks as well. Routers also may be used in LANs to route internal

traffic.

Firewall

A critical component of any network is a firewall. A firewall in layman's terms is a wall that

acts as a firebreakit keeps a fire from spreading. In this sense, a computer firewall keeps a

network secure from hackers (the "arsonists" of the Internet) by denying access to all or part

of the network. Management of firewalls requires a great deal of expertise. While the network

administrator must ensure that no unwanted traffic can enter the network from outside, a level

of access to and from the Internet must be created that will permit authorized users to conduct

their business safely and efficiently. A solid, well-designed firewall is critical to ensure that

only authorized users have access to a restricted network. Like routers and servers, firewalls

are available as either hardware or software. Choosing a firewall for a particular network is

an issue best addressed at the local level, after reviewing the options available.


8/44

P a g e | 8


Server vs Desktop Computer

Advances in technology have blurred the distinctions between the computer on thedesktop

and a network server. Computing power has continued to growexponentiallyin fact, most

users do not need all the computing power available tothem (at least for now). The same is

true of network servers, which have become sopowerful that some network administratorsrun applications, in addition to the server software, from the network server, rather than

installing applications directly on eachof the computers connected to the network. Servers

are capable of managing a much greater workload today than they were in past years.

Running applications from a server has a number of advantages. One key advantage is in

licensing, since it is much easier to track usage. Another is that local users areprevented from

altering the configuration of applications, which can create software failure and cause

problems for other users. In addition, it is much easier to upgrade software since only one

copy needs to be upgraded, instead of upgrading one copy for each personal computer.

Applications run from a network server, however, are often comparatively slower than

applications running directly on a desktop computer. Another benefit to server-run

applications is the cost-saving use of thin clients. Thinclients are basic, low-cost computers

with insufficient power to run sophisticatedsoftware applications, but with enough power to

access applications installed on theserver.

Connecting to the Internet

There are many different ways to connect to the Internet. Agencies can generally purchase

several different kinds of on-ramps to the information superhighway based on their particular

need. Depending on the kind of connection to the Internet, access to information may be fast

or slow. The key to Internet speed is bandwidth. Bandwidth refers to the amount of data

transferred within a specified time. Greater bandwidth increases the speed of data transfer. A

general overview of the various types of Internet connections is listed below, starting with the

slowest (smallest bandwidth) and moving up to the faster (greater bandwidth) technologies.

Cost and service quality can vary widely. Use of a competitive bid process, with an

appropriate Request for Proposal (RFP), can better enable agencies to obtain needed service

while controlling cost. In other words, the agency should not commit to service from a

provider based on advertisements. Acronyms and abbreviations referenced in this appendix

are defined in the glossary. A reference table is provided at the end of this appendix for quick

comparison of the various Internet connection options discussed below.

Internet Service Providers

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide the portals, or access, that allow computer users to

connect to the Internet. There are numerous ways for education agencies to connect with an

ISP. Before selecting an ISP, the agency should determine its needs for bandwidth, speed,

and services. The agency should secure the services of an ISP through the RFP process.

Using the RFP process, the ISP should be required to identify the available connection speed

and the reliability of the system, sometimes measured by the amount of time the ISP's

services were down during the previous 6 months. Although most ISPs will advertise a high

connection speed, the agency should determine whether the full bandwidth is available at


9/44

P a g e | 9


all times by requesting an assessment of the provider's typical bandwidth and connection

speed at different times of the day and on different days of the week.

Cable Modems

Cable modems have become, in recent years, the most popular broadband technology for

home computer users. The cable modem uses the same coaxial cable that carries cable TV

signals for high-speed data transmission. While not as robust as fiber optic connections, cable

modems can provide similar quality service at a fraction of the cost. The quality of a cable

modem connection, however, is dependent on the overall quality of the cable modem

provider's network, and the more people accessing the provider's network at the same time,

the slower each individual's connection to the Internet will be. Speed ranges from under 1 to

8 Mbps; costs are generally $100 to $250 per month for commercial users. Because of the

historically strong connection between education and the cable television community, many

schools are using cable modems. When contracting to provide cable service to a city or

county, the cable company typically makes the commitment to provide one cable connection

and one modem to each school within the service area of the cable company. There are cases,however, in which cable companies have provided additional services.

