Chinook Jargon1909

8/2/2019 Chinook Jargon1909

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THE CHINOOK JARGONCHIEF AUTHORITIES.

Myron Eells, D. D., (manuscript).George Gibbs, (Slllithsonian Institution), printed.Horatio Hale, M. A., F. R. S. C., (printed).Charles M. Buchanan, (Haskell Institute), manuscript.Dr. Franz Boas, (printed).Alexander Francis Chamberlain, (printed).Rev. Paul Gard, (manuscript notes), French words.W. S. Phillips, om Cornarrcho) criticism.Mr. and Mrs. H. S. Alfred (Indians), Suquamish, Wash.Indians, (numerous), Puget Sd., Neah Bay and West Coast.


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THE CHINOOK JARGONAND HOW TO USE IT

A COMPLETE AND EXHAUSTIVE

LEXICON OF THE OLDEST TRADE

LANGUAGE OF THE

AMERICAN CONTINENT.

By

GEORGE e. SHAW

1 9 0 9

SEATTLE

RAII'IIER PRINTING COMPANY, INC.

116 THIRD A VENUE SO.


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COPYRIGHT 1909 BY

GEORGE C. SHAW


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ToERASTUS BRAINERD


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INTRODUCTION

In offering the present work to thepublic, it is the author's hope to supply,with respect to other dictionaries of theChinook .Jargon, a desideratum ntthertounsupplied in the fifty or more editionsof small vocabularies issued during aperiod of seventy years.

It has been the aim to give the originand derivation of every word treated,whenever such is known, and to recordunder each every authoritative referencethereto. Also a reference to the author-ity is noted.

With regard to the spelling, It is be-lieved that a sufficient number of formSis recorded to enable the student toidentify practically every word, as wellas to trace the origin of many words ofundetermined derivation.

A valuable feature is the index to use-ful words in the main vocabulary. An-other feature worth mention is the SUPeplemental vocabulary of about two hun-dred uncommon words, which are ofsuch limited use as to preclude a neces-sity for their appearance in the mainvocabulary. One of the best features;perhaps, is the Guide to Pronunciation,with the Key to the Symbols. Thispronouncing vocabulary records twohundred and seventy-five words, employ-ing the diacritically marked letters, andis the work of the late Myron Eells,

than whom no higher authority everlived.

"The origin of this .Jargon, a conven-tional language similar to the LinguaFranca of the Mediterranean, the Negro-English-Dutch of Surinam, the PigeonEnglish of China, and several othermixed tongues, dates back to the f~rdroguers of the last century. Thosemariners whose enterprise in the fifteenyears preceding 1800, explored the in-tricacies of the northwest coast ofAmerica, picked up at their general ren-dezvous, Nootka Sound, various nativewords useful in barter, and thence trans-planted them, with additions from theEnglish, to the shores of Oregon. Evenbefore their day, the coasting trade andwarlike expeditions of the northerntribes, themselves a seafaring race, hadopened up a partial understanding ofof each other's speech; for when, in1792, Vancouver's officers vtsttcd Gray'sHarbor, they found that the natives,though speaking a different language,understood many wor-ds of the Nootka.

On the arrival of Lewis and Clarkeat the mouth of the Columbia, in 1806,the new language, from the sentences

given by them, had evidently attainedsome form. It was with the arrival ofAstor's party, however, that the .Jargonreceived its principal impulse. Manymore words of English were thenbrought in, and for the first time theFrench, or rather the Canadian andMissouri patois of the French, were in-troduced. The principal seat of thecompany being at Astoria, not only alarge addition of Chinook words wasmade, but a considerable number wastaken from the Chtha.Iis, who immediate-ly bordered the tribe on the north,-each owning a portion of ShoalwaterBay. The words adopted from the sev-eral languages were, naturally enough,those most easily uttered by all, except,of course, that objects new to the na-tives found names in French or Eng-lish, and such modifications were madein pronunciation as suited tongues ac-customed to different sounds. Thus thegutturals of the Indians were softenedor dropped: and the f and r of the Eng-lish and French, to them unpronounce-able, were modified into p and 1. Gram-matical forms were reduced to theirsimplest expression, and variations inmood and tense conveyed only by ad-verbs or by the context. The languagecontinued to receive additions, and as-sumed a more distinct and settled mean-

ing, under the Northwest and Hudson'sBay companies, who succeeded Astor'sparty, as well as through the Americansettlers in Oregon. Its advantage wassoon perceived by the Indians, and the.Jargon became to some extent a meansof communication between natives ofdifferent speech, as well as betweenthem and the whites. It was even usedas such between Americans and Cana-dians. It was at first most in vogueupon the lower Columbia and the Wil-lamette, whence it spread to PugetSound, and with the extension of tradefound its way far up the coast, as wellas the Columbia and Fraser rivers; andthere are now few tribes between the42nd and 57th parallels of latitude inwhich there are not to be found inter-preters through its medium. Its preva-lence and easy acquisition, while of vastconvenience to traders and settlers, hastended greatly to hinder the acquire-ment of the original Indian languages:so much so, that except by a few mis-sionaries and pioneers, hardly one ofthem Is spoken or understood by whitemen in all Oregon and Washington Ter-ritory. Notwithstanding its apparentpoverty in number of words, and the


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x THE CHINOOK JARGONabsence of grammatical forms, it pos-sesses much more flexibility and powerof expression than might be imagined,and really serves almost every purposeof ordinary intercourse.

The number of words constituting theJargon proper has been variously stated.Many formerly employed have becomein great measure obsolete, while othershave been locally introduced. Thus, atthe Dalles of the Columbia, variousterms are common which would notbe intelligible at Astoria or on PugetSound. In making the following selec-tion, I have included all those which,on reference to a number of vocabu-laries, I have found current at any ofthese places, rejecting, on the otherhand, such as individuals, partially ac-quainted with the native languages, haveemployed for their own convenience."-George Gibbs, in "A Dictionary of theChinook Jargon or Trade Language ofOregon," prepared from materials col-lected by himself during a residence oftwelve years on the Northwest Coast ofNorth America.

"CmNOO'E.""The 'Trade Language,' which came

afterwards to be known as the 'ChinookJa.rgon,' grew into existence. As finallydeveloped, it has become really an 'inter-national speech' widely diffused amonj;the fifty tribes of Oregon, Washington,British Columbia and Alaska, and ofinestimable service, not only to com-merce, but to science, to missionary ef-

forts, and to the convenience of travel-ers. * * The British and Ameri-can trading ships first appeared on thenorthwest coast during the closing yearsof the last (eighteenth) century. Thegreat number of languages spoken bythe native tribes proved, to be a serioushindrance to their business. * Unfortunately. all these languages-the Nootka, Nisqually, Chinook, Chi-hailish, and others-were alike harsh inpronunciation, complex in structure, andeach spoken over a very limited space.But, as the harbor of Nootka was atthat time the headquarters or chief em-porium of the trade, it was necessarilythe case that some words of the dialectthere spoken became known to thetraders, and the Indians, on the otherhand, were made familiar with a fewEnglish words. These, with the assist-ance of signs, were sufficient for theslight intercourse that was then main-tained. Afterwards the traders beganto frequent the Columbia River, andnaturally attempted to communicatewith the natives there by means of thewords with which they had found in-telligible at Nootka. The Chinooks, whoare quick in catching sounds, soon ae-

quired these words, both Nootka andEnglish, and we find that they were inuse among them as early as the visitof Lewis and Clark in 1804. But when,at a later period, the white traders of

Astor's expeditions, and from otherquarters, made permanent establish-ments in Oregon, it was SOon foundthat the scanty list of nouns, verbs, andadjectives then in use was not sufficientfor the more constant and general Inter-course which began to take place. Areal language, complete in all its parts,however limited in extent, was required;and it was found by drawing upon theChinook for such words as were requi-site, in order to add to the skeletonwhich they had already possessed thesinews and tendons, the connecting liga-ments, as it were, of a speech. 'Theseconsisted of the numerals (the tendigits and the word for hundred), twelvepronouns (I, thou, he, we, ye, they, this,other, all, both, who, what), and abouttwenty adverbs and prepositions (suchas now, then, formerly, soon, across,ashore, offshore, inland, above, below, to,with, etc.). Having appropriated theseand a few other words of the sametongue, the Trade Language-or, as itnow began to be styled, 'the Jargon'-assumed a regular shape, and becameof great service as a means of generalintercourse. But the new idiom receivedadditions from other sources. The Ca-nadian voyageurs, as they are called,who enlisted in the service of the Amer-ican and British fur companies, were

brought more closely in contact withthe Indians than any others of the for-eigners. They did not merely trade,they traveled, hunted, ate, and, in short,lived with them on terms of familiarity.The consequence was that several wordsof the French language were added tothe slender stock of the Jargon. EightOn ten words were made by what gram-marians term onomatopoeia,-that is,were formed by rude attempts to imi-tate sound, and are therefore the soleand original property of the Jargon.All the words thus combined in thissingularly constructed language, at thatstage of its existence, were found tonumber, according to my computation,about two hundred and fifty. Of these,eighteen Were of Nootka origin, forty-one were English, thirty-four French,one hundred and eleven Chinook, tenformed by onomatopoeia, and somethirty-eight were of doubtful derivation,though probably for the most parteither Chinook or Nootkan. But asmight be' expected, the language con-tinued to develop. Its grammar, suchas it was, remained the same, but itsLexicon drew contributions from all thevarious sources which have been named,


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AND HOW TO USE IT.

and from some others. In 1863, seven-teen yea.rs after' my list was published,the S,mithsonian Institution put fortha 'Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon,'

prepared by tlie late George Gibbs, athoroughly competent investigator. Hiscollection comprised nearly five hun-dred words. Those of Chinook originhad almost doubled, being computed attwo hundred and twenty-one. TheFrench had more than doubled, and com-prised now ninety-four words. TheE'nglish terms were sixty-seven. Thegreat Salish or 'Flathead' stock, withwhose tribes, next to the Chinook,the Oregon traders had the largest re-lations, furnished thirty-nine words.The Nootka, :n its various dialects, nowyielded twenty-four. The others,. aboutforty, were due to the imitation of nat-ural sounds, or were of casual or un-determined derivation. There can be nodoubt that it will remain a living anduseful language so long as the nativetribes continue to speak their own dia-lects. Rude and formless as it is, thespontaneous product of the commercialneeds of mingled races, it has been thesource of great and varied benefits.. Itmay well serve, if not as a model, atleast as a finger-post to direct us tosome higher invention for subservingthe larger uses of an advanced civiliza-tion. Viewed in this light, and also aspresenting one of the most curiousspecimens of a 'mixed language' whichphilologists have had the opportunity of

analyzing, the Jargon. seems to merita somewhat careful study."Another View.-"The Chinook JargOn

was invented by the Hudson Bay Com-pany traders, who were mostly French-Canadians. Having to trade with thenumerous trfb ss inhabiting the coun-tries west of the Rocky Mountains, itwas necessary to have a language un-derstood by all. Hence, the idea ofcomposing the Chinook Jargon. FortVancouver being the principal post, thetraders of the twenty-nine forts belong-ing to the company, OIl the westernslope, and the Indhns from every partof that immense country, had to cometo Vancouver for the trading season.They used to learn the Chinook, andthen teach it to others. In this mannerit became universally known. The twofirst missionaries to Oregon, Rev. F. N.Blanchet, V. G., and his worthy com-panion, Rev. Mod. Demers, arrived fromCanada to Vancouver on the 24th of No-vember, 1838. They had to instructnumerous tribes of Indians, and thewives and children of the whites, whospoke only the Chinook. The two mis-sionaries set to work to learn it, and ina few weeks Father Demers had mas-tered it, and began to preach. He com-

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posed a vocabulary which was very use-ful to other missionaries. He composedseveral canticles which the Indianslearned and sang with taste and de-

light. He also translated all the Chris-tian prayer~ in the same language. Suchis the origin of the Chinook Jargon,which enabled the two first missionariesin the country to do a great deal ofgood among the Indians and half-breeds."-Rev. L. N. St. Onge,

,Judge Swan's Opinion: "This Jargonis composed of Chinook, French andEnglish languages,and is supposed bymany to have been formed by the Hud-son Bay Company for trading purposes.Such, however, is not the fact. Therehave been constant additions to the Jar-gon since the advent of the Hudson BayCompany, for many of the words nowin general use in this language are ofFrench and English origin, but I thinkthat, among the Coast Indians in par-ticular, the Indian part of the languagehas been in use for years. The firstmention I have seen made of this Jar-gon is in Meare's voyages in 1788, wherein giving an account of a chief namedCallicum, who hurt his leg while climb-ing on board ship, and then sucked theblood from the wound, Meares stateshe "licked his lips, and, patting hisbelly, exclaimed, cloosh, cloosh, Or good,good."

Cloosh, or klose, or close, are all thesame, and mean good. The differentmanner in which words are spelled is

no evidence of a difference of meaning,for no two writers of Indian wordsfully agree as to the proper method ofspelling. (Kloshe is spelled in the fol-lowing ways: Close, CIoBche, Clouch,klosche, klose, kloBh, kloosh, tloos, tlosh,tlush, etc.-Editor). Still later thanthis, in 1803, Jewett, in his narrativeof the ship Boston, at Nootka, gives avocabulary of the words in commonuse among the Nootkans. 0 0 "It isa language confined wholly, I believe,to our Northwestern possessions westof the Rocky Mountains. It originatedin the roving, trading spirit of thetribes,. and has been added to and in-creased since the introduction of thewhites among them."-The NorthwestCoast.ABBBEVJ:A'rl:ONS AliI) EXPLAlIrA-

TOBY lIrO'l:'ES.Adj. Adjective. "The adjective pre-

cedes the noun, as in English and Chi-nook; as, la.swa;r hakatschum, silk hand-kerchief; mesahchle tUikum, bad peo-ple."-Hale.

Adv. Adverb. "The adverb usuallyprecedes the adjective or verb which itqualifies, though it may sometimes fol-low the latter."-Hale.


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XII THE CHINOOK JAnGON

Belbella.. Bellabella. "The popularname of an important Kwakiutl tribeliving on Milbank Sd., Brit. Col. 'Thelanguage spoken by this tribe is apeculiar dialect of Kwakiutl, called

Heiltsuk from the native name of theBellabella. When voyagers' first beganrrequentrng the N. Pacific Coast Mil-bank Id. was often visited, and its in-habitants were therefore among the firstto be modified by EUropean contact."-Hodge. See Olallia.

(C.) Ohmookan family of languages.In 1841 the number of Chinook wordsin the Jargon numbered 111; in 1863,221; in 1894, 198, the number given inthis dictionary. The letters C., E., F.,If. and S. refer to the derivation ofwords, and signify Chinook, English,French, Ifootka, and Salish. See Chinook.

(C. & E.) Chinook and English. Theletters C. & E. refer to the derivation ofthe word.(can. Fr.) Canadian French. TheCanadian voyageurs, as they are called,were more closely in contact with theIndians than any others of the foreign-ers, from 1810 to 1855. See, bread, tlour,overcoat, hat, axe, pipe, mill, table, box,head, mouth, tongue, teeth, neck, hand,foot, run, sing, dance, etc. When theHudson's Bay Company removed fromOregon and Washington these Canadiansalso largtlly left, so a large share ofthese words of French origin have beendropped.

Cathlamet. A Chinookan tribe form-erly resid.ing on the south bank of Co-

lumbia river, near its mouth, in Oregon.They adjoined the Clatsop. As a dialect,Cathlamet was spoken by a number ofChinookan tribes On both sides of theColumbia, extending up the river as faras Ralmer. It is regarded as belongingto the upper Chinook division of thefamily.-IIodge. See, Skwis-kwis.

Chihalis. Chehalis. A collective namefor several Salishan tribes on Chehalisriver and its affluents, and on GraysHarbor, Wash. By many writers Theyare divided into Upper Chehalis, dwell-ing above' Satsop river, and the LowerChehalis, from that point down. Thisdictionary gives 36 words of Chehalisorigin. See Elip, moosum, etc.

Chinook (from Tsinuk, their Chehalisname). The Chinook were first de-scribed by' Lewis and Clark in 1805,though they had been known to tradersfor at least 12 years previously. Fromtheir proximity to Astoria and their in-timate relations with the early traders,the Chinook soon became well known,and thetr-tanguage formed the basis forthe widely spread Chinook Jargon.Linguistically they were divided intotwo groups: (1) Lower Chinook, com-prising two slightly different dialects,

the Chinook proper, and the Clatsop;(2) Upper Chinook, which included allthe rest of the tribes, though with nU-merous slight dialectic differences. Thedialects of the Lower Chinook are now

practically extinct. Upper Chinook isstill spoken by considerable numbers.See Cathlamet, Clatsop, Wasco.

Chlppeway. Chippewa. One of thelargest tribes north of Mexico, whoserange was formerly along both shoresof Lake Huron and L. Superior, extend-ing across Minnesota to Turtle Mts., N.Dakota. See 'l'atoosh.

Clallam. A Salish tribe living on thesouth side of Puget Sound, Wa.sh., form-erly extending from Port Discoyery toHoko river, being bounded at each endby the Chimakum and Maka.h. Subse-quently they occupied Chimakum terri-tory and established a village at Port'Townsend.-Hodge. See 'l'oluks.

Clatsop. A Chinookan tribe. TheClatsop is merely a dialect of the Chi-nook. The language is now practicallyextinct.

Clayoquot. A Nootka tribe living onMeares Ld., and Tortlno inlet, ClayoquotSd., Vancouver Id. See Chako, kokshut,kumtuks.