Satellite

Some larger agencies have considered buying space on a satellite to upload and download

files. While the cost of transmitting information over wires would be removed, satellite

reliability is debatable. Weather (such as rain) or even sunspots can affect satellite

transmission.

Cellular Wireless

Traditionally, Internet access over cellular telephone networks has been slow and somewhat

unreliable. Wireless technology, however, is coming of age, and new, significantly faster

Internet connection services are offered throughout the United States. While these "third

generation wireless" services (generally referred to as 3G services) are not necessarily

suitable for building use, they may suit the needs of individuals within the agency as they

maintain contact with each other during the work day. Already, cellular phones are replacing

"walkie-talkies" in many secondary schools. It is still too soon to tell how much t hese

services will cost, but they will probably be metered, with cost depending upon the amount of

usage.

Fixed Wireless

Fixed wireless refers to the operation of wireless devices in a fixed location. Unlike mobile

wireless devices, which are battery powered, fixed wireless devices are electrically powered.

The basic idea behind fixed wireless is that the traditional wired connection (e.g., fiber optic,

telephone line, or cable TV line) is replaced by a high speed wireless connection. Depending

on the technology, bad weather (such as rain) can significantly interfere with fixed wireless

services. This service is usually most attractive in communities where traditional wired

connections are not available; however, the technology is also suitable for urban areas.


10/44

P a g e | 10


Fixed wireless speed varies considerably, from under 1 Mbps to upwards of 15 Mbps. Cost

also varies widely

Wide-Area Networking Overview

Cisco IOS software provides a range of wide-area networking capabilities to fit almost every

network environment need. Cisco offers cell relay via the Switched Multimegabit Data

Service (SMDS), circuit switching via ISDN, packet switching via Frame Relay, and the

benefits of both circuit and packet switching via Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). LAN

emulation (LANE) provides connectivity between ATM and other LAN types.

Objectives

The Cisco IOS Wide-Area Networking Configuration Guide presents a set of general

guidelines for configuring the following software components:

ATM

Broadband Access: PPP and Routed Bridge Encapsulation

Frame Relay

Frame Relay-ATM Internetworking

SMDS

Link Access Procedure, Balanced and X.25

Organization

The Cisco IOS Wide-Area Networking Configuration Guide includes the following chapters:

Configuring ATM

Configuring Broadband Access: PPP and Routed Bridge Encapsulation

Configuring Frame Relay

Configuring Frame Relay-ATM Interworking

Introduction to NETWORKING

Network is the method to share hardware resources and software resources. We can share the

resources with the help of operating system like windows, Linux, UNIX etc. To connect

multiple networks we have to use internetworking devices like router, bridge, layer 3,

switches etc.


11/44

P a g e | 11


Administrator model for NetworksWe can say that there are four components which are required to create networks

1. Software2. Protocol Stack3. Network Interface Card

4. Media

Software

Networking software can be divided in two categories:

Server software: - The software used to provide a particular service.

Client software: - The software which is used to access service provided by server.

IIS, Outlook

Exchange 2003, Yahoo messenger,

FTP Server, Cute FTP

Send Mail

TCP/IP, TCP/IP

IPX/SPX,

AppleTalk,

Netbeui

Design Considerations

Server software and Client software should be compatible.

Server

Software

Client

Software

Media Media

P

R O

T O

C O

L

Stack

P

R O

T O

C O

L

Stack

NICNIC


12/44

P a g e | 12


Protocol stack must be same.

Connectivity can be performed via switch/hub etc.

If NIC standards are different then translational bridge is required.

If media is different then Trans-Receiver is required.

OSI ModelOSI model is the layer approach to design, develop and implement networks. OSI model

provides following advantages: -

(i) Designing of network will be standards based.(ii)Development time of new technologies will be reduced.(iii)Devices from multiple vendors can communicate with each other.(iv)Implementation and troubleshooting of network will be easier.

Application layer accepts data and forward into the protocol stack. It creates user

interface between application software and protocol stack.


13/44

P a g e | 13


y Presentation Layer: -This layer decides presentation format of the data. It also able to performs other

function like compression/decompression and encryption/decryption.

Jpg file

Online song

y Session Layer: -This layer initiate, maintain and terminate sessions between different applications.