Con]. Conjunction. "Only two con-junctions, properly speaking, are foundin the language, pe and spose."-Hale.

Cree. An important Algonquian tribeof British America. The Cree are close-ly related, linguistically and otherwtse,to the Chippewa. They were friendlyfrom their first intercourse with the

English and the French and the Hud-Son Bay Co. See lIII1tass, moosmoos,siskiyou.

Ex. Example.(E.) EnglilJh. "The words of English

origin numbered in 1841, 41; In 1863,67, and in 1904, 570. Many words ofFrench and Indian origin have beendropped. The English words are usedboth by Indians and whites when theytalk Chinook, and so have become a partof the language."-Eells.

(F.) French. In 1841, 34 words ofFrench origin were in use, in 1863, 94words, and in 1894, 153 words. Forwords of French origin see letter L.About thirty words are in use now, andthese will soon be dropped, as they areseldom used, except by the old folks.

Interj. J:ntarjection. Of these thereare sixteen words and two phrases.

(J) Jargon. Words marked J are con-sidered to be the peculiar property ofthe Jargon, as having been formedeither in Imrtatton of sounds or by somecasual invention.-Hale. Seee Onoma.

Xalapuya. xalapoolan FamUy. Agroup of tribes formerly occupying thevalley of Wlllamette river, N. W. Ore-gon, and speaking a distinct stock lan-


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g'uage,Klaokwat. See Clayoquot.lD1katat. Kl1kltat. A Shahaptian

tribe whose former seat was at the headwaters of the Cowlitz, Lewis, WhiteSalmon, and Klickitat rivers, north ofColumbia river, in Klickitat and Skama-nia counties, Wash. Their eastern neigh-bors were the Yakima, who speak aclosely related language, and on thewest they were met by various Salishanand Chinookan tribes. They were en-terprising traders, widely known as in-termediaries between the Coast tribesand those living east of the Cascaderange. The Topenish are probably theirnearest relatives.-Hodge. See Moos-moos, lfawitka, Koolhool.

Lummi. A Salish tribe on and Inlandfrom Bellingham Bay, N. W. Wash.The Lummi are nOw under the jurisdic-tion of the Tulalip school superintend-ent, Washington. See Eullaghan.

Makah. The southernmost tribe ofthe Wakashan stock, the only one withinthe United States. They belong to theNootka branch. By treaty of Neah Bay,Wash., Jan. 31, 1855. the Makah cededal! their lands at the mouth of theStra it of Juan. de Fuca except the im-mediate area Including Cape Flattery.The Ozette reservation was establishedby order of April 12, 1893.-Hodge. SeeKloshe. Mahkook.

n. lfoun. "There are far more nounsin the language than there are wordsin any other part of speech or even inall the other parts combined."-Eells.(If.) The letter If. refers to the deri-vation of the word, and signifies Nootka.Nootkas, the conventional generic namecf all the tribes in Vancouver and oppo-site coast, many of whom speak totallydifferent languages.-Keane.

(If. & E.) The letters If. & E. referto the derivation of the word, and sig-nify Nootka and English.

lfisqually. I'A Puget Sound (Colum-bian) nation, with many sub-tribeswhose names end mostly in mlsh, andwill thus be recognized without requir-ing to be indexed.-Keane.

lfittinat. The Tokwaht, Nittinat andMakah quoted in the dictionary aredialects of the Nootka. (Ahts.) Thegeneric name of most of the tribes onthe west coast of Vancouver Island. Allspeak dialects of the same language.See klatawa, mahkook, mowftsh, peshak,wawa, wina'Die.

Ouoma. Onomatopoeia. Eight or tenwords were made by what grammariansterm onomatopoeia-that Is, wereformed by a rude attempt to imitatesound, and are therefore the sole andoriginal property of the Jargon. Con-si(lAring its mode of formation, one israther surprised that the number of

these words is not greater.-Hale. Seeliplip, tintin, poo, tlkt1k, tumtum, tum-wata., mahsh, kla.k, etc.

prep. Preposition. There are nine

words and three phrases which are usedas prepositions. The principal wordsare kopa saghalie, over; keekW1llee,un-der; and kunamokst, with; kopa Is, how-ever, used more than all the others. asit has a great variety of meanings,which can only be known by the con-nection, some of which are entirely op-posite to each other.

pron. Pronoun. The pronouns are tenin number in the words and seven inthe phrases, nearly all the latter beingformed by the addition of self to thepersonal pronouns, as mika self, etc.

Quaere u. d. Unknown or of unde-termined derivation. Unmarked wordsare of doubtful origin.

(S.) Salish. "Salishan tribes held theentire northwestern part of Washington,including the whole of the Ptig et Soundregion, except only the Macaw territoryabout Cape Flattery, and two insignifi-cant spots, one near Port 'I'own'send,the other on the Pacific coast to thesouth of Cape Flattery, which wereoccupied by Chimakuan tribes.-Pilling.

Tokwaht. Merely a dialect of theNootka.

Twana. A Puget Sound tribe, former-ly Twana, but later known as Skoko-mish; west side Hood's Canal to theOlympics, from Skokomish river on thesouth to Quilcene, near Port Townsend,On the north.v. Verb. Verbs come third in num-ber in the words. being exceeded bynouns and adjectives. and second inphrases. and second in both combined.The word mamook placed before vari-ous other words forms 209 of thesephrases.

Wasco. A Sahaptin (Columbia) tribe,between the Rocky Mountains and theJohn Day river.

Yakama. The Yakima and Klikitatare dialects of one of the Sahaptin lan-guages.

BIBLl:OGBAPKXCAL lfOTES.

Allen.. Ten Years In Oregon. Ithaca,1848; 1850; Thrilling adventures, N. Y.1859.

Armstrong. Oregon. Chicago, 1857.Bancroft. The Native Races. vol. 3,

pp. 556-557-631-635. S. F., 181>2.Blanchet. Dictionary. McCormick,

Portland, 1856; 1862; 1868; 1873; 1878;1879.

Boas. Chfnook Jargon Songs. In Jl.Am. Folk-lore, vol. I, 1888.

Bolduc. Mission de la Colombie. Que-bec, 1843.

Buchana.n. Elementary lessons In theChinook Jargon as used by the'Indians


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XIV 'l'HE CHINOOK JARGON

of Puget Sound. (Mss.) TulaIip, 1900.ChamberlaiD.. Words of Algonkian or-

igin in the Chinook Jargon, in Science,vol, 18, 189l.

Charency. Review of Horatio Hale's

"International Idiom," in Le Museon, vol.10, 1891.Clough. On the existence of mixed

languages, London, 1876.Cook. A voyage to the Pacific Oceon,

vol, 2, l'P. 335-336; vol. 3, pp. 540-546.London, 1785.

Coomes. Dictionary. Seattle, 1891.CO][. Adventures Onthe Columbia Riv-

er, vol, 2, p. 134. London, 1831. The CO"lumbia River. London, 1832 (2 vols).Adventures on the Columbia River. N.Y., 1832.

Crane. The Chinook Jargon; a reviewof Hale, in Brighton (England) Herald,no. 4883, p. 4, July 12, 1890.

Demers. Definitio Dogmatis Immac-ulatae Conceptionis Beatissimae. (TheDogma is first given in latin, followed bythe translation into the Chinook Jargon.)Typis Joannis Mariae Shea, Neo Ebora-censis, 1860.

Demers, Blanchet, and St. Onlre. Dic-tionary, Catechism, Prayers' and Hymns.Montreal, 187l.

Dictionary of Indian Tongues. . .'I'atmpaean, Hydah, and Chinook Jar-gon. Victoria, 1862; 1865.

Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon.(For the most part a reprint, with omis-sions, of Gibbs-Pilling). Victoria, 1871;1877; 1883; 1887; 1889, etc., to 1908.

Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon.Olympia, 1873.

DUJ1l1. History of the Oregon Terri-tory.London, 1844; 1846.

Duneu. Bible History . . . translat-ed into the Chinook Jargon. Benziger.N. Y., Cincinnati, Chicago, and Kam-loops, B. C., 1893.

Eells. Manuscript Dictionary of theChinook Jargon, 5 vols. folio. Note fromEells' Introduction: "A number of dic-tionaries have been published in theChinook Jargon language, and it mayseem superfluous to write another; stillthus far all of them are small and arebased on the language as it was forty orfifty years ago. Gibbs' Dictionary wasfor many years by far the best, and is

yet in many respects, as it gives the ori-gin of nearly all the words and muchother valuable information, but it waswritten nearly forty years ago. I haveused it very much in preparing thiswork. Hale's Trade Language of Ore-gon or Chinook Jargon is recent and isexcellent, especially in its Introductorypart; far better than any which precededit, but that excellent man .arid scholarhas labored under the disadvantage ofnot having .mingled much with thosewho have used the language forabout fifty years, and so has been un-

able to note a great share of the changeswhich have taken place. The dictiona-ries of Gill, Hibben, Tate, Lowman andHanford and Good are all small; are inas condensed form as possible, being in-

tended for pocket use for travellers,traders and learners, and in this wayhave 'done good work for what they wereintended. The two latter, however, onlyhave the Chinook English part. Thedictionary of Durieu is very meager,while that of Demers and St. Onge isout of print, and both are intended rath-er more for use by the Catholics thanby the public." . . . "Having used it(Jargon) for eighteen years, havingtalked in it, sung in it, prayed andpreached in it, translated considerableinto it, and thought in it, I thought Iknew a little about the language, butwhen I began to write this dictionary Ifound that there was very much whichI ,did not know about it, but which Iwi.shed to know in order to make thisdictionary as perfect as it should be.This is especially so in regard to thepronunciation of words which are notused on Puget Sound, the introduction ofnew words, and the marking of thosewhich are obsolete. In preparing thesepages, I have tried to note the follow-ing items,-the different ways of spell-ing each word with the authority foreach, the proper pronunciation, the ori-gin, part' of speech, meaning, the placewher-e it is used, if used at all, a sen-tence or more to show the use of a largeshare of the words, and the phraseswhich are derived from a combinationof words, which answer to a single wordin Engllsh."-Skokomish, Union City,March, 1893.

Eells. How Languages Grow, in Ad-vance, March 25, and, July 8, 1875,-re-lates wholly to the Chinook Jargon. Chi-cago, 1875. Hymns In the Chinook Jar-gon, Portland, 1878; 1889. The ChinookJargon, in the Seattle Weekly Post-In-telligencer, vol. I, no. 52, p. 4, column 8,Seattle, September 29, 1882. History ofIndian Missions, Philadelphia, 1882. TenYears of Missionary Work. Boston, 1886.'I'he- Twana, Chemakum, and Klallam In-dians, in Smithsonian Institution, AnnualRept, of the Board of Regents for 1887,

part 1,pp,

605-681. Washington, 1889.Aboriginal geographic names in the stateof Washington, in Amerfcan Anthropol-ogist, vol. 5, pp. 27-35. Wa shlngton, 1892.

Gallatin. Hale's Indians of N. W.America, in American Ethnological Soc.Tra.ns., vol 2. N. Y., 1848.

Gatschet .. Tnd lan languages of thePacific states and territories, in Maga-zine, of American Hist., vol, 1, pp. 145-171. N. Y., 1877.

Gibbs. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-lections (161), A Dictionary of the Chi-nook Jargon. Washington, 1863. N. Y.,


17/93

AND HOW TO USE IT. xvCramoisy press, 1863.

GilL Dictionary, (ninth edition), Port-land, 1882; 1884; 1887; 1889; 1891.

Good. Dictionary. Victoria, 1880.

Green. Extracts from the report of anexploring tour on the N. W. coast ofAmerica in 1"829, in the missionary Her-ald, vol. 26, pp. 343-345. Boston, 1830.

Kaines. The American Indian. Chi-cago, 1888.

Kale. United States exploring expedi-tion, vol. 6, Philadelphia, 1846. An In-ternational Idiom. London, 1890.

Kazl1tt. British Columbia and Van-couver Island. London, 1858. The GreatGold Fields of Cariboo. London, 1862.

Jewitt. A narrative of the adventuresand sufferings of John R. Jcwitt,-(writ-ten by Roland Alsop). Middletown, 1815.Second edition, 1815. N. Y., 1816; Mid-dletown, 1816; Middletown, 1820; Edin-

burgh, 1824; Ithaca, 1849, 1851. TheCaptive of Nootka, by Peter Parley,Philadelphia, 1861; 1869, and various oth-er editions.

Latham. The natural history of thevarieties of man, London, 1850.

Lee and Prost. Ten years in Oregon,N. Y., 1844.

Le Jeune. Practical Chinook Jargonvocabulary, Kamloops, 1886, 1892. Kam-loops Wawa, a periodical in the ChinookJargon, 1891, etc. Chinook Primer,-Chinook and Shorthand, 1892.

Leland. The Chinook Jargon, in St.James Gazette. vol. 17, no. 2529, p. 6,London, July 13, 1888. An InternationalIdiom, a review of Hale, in the SaturdayReview, vol. 30, no, 1822, pp, 377-378,London, Sept. 27, 1890.

Lionnet. Vocabulary, Washington,1853.

1IIa.cdona.1d. British Columbia and Van-couver's Island, London, 1862.

1IIac1l.e. Vancouver Id. and B. C., Lon-don, 1865.

Macleod. History of the Devotion tothe Blessed :Virgin Mary in America, NewYork, 1866.

1IIontg'omerieand De Korsey. A FewWords collected from the languagesspoken by the Indians in the neighbor-hood of the Columbia River and Puget'sSound, London, 1848.

Nicoll. The Chinook language or Jar-gon, in Popular Scien oe Monthly, vol. 35,pp. 257-261, N. Y., 1889.

Norris. The Calumet of the Coteau,Philadelphia, 1883.

Palmer. Journal of Travels over theRocky Mountains, Cincinnati, 1847; 1850;1851; 1852.

Parker. Journal of an exploring tourbeyond the Rocky Mountains . . . Inthe years 1835-'37, Ithaca, 1838; 1840;1842; 1844; Auburn, 1846.

PhUl1lls. Totem Tales, Chicago, sev-eral editions.

PUling'. Bibliography of the Chinook-

an Languages, including the ChinookJargon, Washington, 1893. Bibliographyof the Salishan Languages, Washington,1893. Bibliography of the Wakashan

Languages, Washington, 1894.Prosch. Dictionary of the Chinook,Seattle, 1888.

Beade. Chinook versus. Greek, inMontreal Gazette, vol. 119, no. 239, p. 4,October 6, 1890.

Boss. Adventures of the First Settlerson the Oregon or Columbia River, Lon-don, 1849.

Schoolcraft. Indian Tribes of theUnited States, vol. 5, pp. 548-551, Phila-delphia, 1851-1857; Philadelphia, 1884, 2vets.

Scouler. Observations on the Indl,gen-ous tribes of the N. W. coast of Amer-ica, in Royal Geog. Soc. of London, Jour.vol 11, pp. 215-251, London, 1841. Onthe Indian Tribes inhabiting the North-west Coast of America, in EdinburghNew Phllosophlcal Jour., vol. 41, pp. 168-192, E'dinburgh, 1846. Reprinted In theEthnological Soc. of London Jour., vol.I, pp. 228-252, Edinburgh, n. d.

Sproat. Scenes and Studies of SavageLife, London, 1868.

stuart. Montana as it is, New York,1865.

SWILll. The Northwest Coast; or, ThreeYears' Residence in Wiishington Terri-tory, New York, 1857; London, 1857.

Tate. Chinook, as spoken by the In-dians of Washington T'erritory, BritishColumbia and Alaska, Victoria, 1889.

Tylor. Primitive Culture, London,1871; Boston, 1874; New York, 1874; 1877.

Western Volapuk. A review of Hale,in the Critic, vol. 14, pp, 201-202, N. Y.,1890.

WUson. Prehistoric Man, vol. 2, pp.429-432, London, 1862; London, 1865,. pp.586-588; London, 1876, vol. 2, pp. 334-338.

Winthrop. The Canoe and the Sad-dle, adventures among the northwesternrivers and forests; and Isthmania, Bos-ton, 1863 (various editions).NOTES 1'B01ll GIBBS' DICTl:OJfABY."Parker's Journal," pp. 336-388, "Vo-

cabulary of the Chenook Language, asspoken about Fort Vancouver.

Kale's Ethnog'ra.phy and Philololl'Y of

the United States Exploring' Expedition,pp. 636-650. A vocabulary of the "Jar-gon or Trade Language of Oregon," withan essay thereon, and phrases. A par-tial reprint of. the above, in Transactionsof the American EthnolOgical Society, 2vols., N. Y., 1845-1848. in vol. 2, PP. 62-70,-under title of "Hale's Indians ofNorth West America."

Bolduc's' "Mission de la Columbie."The Lord's Prayer in Jargon, "et quel-ques mots Tchinoucs et Sneomus." TheSnohomish Is a tribe of Puget Sound.The Chinook words are merely Jargon.

Palmer'. Journal, pp. 147-152. "Words


18/93

XVI THE CHINOOK JARGON

used in the Chinook Jargon."Boss. Adventures of the First Set-

tlers' on the Oregon or COlumbia River.Ross gives a "Chinook Vocabulary," pp.342-348, and words of the "mixed dia-lect," p. 349. His Chinook is, however,also impure.

Lee and Frost. "A short vocabularyof the Clatsop dialect." This is likewiseJargon.