Due to this layer multiple application software can be executed at the same time.

Telephone trunk

y Transport Layer: -Transport layer is responsible for connection oriented and connection less

communication. Transport layer also performs other functions like

Positive Acknowledgement & Response

Error checking Flow Control

Buffering Windowing

Multiplexing Sequencing

Connection Oriented Communication


14/44

P a g e | 14


Connection less CommunicationSend data

(i) Error checkingTransport layer generates cyclic redundancy check (CRC) and forward the

CRC value to destination along with data. The other end will generate CRC

according to data and match the CRC value with received value. If both are

same, then data is accepted otherwise discarded.

(ii) Flow ControlFlow control is used to control the flow of data during communication. For

this purpose following methods are used: -

(a) BufferingBuffer is the temporary storage area. All the data is stored in the buffer

memory and when communication ability is available the data is forward

to another.

(b) WindowingWindowing is the maximum amounts of the data that can be send to

destination without receiving Acknowledgement. It is limit for buffer to

send data without getting Acknowledgement.

(c) MultiplexingMultiplexing is used for multiple application on same IP.

(iii) Sequencing

Transport layer add sequence number to data, so that out of sequence data can

be detected and rearranged in proper manner

(vi) Positive Acknowledgement and Response When data is send to destination, the destination will reply with Acknowledgement to

indicate the positive reception of data. If Acknowledgement is not received within a

specified time then the data is resend from buffer memory.

Network Layer

This layer performs function like logical addressing and path determination. Each

networking device has a physical address that is MAC address. But logical addressing

is easier to communicate on large size network.

Its other responsibilities are:

Fragmentation Quality of Service

Header checksum Protocol Identification

Sender Receiver


15/44

P a g e | 15


Logical addressing defines network address and host address. This type of addressing

is used to simplify implementation of large network. Some examples of logical

addressing are: - IP addresses, IPX addresses etc.

Path determination

Network layer has different routing protocols like RIP, EIGRP, BGP, and ARP etc. to

perform the path determination for different routing protocol.

Data Link Layer

The functions of Data Link layer are divided into two sub layers

y Logical Link Control

y Media Access Control

y Logical Link Control defines the encapsulation that will be used by the NIC todelivered data to destination. Some examples of Logical Link Control are ARPA(Ethernet), 802.11 wi-fi.

y Media Access Controldefines methods to access the shared media and establish theidentity with the help of MAC address. Some examples of Media Access Control areCSMA/CD, Token Passing.

Physical Layer

Physical Layer is responsible to communicate bits over the media this layer deals with

the standard defined for media and signals. This layer may also perform modulation

and demodulation as required.


16/44

P a g e | 16


Data Encapsulation

Data => Segment => Packet => Frames => Bits

Devices at different Layers

Physical Layer Devices

Hub, Modem, Media, DCE (Data comm. Equipment)

CSU/DSU, Repeater, Media converter

Data Link Layer

NIC, Switch, Bridge

Network Layer DeviceRouter, Layer 3 Switch

All Layers Device

PC, Firewall

DCE: - DCE convert the bits into signal & send them on media.

FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface

Switch forwards frames on the base of MAC address.

Router forwards packets on the base of IP address.

LAN TECHNOLOGIES

ETHERNET

In these days, we use Ethernet with switches and in switches the technology is made

CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance). So this reason Ethernet is best compare with Token Ring,

FDDI & Wi-Fi.


17/44

P a g e | 17

17

e artme t of Computer Sc e ceB

-

PUR

C M /C

i l it lli i t

Detect the

Collision

Stop transmitting receiving

data

Generate a random Number

Try to communicate after delay in

multiple of random no.


18/44

P a g e | 18


LAN segmentation using bridge.

Existing

Collision domain

A group of pc, in which collision can occur, is called a collision domain.

Broadcast domain

A group of pc in which broadcast message is delivered is called broadcast domain

LAN segmentation using Switches

Advantages of Switches: -

1.Bandwidth will not be shared and overall throughput will depend onwire speed of the switch. Wire speed is also called switching capacitymeasured in mbps or gbps.Minimum port on switches = 4Maximum port on switches = 48

2. Any time access technology.3. One to one communication so that network will be more secures.

4.Switches will perform micro segmentation and no collision will occurin network


19/44

P a g e |19

19 Department of Computer ScienceB T-

PUR

Lan segmentati n using router

Router Administration

Router Architecture

IO

Components ofR R

Router operation

When a pc has to send data to a different net ork address, then data willbe forwarded to the

router. It will anal sis IP address of the data and obtain a route from the routing table.