Schoolcraft. History, &c., of the In-dian Tribes of the U. S. Lieut. G. F.Emmons gives a brief "Klatsop Vocabu-lary," in Part 3, pp. 223-224, which is ofthe same character. Note I, to article,"Philosophy of Utterance," Part 5, pp.548-551, a "vocabulary of the ChinookJargon." '

Lionnet. Vocabulary. Printed by theSmithsonian Institution, for private dis-tribution.

Swan. N. W. Coast, pp. 412-422. "Avocabulary of the Chehalis and Chenookor Jargon Languages, with the 'deriva-tion of the words used in the latter."

Winthrop. The Canoe and the Saddle,pp. 299-302. "A partial vocabulary of theChinook Jargon."

Dunn. History of the Oregon Terri-tory. "A few specimens of the languageof the Millbank and Chinook tribes."Chinook tribe: 50 words and phrases, in-cluding digits. These words, as usual,are in great part "Jargon," and belong tothe Nootkan, not to the Chinook."NOTES FBOll![ EELLS' lIIlAN11SCBn'T

DICTIONABY.Parker "gives 103 words and phrases."st. Onge "gives 787 Chinook words and

phrases with no English-Chinook part."Lee and Frost. "In the appendix are

50 words which the authors say are inthe Clatsop dialect, but which Gibbs saysare in the Jargon. I think some areClatsop, but Some are undoubtedly Jar-gon."

Dunn. "Thirty Chinook Jargon wordsand expressions."

Swan. "In the appendix is quite a fullvocabulary,-327 words. Judge Swanlived on Shoalwater Bay. Wash., nearthe Chehalis and Chinook Indians, and hegives quite a number of words whichare given by no other writer, which hesays are of Chehalis origin. Gibbs re-

jects many of these, because he thinksthat Swan imperceptibly used them asChinook Jargon, but that they did notproperly belong to the language, but tothe Chehalis. I have Inser-ted them asbeing a part of the Jargon of that regionat that time, as certainly many Englishwords now in use on Puget Sound are apart of the Jargon of this tinie and place.

The environment always al'fects the lan-guage."

Gibbs. "This was by far the best dic-~iopary at that time and will ever re-main a standard authority on the lan-guage of that time. In the Chinook-English Part are 490 words, and in theEngliSh-Chinook. 792."

Winthrop. "Two hundred and sixty-one Chinook words. There is no Eng-Hsh-Chtnook part.

Hibben. "The author's name is notgiven, but it is believed to be Lionnet.It gives very nearly the same words asGibbs in both parts."

Good. "It has no Chinook-Englishpart. In the English-Chinook he gives825words."

Durieu. "431 Chinook Jargon words.No' English-Chinook part."

Ta.te. "It follows Gibbs very closely."Hale. "473 Chinook Jargon words; 634

in the English-Chinook part."G1lL "This with its predecessors has

been the standard for Oregon for overthirty years. It was first published byS. J. McCormick, and its latest revisertsRev. W. C. Chatten. In the Chinook-English part are 560 words, and in theEnglish-Chinook, 1378."

Coomes. [L. & H.] "It follows Gillvery closely in its Chinook-English partand has no English Chinook part."

Boo.s. "Gives a short vocabulary of 75words in the Journal of American FolkLore, pp. 225-226, obtained at Victoria,B. C., and 24 words, obtained at Shoal-water Bay, Wash.-in Science, March 4,1892, p. 129. A few words are also givenby authority of Dr. W. C. McKay, late0 +Pendleton, Oregon."

"A comparison of these dictionariesshows Gibbs to be the most scientific andt hnroug h in all things except the spell-ing. Hibben and Tate agree with it veryclosely. Ha.le is a little more independ-en,t,.but gives the best grammar and lit-erature of all. Gill's is the fullest, andis!rlill more independent. Lowman andHanford's (Coomes) is almost exactlylike the Chinook-English part of Gill's.

St. Onge's is entirely independent ofall the others, and the most scientific inthe spelling; Durieu's is meagre, butmore nearly like St. Onge's than any oth-

er,iu regard to spelling. Good's is themost modern, omitting many obsoletewords, and introducing many new ones,but his spelling Is at fault, as he oftenspelts the same words In dll'ferent ways,even three or four ways. The rest of thedictionaries are local and small, but valu-able 'because gathered so early."


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THE CHINOOK JARGONAND HOW TO USE IT.

A LEXICON

AAhn'-kut-tie, or Ah'n-kut-te, adv. (C)

(Chinook,-ankutti.) Formerly; beforeDOW; long' ago; a.nciently; ago. (Withthe accent prolonged on the firstsyllable, a very long time ago; an-ciently. The longer the first syllable isheld, the longer the time expressed.)Example: Hyas a.nhkuttie,-a very longtime ago. Tene.s ahnkuttie,-a littlewhile ago. EunJih laly a.hnkutt1e?-how long ago? Tahtlum sun ahnkuttie,-ten days ago. (Siah ahnkuttie,-veryancient,-lit., far ago. A great deal isexpressed by the mere stress of thevoice; hya.s-dwelling long On the lastsyllable-means exceedingly great;hyak, very quick; hiyu, a great many;

tenas, very small, &c.) Delate ahnkut-tie,-very long ago. "In Chinook theverb is absolutely inflexible, it neverchanges its form for mood, tense or any-thing else; these are always indicatedby the agglutination of a word 'indicat-ing the mood, tense, etc. The idea oftense is most simple and rudimentary,that is, past, present and future; ahn-kuttie, alta, alki."-Buchanan.

Note-"A Chinook word is elastic andexpresses a broad and general idea rath-er than one altogether specific, hence theextreme elasticity of the Chinook jar-gon. Specificideas must be expressed byqualifiers or modifiers added to the word,as will be readily seen in practice. Each

word is a tool whose general uses andwhose specific uses must be mastered be-fore successful work can be done or sat-isfactory progress be made."-Buch-

anan. Ex.: Allhkuttie ma.m.a,-a grand-mother. Ahnkuttie papa,-a grandfa-ther; an ancestor; forefather; progen-itor. .Ahnkuttie tillikums,-ancestors;ancient people. Ahnkuttie tuUkwusklaska wawa,-traditions. Ahnkuttielaly,-Iong ago.

"Time: Present, Past and Future. Inindicating time in the Chinook jargonthe verb does not change its form at all;it is a.bsolutely inflexible as far aschange of the word form is concerned,and the idea of time is added l8yaddinga word to indicate that-thus alki (byand by), after awhile, in the future) toindicate future time; ahncutty (in thepast, some time ago, a long time ago,once upon a time) to indicate past time;and alta (now) to indicate present timewhere it is important to emphasize thefact that present time and only pres-ent time is indicated. Ordinarily if thetime is omitted or not specified it is un-

derstood to be present time, naturally.Intensity of meaning or duration of timemay also be indicated by prolongationof the sounding of a word, thus: laly(time)-la-a-a-aly (a long time). Thisis based upon an instinctive principlecommon to all tongues, just as we inEnglish phonetically indicate prolonga-tion of time or extension in space or in-tensity of feeling by means of the into-nation. So we say 'a long time' and 'aIo-o-o-o-ng time."-Buchanan.

Note-"A thorough knowledge of a fewdozen words will give one sufficient ma-terial with which, after actual practice,to carryon ordinary conversations. Inpractice the sentences are built up by

agglutination or association of words,just as a child builds houses and variousother wonderful structures from itsblocks. In so doing there is always a

Note. The letters (C)., (E)., (F).,(N). and (S). refer to the derivation ofwords, and signify Chinook, English,French, Nootka, and salish. Wordsmarked (J) are considered to be the pe-culiar property of the Jargon, as hav-ing been formed either in imitation ofsounds or by some casual invention.Words marked (Quaere u. d.) are of

doubtful or undetermined origin. Thecognates follow in parenthesis, as, (C).(Chinook,-ankutti). A pronouncing vo-cabulary immediately follows the listof useful words. A supplemental vocab-ularv of archaic Orunusual words comesnext. Then follows the EngliSh-Chinookpart. (See Explanatory notes.)


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2 THE CHINOOK JARGON

very wide sphere for the exercise of in-genuity on the part of the speaker, andupon this, in a measure, depends theskill with which he may handle Chinookand convey his thoughts therein. Thejargon is essentially a spoken and not awritten tongue-it is very much alive.Spelling. There are no hard and fastrules for the spelling of words, and ev-eryone in writing Chinook follows thedictates of his own judgment in thefabrication of phonetic equivalents,which are at best only approximations."-Buchanan.

"It may not at first be easy to Com-prehend how a language composed of sofew words, thus inartificially combined,can be extensively used as the sole me-dium of communication among manythousand individuals. . . . But itis in the faculty of combining and com-

pounding its simple vocables-a powerwhich it doubtless derives, in some de-gree, from its connection with the In-dian tongues-that the jargon has itscapacity for expression almost indefi-nitely extended. Three or four hundredwords may be learned without difficultyin a week or two, and a very short timewill make the learner familiar withtheir ordinary use and construction. Hewill then have no difficulty in under-standing the numerous compoundswhich, if they had been simple words.would have cost him much additional la-bour."-Hale.

AI'-ki, adv. (0). (Chinook, alekh). Inthe future; by and by; after a while;

soon; presently; directly; in a littlewhile; hold on; not so fast. "The signof the future tense, shall or will. Thedays of the week, and the number ofweeks, months and years are also usedto designate the tenses."-Eells. Ex.:!iika kumtuik:s,-I understand. !iikakumtults alta,-I understand now. !iikakumtuks ahnkuttie,-I understood; Iunderstood some time ago.

!iika kumtuik:s alki,-I wilJ under-stand; I will understand by and by; Iwill understand after a while. Thisindicates the manner of indicatingtense, that is, indicating time. "- Bu-chanan." September 25, 1851. Whilelooking around Low and Terry con-cluded to locate a townsite, and withthat view made a jOint location on AlkiPoint. The Terrys being New Yorkers,first named the place New York, butafterwards changed it to AIki which allold settlers know signifies "by and by,""before long" .-A A. Denny. T'enasalld,-in a little while. Alki nika kla.ta.-wa,-I will go presently. Iskum dolla,allri pa.y,-to borrow.

Alki nesika klatawa kopa nika boat,-soon we will so in my boat.

"In general the tense of the verb isleft to be inferred from the context.

When it is absolutely necessary to dis-tinguish time, certain adverbs 'are em-ployed: as chee, alta, alkl, ahnkuttie,okoke-sun, tomolla, tahlkie, lkt tahlkie."-Hale.

Al'-ta, or AI'tah, adv. (0). (Chinook,altakh). !iow, at the present time. Ex.:Alta yaka chako,-now he comes. lilkaskookum alta,-I am strong now, wakealta,-not now.

Ata, n. (0). (Ohinook,-ats. Yakima,-atse). A s.ister; a younger sister. Inthe original, only when used by herbrother. Ex.: Elip ats,-an older sister. Ats yaka man,-a brother-in-law.Mama., or papa yam ats, an aunt. (seeka.hpho). "Sister is used on PugetSound. Sister yaka tenas klootchman.-a niece."-Boas. (The word Ats isbecoming obsolete.)

BBoat, n. (English, idem). A boa.t, 80S

distinguished from a ca.noe; a . Skiff.Ex.: Xopa boat,-aboard. Xla.ha.niekopa boat,-overboard.

Book, n. (English,-idem). A book;volume; pocketbook. Example: Sagha-lie Tyee yah bOOk,-The Bible. (Lit-erally,-God, his book). Tenas book,-a pamphlet. Book yaka mamo,ok kum-tuks nesih kopa illahee,-a geography.Book Yaka mamook kumtUks nesikakopa kwunnum,-an arithmetic. BOOk

yaka mamook kumtuks nesika kopa la-lang,-a grammar. Book yaka mamookkumtuik:s nesih kopa nesika,-a phy-siology. Book yaka mamook kumtUksnesika kopa stone,-a geology.

Bos'-ton, n., adj. An American; Amer-ican. A name derived from the hailing-place of the first trading ships to thePacific. Example: .Boston lllahie,-theUnited States. M.1kakumtuks Bostonwawa?-do you understand English?Boston plie,-protestantism. Sitkum-siwash-sitkum-Boston,-a half-breed.

By-by,adv. (E). By-and-by; after awhile; sometime hence. It means alonger time in the future than alki, butlike that is used for shall or will as asign of future time. With the accenton the first syllable, prolonged, it meansa very long time hence.

cOa-nim, n. (0). (Ohinook,-Ekanim).

A canoe.. Ex.: Oanim stick,-the cedaror wood from which canoes are usuallymade. Xlafla,wa kopa canlm,-to em-bark.


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AND HOW TO USE IT.

Oa-po', n. (E). (I'rench,-Capot). Acoat.

Cha'-ko, chah'-ko, or chahco, v. (lIr).lIrootka, clayoquot,-chako; Tokwaht,-tchokwa). To come; to approach; to beor become. "In this latter sense itforms the passive voice in connectionwith many other words. Often it isjoined with adjectives and nouns, andforms other verbs. Taka chako paht-lum, he is drunk; nika chako keekwulee,-I am degraded; ya.ka.chako stone,-itis petrified. Perhaps more properly theword in this connection to become, thanto be, at least it is often so, as in thelatter example .the meaning would alsobe,-to become stone; c_hakorotten,-isto become rotten. Occasionally too thepassive voice is shown by placing theword iskum before the main word, as,yaka iskum kow,-he is arrested."-Eells. Ex.: lIrika chako kopa Poteland,-I came from Portland. Kloshe mikahyak chako,-good you come quick.Chuck chako,-the tide is rising-Oiter-ally, is coming). Chuck chako pe klata-wa,-the ti"es. Halo chako,-to linger.Wake kunjih yaka cha.ko halo,-Indel-lible,-(literally,-never will it becomegone). Chako Bosten,-to become anAmerican; often said of Indians who arebecoming civilized like white people.Chako delate,-to become right, true, orgood. Cha"o delate till,-to become ex-hausted. Chako hyas tum tum,-to be-come proud. Chako huloima.,-to vary;to become different. Chako lrah nika

nanitch,-to appear. Chuo kloshe tum-tum.-to love; to reform; to becomefriendly; to get a good heart. Chako)-loshe,-to get well; to become good.Chako kunamokst,-to congregate; as-semble; convene; meet; unite; join.Chako mimolouse,-to die; to becomerotten; to become decayed (as potatoesor vegetables). Chako pahtlum,'-to be-come drunk. Chako skookum,-to be-come strong, esnecially after a sickness.to show complete recovery. Chako sol-leks.-to become angry; to quarrel.Chako pelton.-to become foolish; to becheated. Chako waum tumtum,-to beearnest; to become excited. Chakoyoutl tumtum,-to become glad; to be

glad. Chako polaklie,-to become dark;night is coming. ChlLkoolemlLll,-to be-COIl"eold. Chako halo,-to be destroyed;to disappear; to vanish; to be all gone.Chako eUp hiyu,-to exceed. Chakokunamokst niks..-come with me.

Chee, adv., adj. (C). (Chinook,-t'shi).Latelv; just now; new; fresh; orill'inal;recent. Example: Chee nika ko,-Ihave just arrived. Hyas chee,-entirelynew, very new. Chee chako,-a newcomer; just arrivetl. Delate chee,-en-ttr-el v new. Klootchman yaka chee ma-lieh,-a bride.

Chik'-a-min. n., adj. (lIr). (Tokwaht,-

3

tslkamen;lIrootka.,-sickaminny (Jewitt);seekemalle,-(Cook). rron; metal; met-allic; steel; money; cash; mineral. Ex-ample: T'kope chikam1n, (white metal).silver. I'll chikamin, or chikamin pll(yellow metal),-gold or copper. Chika-min lope,-wire; a chain. lIriks, hyastikegh chikamin,-I very much wishmoney. Illahee kah chikamin mitUte,-mines.

Chik'-chik, (Tsik'-tsik, or Tchik'-tchik), n. (J). By onoma. A WS,won;a cart; a wheel; any wheeled vehicle.Example: Tsiktsik wayhut,-a wagon-road. lIrika chlLko kopa chikchik,-Icame in a wagon. Piah chikchik,-rail-road cars. Lolo kopa chikchik,-to haulin a wagon.

Chinook-*(Chinook Indians). TheseIndians formerly lived near the mouthof the COlumbia river, where the Chi-nook Jargon language was mainly d\;-veloped in its formative period, andhence more words were adopted into itfrom that language than any other In-dian language. and so its name wasgiven to the language. Properly speak-ing the Chinook language means the oldChinook, and the Chinook Jargon thelanguage described in this dictionary;but the old Chinook is about obsolete,and for the save of brevity, Chinookwawa means .in common conversationthe Chinook Jargon, while the properlanguage of the Chinook tribe is calledthe Old Chinook. The Chinook land andChinook Indians have, however, refer-

ence to the tribe as it formerly existed.-Eells.Chinook wind. The Chinook is always

a strong, steady southerly wind, neverfrom any other point of the compass,unless it be slightly southwesterly. Itis distinctly necuttar to the NorthwestPacific coast and its snurce is far out inthe nasty storm center of the Pacificocean, emanating from the famed Japancurrent. which is the source of the re-markable humidity of the North Pacificcoast.

Chinook ca.nim,-the large canoe usedon Puget Sound. Chinook lliahee.-theland of the Chinook Indians. Chinooktlllikums,-the Chinook Indians. Chi-

nook wawa.-the Chtrook language. Ex-ample: Mika.kumtux ChinookW'lLwa?Doyou understand the Chinook language?