According to the route data will be dropped, If route not available.

(1) ProcessorSpeed: - 20 M to 1GHz

Architecture: - RISC

Reduce Instruction set computer

Manufacturers: - Motorola, IBM, Power PC, Texas, Dallis, Intel.

Processor

Memory

Controller

B

S

ROM

RAM

I/O

Controller

LAN

WAN

Ports

NVRAM

Flash RAM

O/S


20/44

P a g e | 20


(2) Flash RAMFlash Ram is the permanent read/write memory. This memory is usedto store one or more copies of router o/s. Router o/s is also called IOS(Internetwork Operating System).

Flash Ram stores the only o/s.The size of flash ram in the router is 4mb to 128mb. The flash ram may

be available in one of the following three packages: -

SIMM Flash: - Single In-Line Memory Module

PCMCIA Flash: - Personal Computer Memory Card Interface Architecture

Compact Flash: - (Small Memory)

(3) NVRAMNVRAM is a Non Volatile Random Access Memory. It is used to

store the configuration of the Router. The size of NVRAM is 8 KB to

512 KB.

(4) RAMRam of the router is divided into two logical parts.

(i) Primary RAM(ii) Shared RAM

Primary RAM

Primary RAM is used for: -

(a)Running copy of IOS.(b)Running configuration(c) Routing table(d)ARP table (IP address to MAC address)(e)Processor & other data structure

Shared RAMShared RAM is used as a buffer memory to shared the data received from different

interfaces. Size of ram in a router may vary from 2 mb to 512 mb. The types of

memory that may be present in a ram are: -

(a)DRAM Dynamic RAM(b)EDORAM Extended Data Out RAM(c)SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic RAM


21/44

P a g e | 21


(5) BIOS ROMThe BIOS ROM is the permanent ROM. This memory is used to store

following program & Routines: -

(i) Boot strap loader (doing booting)(ii) Power on self test routines

(iii) Incomplete IOS(iv) ROM Monitor (ROM-MON)

Types of routers:-

(1) Fixed configuration router

(2) Modular router

(3) Chassis based router

Access Router using console

Connect PC serial port to router Console using console cable.

Click the Start button on the Windows Taskbar, and select Programs > Accessories >

Communications > HyperTerminal. HyperTerminal launches and displays the Connection

Description dialog box. Type any name

Router Access Modes

When we access router command prompt the router will display different modes. According

to the modes, privileges and rights are assigned to the user.


22/44

P a g e | 22


User mode

Privileged mode

Global configuration

Line configuration mode

Interface configuration mode

Routing configuration mode

Configuring Passwords

There are five types of password available in a router

1)Console Password

router#configure terminal

router(config)#line console 0

router(config-line)#password

router(config-line)#login

router(config-line)#exit

(2) Vty Password


router(config)#line vty 0 4




(3)Auxiliary Password


router(config)#line Aux 0




(4)Enable Password

router>enable


router(config)#enable password

router(config)#exit


23/44

P a g e | 23


(5)Enable Secret Password

Enable Password is the clear text password. It is stored as clear text in configuration where as

enable secret password is the encrypted password with MD5 (Media Digest 5) algorithm.

Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#enable secret Router(config)#exit

Encryption all passwords

All passwords other than enable secret password are clear text password. We can encrypt all

passwords using level 7 algorithm. The command to encrypt all passwords are:

Router#configure terminal

Router(config)#service password-encryption

Managing ConfigurationThere are two types of configurations present in a router

(1) Startup Configuration (2) Running Configuration

Startup configuration is stored in the NVRAM. Startup configuration is used to save

settings in a router. Startup configuration is loaded at the time of booting in to the Primary

RAM.

Running Configuration is present in the Primary RAM wherever we run a command for

configuration, this command is written in the running configuration.