Chitsh. n. (S). (Cheha.lis,-tshitsh). Agrandmother. (Gibbs, GiIJ, Hibben, St.Onge and Swan, give chope for grand-father; but Hale and Tate give t hemeaning as grandfather and chopa asgrandmother. Eells says "I never heardeither word used on Puget Sound." Eellsgives the following: Ex.: Grandmother.-mama yaks. mama; grandmama; nitz.Papa yaka 'Dapa,-grandfather. Tenasyam tenas klootchman,-granddaughter.Tenas yam tena. man,-grandson. Te-


22/93


nas yaka teas,-grandchild.Chope, n. (B). (Cl11halis,-tshup). A

grandfather. (Hale says, a grand-mother). See chitsh.

Chuck, n. (N). (Nootka,-Chauk (Cook);Cha.ha.k,-fresh water (.Jewitt); Ch.in.ook,-Tltsuk (Shortess); Clatsop,-Tl'chukw).water; a river or Stream. Example:BaIt chuck,-the sea; akookum chuck,-(powerful water),-a rapid; aoilekachuck,-a rough sea; chuck chahko orkalipi,-the tide rises or falls; aaghaliand keekw1llie chuck,-high and lowtide. ltah mitl1te chuck?-where is thewater? JlI1uchamuckchuck,-to drinkwater. 010kopa. chuck,-thirsty.

Cly, or kely, v. (E). ':1'0 cry, lament;mourning, weeping. Ex.: Cly tumtum,-to cry in the heart; to feel sorry; torepent; to mourn; to be full of grief oremotion; "more deep in feeling than sicktumtum."-Eells.

Cole, adj. (E). Cold; a year. Ex.:Hyas cole,~very cold; freezing. ColeIllahee,-winter. Coles:nasa,-hail; snow.Cole chuck,-ice; cold water. Cole sick,-ague; a cold. Cole sick-waum sick,-fever and ague. Ikt cole,-a year. ':l'aht-lum cole,-ten years. Ikt tukamonukcole,-a century. :Kah cole chako,-north. :Kah delate cole mitl1te,-Arctic.

Coo'-ley, v, (F). (French, Courez, imp.of Courlr). ':1'0run; go about; play;walk; travel. Example: Cooley kina-tan,-a race-horse; yahka hyaa kumtukscooley,-he can, 1. e., knows how to runwell. Cultus cooley,-to saunter; ram-ble; stroll. Hyak cooley,-to run; canter;go fast. :Kopetcooley,-to halt; to stop.llIlamookcooley kopa hulofma. lalang,-i. e.-to make go in another language;to interpret.

Co'-sho, n. (F). (Freuch,-cochon). Ahog; pork; pig; swine; ham; bacon, Ex-ample: Biwash cosho,-a seal; literally,-Indian pig. DIy cosho,-bacon; ham.:Kloochmancosho,-a sow. ':1'enascosho,-a pig. Cosho glea.se,-lard. Cosho itl-willle,-pork.

COurt, n. (E). A court. Ex.: Haulkopa court,-to try in court. Hya.scourt,-supreme court. JlI1amookcourt,-tohold court. '1'zum man kopa court,~the clerk of the court. ':1'yeekopa court,

-a judge. Lolo kopa hyas court,-toappeal. Wawa kopa court,-to testify;testimony., CUl'-tus, or :Kul'tus, adj. (C.) (Chi-

nook,-Kaltas). Worthless; good fornothing; without purpose; abject, bar-ren; ba.d; commonj careless; defective;dissolute; :filthy; foul; futile; rude; Im-materia.!; impertinent; impOlite; no ma.t-ter; sha.bby; slippery; unmelLlling;unto-ward; useless; paltry; worn out. "A fewwords," says Eells, "are very expressive.meaning so much, and expressing thatmeaning in so much better a way thanour English words do that they have

often been adopted Into Erig lfsh in theregion where the Chinook Is' used. 'Ofthese may be mentioned cultus,-goodfor nothing, with also twenty-three other

meanings. Xloshe, with its forty-twomeanings; :Kloshe nanltch, with itseighteen meanings; Tamahnous, sorcery,yet referring as a noun, adjective andverb, to anything supernatural, or inthe spirit world between Satan On theone hand and God on the other:'rumtum,mind, with its fifteen meanings; andwawa., talk, with its sixty-five mean-ings." Example: Cultus man,-aworthless fellow. Cultus VOtla.tch,-apresent or free gift; a benefaction.CUltes heehee,-a jest; merely laughing.C11ltusnannitsh,-to look around. Cultusmitlite,-to sit Idle; to do nothing. Cul-tUBklatawa,-to stroll. C11ltuseena,-amuskrat. Ques,. What do you want?Ans. C11ltus, i. e., nothing. Cultus kopam1ka,-none of your business; nothingto you. Cultus kopa nika.,-I do notcare; nothing to me. Cultus potlatchtumtum,-to give advice; to advise; tocounsel. Cultus wawa,-a joke; a jest;nonsense; rumor; tattle; report. Delatecultus,-no manner of use. "CUltus,-idle, aimless, worthless; also bad, in thesense of having no value, that is beinguseless."-Buchanan.

DDe-Ia-te', or De-lett, adj., adv. (F).

(French,-droite). Straight; direct; with-out equivoca.tion; true; truly, exactly;correct; exact; genuine; just; pla.in; pre-cise; rea-ill";thorough; sincerely; surely;sincere; sure; accurate; verily; un-doubted; authentic; certain; de:finite;de:finitely; erect; very; correctly. Ex-ample: Xlata.wa delate,-go straightDelate wawa,-tell the truth; a fact:promise; true talk. Delate kwinnumcole ahnkuttie,-just five years ago. De-late nika sick tumtum,-I am very sorry.Okoke delate,-it is right. Wake delate,-not exactly right; imperfect. Wawadelate,-to speak the truth; to speak

correctly. Delate hyllis,-stupendous;immense; enormous. Delate hyas kloshe,-magnificent; majestic; very,. verygood, Delate kloshe,-perfect; pure, ex-quisite; very good. Delate kumtuks,-sure; to prove; to know certainly. De-late pahtl,-brimfull; chockfull. Delatesick tum tum,-grief; very sad. Delatetenas sun,--'dawn; daybreak. Dela.teyaka illahee,-a native; native land. De-late ya.ka kumtuks,-an expert. Delatenika. wawa,-I am speaking the truth.

Diaub, Deaub, Dahblo, or Yaub,-(thedevil) see Lejaub.

D'ly, or De-Iy, ad. (E). Dry; arid;


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AND HOW TO USE IT.

dryness. Example: Chahko dely,-tobecome dry. Mamookdely,-to dry. DIytupso,-hay.

Doc'-tin, n. (E). A doctor; a physi-

cia.n: surgeon. Eells says, "It almostuniversally refers to a white man, un-less some word is connected with it toqualify it." Example: Nika tikegh doc-tin,-I want the doctor. Siwash doctin,-an Indian doctor or conjurer. Doctinkopa leta.h or teeth,-a dentist. Doctinkopa seahost,-an oculist.

Dol'-la, or Ta.hla, n. (El. A dollar;money; cash; funds. Example: Chika.-min dolla,-silver; piI do11a,-gold; sit-kum dolla,-half a dollar. Dolla seahost,(silver eyes),~spectacles. .Xlone dolla,-three dollars. Kalo Dika.do11a.,-1haveno money. Ipsoot potlatch dolla kopatyee,-to bribe. Kiyu dolla,-rich. XiI-apie dolla,-to refund. Kunjih dolla,-

what price.Dutchma.n, n. (English,-idem). (AGerman; a Dutchman; almost any Euro-pean except a Frenchman or Englishman.-Eells.)

EE'lip, or El'ip, adv, (8). (Chehalis,-

Wp). First; before; the superlative; be-ginning; prior; ahead; senior; elder; for-nier; original. "The comparative is usu-ally formed by prefixing the word elipto the adjective, as kloshe, good; elip

kloshe, better; skookum, strong; elipskooltum, stronger; hiyu, many; elip hi-yu, more; tenas, small; elip tena.s, small-er. The superlative is properly formedby adding the words kopa. konoway,'than all' to the comparative, as elipkloshe kopa. konoway, better than all,i. e., the best."-Eells. "There is nosuch thing in Chinook as comparison byinflection of a word as is the case inEnglish (weak, weaker, weakest ,for ex-ample). This Is done by means of thewords elip or kimtah to indicate the com-parative degree (the word itself alwaysindicating, as in English, the positivedegree). Dela.yt added to the compara-tive form converts it into the superlativefrom. Xlosh, elip kloElh, delayt elipklosh. Klosh, kimtah klosh. Delayt kim-tab klosh."-Buchanan. "Comparison isexpressed by a periphrasis. 'I ~mstronger than thou,' would.be wake nukaElkookumkahkwa. nika.; lit., 'thou notstrong as t,: The superlative is indi-cated by adverbs; as hya.s oleman okookcanim, that canoe is the oldest, lit., 'veryold that canoe."-Hale. (A few otherways of spelling the word elip; allp;Wp; ellip; ilep; ilips.) EX.:Elip hyas,-larger; greater; major. Ellp hyas kopakonoway,-largest; greatest. Ellp hlyu,

5

-more; majority; excess. Ellp hiyukopa. konoway,-most; maximum. Ellpkeekwllee,-lower. Elip keekwiIee kePakonoway,-lowest. Elip kloshe,-better;

superior; more excellent. Elip kloshekopa konoway,-best; supreme. Elipkloshe kopa okoke,-better than that.Elip sitkum sun,-forenoon. Elip tenas,-first born; minor; less; younger. Eliptenas kopa. kono_y,-least; youngest.Elip saghalie,-higher; upper. Elip sag-haUe kopa konoway,-highest. Elipmes-achie,-worse. Elip mesachie kopa.kono-way,-worst. Elip slah,-farther. EUpsiah kopa konoway,-farthest. Eliptikegh,-to prefer; rather; choose. EUpwawa,-a preface; a prophecy. Mika.klata.wa.elip, nilta kimta.,-you go first, 1(will go) afterwards."-Eells. Ex.: "Elipsitkum tintin,-before h,Uf an hour. Elipsitkum sun,-before noon; forenoon.