To display running-configuration

Router#show running-configuration

To display startup configuration

Router#show startup-configuration

To erase old configuration

Router#erase startup-configuration

Router#reload


24/44

P a g e | 24


Save[y/n]:n

To save configuration

Router#copy running-config startup-config

Or

Router#write

To abort configuration

Router#copy startup-config running-config

Telnet access :

Telnet is a virtual port through which we can access router command line using interfaces

Switch Router

To accept telnet connection we have to configure following options on router:

Configure IP on interface

Configure VTY, enable secret password

On client PC test connectivity with router & use commandtelnet

THE TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

Application Layer

This layer contains a large no. of protocols. Each protocol is designed to act as server

& client. Some of protocol will need connection oriented. TCP and others may need

connection less UDP for data transfer.

Application layer use port nos to identity each application at Transport layer. This

layer performs most of functions, which are specified by the Application, Presentation, andSession layer of OSI model.

Transport Layer

Two protocols are available on Transport layer

Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol

1)Transmission Control Protocol:

PC


25/44

P a g e | 25


TCP performs connection-oriented communication. Its responsibilities are: -

Error Checking Acknowledgement

Sequencing Flow Control

Windowing

y Source Port and Destination Port fields together identify the two local end points of theparticular connection. A port plus its hosts IP address forms a unique end point. Ports areused to communicate with the upper layer and distinguish different application sessions on the

host.y The Sequence Number and Acknowledgment Number fields specify bytes in the byte stream.

The sequence number is used for segment differentiation and is useful for reordering orretransmitting lost segments. The Acknowledgment number is set to the next segmentexpected.

y Data offset or TCP header length indicates how many 4-byte words are contained in the TCPheader.

y The Windowfield indicates how many bytes can be transmitted before an acknowledgment isreceived.

y The Checksum field is used to provide extra reliability and security to the TCP segment.

y The actual user data are included after the end of the header.

2)User Datagram Protocol

UDP is considered to be a connectionless protocol. It leaves reliability to be handled by the

application layer. All it cares about is fast transmission.

UDP header is responsible for error checking and identifying applications using port numbers.


26/44

P a g e | 26


Internet Layer

The main function of Internet layer is routing and providing a single network interface to the upper

layers protocols. Upper or lower protocols have not any functions relating to routing. To prevent this,

IP provides one single network interface for the upper layer protocols. After that it is the job of IP and

the various Network Access protocols to get along and work together. The main protocols are used in

Internet layer:-

1) Internet Protocol (IP)

2) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

3) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

4) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

5) Proxy ARP

Internet Protocol

This protocol works at internet layer. It is responsible for logical addressing, defining type of

service and fragmentation.


27/44

P a g e | 27


y Source Port and Destination Port fields together identify the two local end points of theparticular connection. A port plus its hosts IP address forms a unique end point. Ports are usedto communicate with the upper layer and distinguish different application sessions on thehost.

y

The Sequence Number and Acknowledgment Number fields specify bytes in the byte stream.The sequence number is used for segment differentiation and is useful for reordering orretransmitting lost segments. The Acknowledgment number is set to the next segmentexpected.

y Data offsetor TCP header length indicates how many 4-byte words are contained in the TCPheader.

y Window indicates how many bytes can be transmitted before an acknowledgment is received.y Checksum is used to provide extra reliability and security to the TCP segment.

y User data represents the actual data which are always included at end of the header.

IP SubnetIn TCP/IP by default three sizes of networks are available: -

(1) Class A -224 PC -> 16777216

(2) Class B - 216

PC-> 65536

(3) Class C 28 PC -> 256

In subneting, we will divide class A,B & C network into small size sub networks. This

procedure is called subneting.

Subneting is performed with the help of subnet mask. There are two types of subneting that

we performed: -

(1) FLSM Fixed Length Subnet Mask(2) VLSM Variable Length Subnet Mask

IP RoutingWhen we want to connect two or more networks using different n/w addresses then we have

to use IP Routing technique. The router will be used to perform routing between the

networks. A router will perform following functions for routing.

(1) Path determination(2) Packet forwarding

(1)Path determination

The process of obtaining path in routing table is called path determination. There are three

different methods to which router can learn path.

i) Automatic detection of directly connected n/w.

ii) Static & Default routing


28/44

P a g e | 28


iii) Dynamic routing

(2)Packet forwarding

It is a process that is by default enable in router. The router will perform packet

forwarding only if route is available in the routing table.

Static Routing

In this routing, we have to use IP route commands through which we can specify routes for

different networks. The administrator will analyze whole internetwork topology and then

specify the route for each n/w that is not directly connected to the router

CONFIGURATION FOR ROUTER 0

Router>en

Router0#conf t

Router(config)#int s1/0

Router(config)#ip ad 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.0

Router(config)#no shut

Router(config)#clock rate 64000

Router(config)#exit



29/44

P a g e | 29


Router>en

Router1#conf t

Router(config)#int s 1/0



Router(config)#exit

Router#conf t




Router(config)#clock rate 64000

Router(config)#exit


Router>en

Router2#conf t




Router(config)#exit

STATIC ROUTING

For Router 0

Router0#ip route 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.0.2

Router0#ip route 30.0.0.0. 255.0.0.0 192.168.0.2

Router0#ip route 172.168.0.0 255.255.0.0 192.168.0.2

For Routert 1

Router1#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 192.168.0.1

Router1#ip route 30.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.168.0.2


30/44

P a g e | 30


For Router 2

Router2#ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 172.168.0.1

Router2#ip route 20.0.0.0. 255.0.0.0 172.168.0.1

Router2#ip route 192.168.0.1 255.0.0.0 172.168.0.1

Advantages of static routing

(1) Fast and efficient.

(2) More control over selected path.

(3) Less overhead for router.

(4) Bandwidth of interfaces is not consumed in routing updates.

Disadvantages of static routing

(1) More overheads on administrator.

(2) Load balancing is not easily possible.

(3) In case of topology change routing table has to be change manually.

Routing Information Protocol

Features of RIP: -

y Distance Vectory Open standardy Broadcast Updates

(255.255.255.255)

y Metric - Hop Count TimersUpdate 30 sec

Invalid 180 sec

Hold 180 sec

Flush 240 sec

y Loop Control

Split HorizonTriggered Updates

Maximum Hop Count

Hold Down

y Maximum Hop Count 15

y Administrative Distance 120

y Equal Path Cost Load Balancing

y Maximum Load path 6 Default 4


31/44

P a g e | 31


y Does not support VLSM

y Does not support Autonomous system

RIP CONFIGURATION

Router 0

Router(config)#network 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0


Router(config)#network 20.0.0.0 255.0.0.0.

Router 1


Router(config)#network 30.0.0.0. 255.0.0.0.


Router 2

Router(config)#network 10.0.0.0. 255.0.0.0


Router 3


32/44

P a g e | 32




Router 4



Router 5


Router(config)#network 50.0.0.0. 255.0.0.0

Link State RoutingThis type of routing is based on link state. Its working is explain as under

(1) Each router will send Hello packets to all neighbors using all interfaces.

(2) The router from which Hello reply receive are stored in the neighborship table. Hello

packets are send periodically to maintain the neighbor table.

(3) The router will send link state information to the all neighbors. Link state information

from one neighbor is also forwarded to other neighbor.

(4) Each router will maintain its link state database created from link state advertisement

received from different routers.

(5) The router will use best path algorithm to store the path in routing table.

Problems of Link State Routing

The main problems of link state routing are: -

(1) High bandwidth consumption.

(2) More hardware resources required that is processor and memory (RAM)

The routing protocols, which use link state routing are: -

(1) OSPF (2) EIGRP

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

Features: -

* Cisco proprietary

* Hybrid protocol

Link State


33/44

P a g e | 33


Distance Vector

* Multicast Updates using

Address 224.0.0.10

* Support ASN

* Support VLSM

* Automatic Route Summarization* Unequal path cost load balancing

* Metric (32 bit composite)

Bandwidth

Delay

Load

Reliability

MTU

* Neighbor Recovery

* Partial updates

* Triggered updates

* Backup Route

* Multi Protocol Routing

Open Shortest Path FirstFeatures: -

* Link State

* Open standard

* Multicast updates

224.0.0.5224.0.0.6

* Support VLSM

* Support Area similar to AS

* Manual Route Summarization

* Hierarchical model

* Metric Bandwidth

* Equal path cost load balancing

* Support authentication

* Unlimited hop count


34/44

P a g e | 34


CONFIGURATION OF OSPF ROUTING


35/44

P a g e | 35


LAN Switching

Ethernet switches are used in LAN to create Ethernet networks. Switches forward the traffic

on the basis of MAC address. Switches maintain a switching table in which MAC addresses

and Port No are used to perform switching decision. Working of bridge and switch is similar

to each other.

Classification of switchesSwitches are classified according to the following criteria: -

Types of switches based onworking(1)Store & Forward

This switch receives entire frame then perform error checking and start forwarding data to the

destination.

(2)Cut through

This switch starts forwarding frame as soon as first six bytes of the frame are received.

(3)Fragment-free

This switch receives 64 bytes of the frame, perform error checking and then start forwarding data.

(4)Adaptive cut-through

It changes its mode according the condition. If there are errors in frames then it changes its mode

to Store & Forward.

Types of switches based on management

(1) Manageable switches

(2) Non-Manageable switches

(3) Semi-Manageable switches

Types of switches based on OSI layer

(1) Layer 2 switches (only switching)

(2) Layer 3 switches (switching & routing)

Types of switches based on OSI layer

(1) Layer 2 switches (only switching)

(2) Layer 3 switches (switching & routing)

Switches based on hierarchical model

(1) Core layer switches

(2) Distribution layer switches

(3) Access layer switches


36/44

P a g e | 36


VLAN (Virtual LAN)

VLAN provides Virtual Segmentation of Broadcast Domain in the network. The devices,

which are member of same Vlan, are able to communicate with each other. The devices of

different Vlan may communicate with each other with routing. So that different Vlan devices

will use different n/w addresses. Vlan provides following advantages: -

(1) Logical Segmentation of network (2) Enhance network security

Vlan Trunking Protocol (VTP)

With the help of VTP, we can simplify the process of creating Vlan. In multiple switches, we

can configure one switch as VTP server and all other switches will be configured as VTP

client. We will create Vlans on VTP server switch. The server will send periodic updates to

VTP client switches. The clients will create Vlans from the update received from the VTP

server.

VTP serverVTP server is a switch in which we can create, delete or modify Vlans. The server will send

periodic updates for VTP clients.

VTP client

On VTP client, we are not able to create, modify or delete Vlans. The client will receive and

forward vtp updates. The client will create same Vlans as defined in vtp update.

VTP Transparent

Transparent is a switch, which will receive and forward VTP update. It is able to create,

delete and modify Vlans locally. A transparent will not send its own VTP updates and will

not learn any information from received vtp update.

Access Control List

ACL are the basic security feature that is required in any network to control the flow

of traffic. Most of time our network may have servers and clients for which traffic control is

required. We can also use ACL to classify the traffic. ACLs are used in features like QOS

(Quality of Service), Prioritize traffic and interesting traffic for ISDN.

Types of ACL based on Protocol: -

(1) IP Access Control List

(2) IPX Access Control List

(3) Appletalk Access Control List

Types of ACL based on Feature: -

(1) Standard ACL

(2) Extended ACL


37/44

P a g e | 37


Types of ACL based on Access mode: -

(1) Numbered ACL

(2) Named ACL

Types of ACL based on Order of rules: -

(1) Deny, permit

(2) Permit, deny

Types of ACL based on direction: -

(1) Inbound ACL

(2) Outbound ACL


38/44

P a g e | 38


CONCLUSION

So after making my project report and completing my summer training I have concluded

many new things and now I learnt the importance of summer training, and learnt about the

experience of working in an industry and how the atmosphere is in an IT industry.

I also learnt very deeply about networking and all its fundamentals and so I can say that I

have the potential to withstand in any networks related company and I can survive there with

my abilities and qualities I have gained during my summer training.

I also got a very good experience to work with my faculties and my seniors who worked very

generously and I learnt how to tackle every problem coming between your way to success.


39/44

P a g e | 39


REFERENCES

Websites from which I got the reference about my content

www.Google.com

www.cisco.com

www.w3schools.com

www.docstoc.com

Reference Books

Cisco Press

kross & ross

Tenenbaum


40/44

P a g e | 40



41/44

P a g e | 41



42/44

P a g e | 42



43/44

P a g e | 43



44/44

P a g e | 44