Klmtab,-after; behind. Klmtah klosh,-worse. Kimtah skookum,-less strong;not so strong. Delayt kimtah klosh,-worst. Dela:yt kimtah skookwn,-leaststrong. EUp tahkum tintin,-before sixo'clock. Kimtah tahkum tintin,-aftersix o'clock. 'rahkum tintin,-six O'clock,six hours. Wake slah tahkum tintin,-almost six o'clock; not far away fromsix o'clock,,"-Buchanan.

En'~-ti, eneti, eenati, or inati, adv.,prep. (C). (Chinook,inatai). Across;beyond; oPposite to; on the other sideof. Ex.: Nika tikegb klata_ enatikopa chuck,-I wish to gO across thewater. Yaka mit11te enati kopa city,-he lives opposite to the ('Ity.

GGet.up, or Ket-op, v. (E). '1'0get up;

rise; risen.Glease, n. (E). Grease; fat or oil. Ex

ample: Hiyu glease,-very fat; too-toosh glea.se,-butter; glease piah,-candle. See, also, Lakles.

HHa'hlakl, v., adj. (C). (Chinook,-hal-

akl). Wide; open. Example: Mamookhahlakl 1a. pote,-open the door; chahkohahlakl (as of the woods), to open out;become less dense. Mamook hahlakl,-to open.

Hak'-at-shum, n. (E). A ba.ndker-chief.

Ha'lo, adj. (Quaere u. d. not Chinook).Not; none; absent; no; 8011one; devoid;vacant; without. Example: Ques. Halosalmon mika?-have you no fish? AnS.Halo,-none. Ques. Kah mika papa?-


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where is your father? Ans. Kalo,-heis out. Kala wlnd,-breathless; dead.Kala glease,-lean. Balo iktahs,-poor;destitute; no goods. Balo mitllte,-nothing remains; empty. Balo s&ahost,

-(no eyes), blind. ;Halodolla,-withoutmoney. Taka. wind chako halo,-to die;he is dead, (literally,-his wind is allgone). Eells says: "Generally a moresure way of speaking of death than tosay 'Taka mimoluse,"-he is dead; be-cause the latter sometimes means sus-pended animation; but the former never."Kalo chako,-to linger; not to come.Balo delate kumtuks,-to be in doubt; tobe obscure. Balo hulolma.,-ultimate;nothing different. Balo hyas mahkook,-cheap; not very dear. Balo lktas,-nothing. Balo kah,-nowhere. Kalokumtuks,-to 'misunderstand; not toknow. Balo nika kwass kopa yaka, (lit-erally,-I am not afraid of him,-he isreliable). Balo nika tikegh,-I don'twant.

:Note: (Halo) A negative. It meansmuch the same as wake. Probably prop-erly wake means no, and halo all gone,but on Puget Sound halo is used forno, the same as wake is in Oregon andother localities. Custom uses halo insome combinations and wake in others,and both in some. On Puget Sound,wake kIoshe is proper. The indefinitepronouns are kunamoxt,-both; halo,-none; konoway,-all; hiyu,-much ormany; tenas,-few or little; hulolma.,-other.

Baul, v. (E). (English,-idem). '1'0

haul or pull; draw; bring; dig; pick;drag; subtract; tow; attract; extract.Used with the active verb mamook; as.mamook haul. Example: Mamook haulwapato,-to dig potatoes. Mamook haultenas man kopa school,-to bring the boyto school. Skookum mamook haul,-must. Mamook haul yaka tumtum.-toInduce him.

;Hee'-hee, or he-he, n., adj., v. (J).(By onoma., hihi). Laughter; amuse-ment; to laugh; fun; a game; gay; gig-gle; glee; mirth; humor; humorous;levity; merry; to deride; ridicule; romp;sport. Commonly when used as a verbIt is preceded by mamook (which seebelow) but not always. Ex.: Mamookheehee,-to laugh; play; amuse; deride;mock; make fun; ridicule. Kahta. mikaheehee?-why do you laugh? Oultusheehee,-a joke; jest; laughter withoutmuch cause for it; an innocent game.Kloshe heehee,-a good game. Keeheehouse,-a house for amusement; a playhouse; a dance house. Beehee lemah,-to gamble. Beehee tumtum,-jolly.Wake heehe&,-serious.

Kelp, v., n. (Engliilh,-idem). As averb it is commonly pr-eceded by ma-mook, but not always. Belp; aid; as-sistance; relief; to help; aid; assist; re-

lieve. Ex.: Mamook help,-to aid; as-sist; relieve; enable. Potlatch help,-console; help; accommodate; uphold.

Blas,-great. See Byas. ;Hlyu,-much. See Byiu.

Booehooe,-seeBuyhuy.;Hool-hool, ri. (0). (ChU1ook,-Kholkhol;Klikata.t,-Khoilkhoil). .a . mouse. (Kyashoolhool (big mouse), a rat.) (The wordis obsolete now.)

Kouse, n. (E). .a . house; home; resi-dence; building; cottage; den. Example:lIIahkook house,-a store; Boston house.-an American-built house, as distin-guished from a lodge. Mahkook house(trading house), shop. Muckamuckhouse,-a restaurant; tavern; hotel.Skookum house,-a prison; jail; peni-tentiary. Slwash house,-a lodge; anIndian house. Sa.Uhouse kopa. sna.s,s,--an umbrella. Pa.peh house,-a postoffice. Tyee kopa. pa.peh house,-a post-master. '

Bul-Iel, v, (0). (Ohlnook,-idem). '1'0tremble; to shake. Used with the verbma.mook, as,-lIIIiIImook hullel, it be-comes active.

Bul-o'-i-ma., n., adj. (0). (Ohlnook.-S'hulloyiba). Other; a.notheT; different;difference; averse; diverse; eccentric;foreign; odd; sepa.rate; stra.nge; queer;unusual. Exa.mple: Buloima. tUikum,--a different tribe or people. Kyas huloi-ma,-very different; mystery. Taka. la.-la.ng huloima kopa :nesika. lala.ug,-hislanguage is different from our language.Klatawa. kopa. huloim. illa.hee,-to emi-grate. Kopa hulfJima,-aJibi. Bulolma.

tumtum,-dissent; a different mind.Kulolma.wawa.,-a different Iang'uage; orforign language; to mispronounce.

Bumm, n., 'v., adj. (J). An inventedword. Bad odor; a. stink or smell; tostink; a ba.d smell; scent; steuch; filthY;putrid; a.n odor. Ex.: Bumm opoots,-(stinking tail)-a skunk. Taika. humm,-it smells. bad. Kloshe humm,-apleasant smell. Byas humm.-dirty; avery bad smell. Mamook humm,-toscent; to smell.

Buy-huy, n., v. (J). (Oa.nadian!'rench,-Hui-hui). .a . ba.rgain or ex-cha.nge; to ba11;er or trade. Example:Kuyhuy la sell,-change the saddle.Huyhuy tumtu.m.,-to change one'smind. (Mr. Anderson savs this is acant word of the Canadians, signifyinga hasty exchanxe.) Its origin has beensll",gested in out out, yes yes. Example::Nika.tikegh huyhuy kiuitau,-I wlah totrade horses. Ma.mook huyhuy.-tochange; to trade, (Tmp., change.) (Kuy-huy is also spelled,-hoehoe, hoeyhoey.hooehoo, hooehooe, hulhui, oniot, nuenu.)

K;r-ak', adv., also used as imperative.(0). (Ohinook,-Al-ak). Swift; fa.st;quickly; hurry; make ha.ate; hasten;prompt; .udden; .udde:nly; speed; quick;quickly. Ez.: Bya.k yaka chako,-he


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AND HOW TO USE IT.

came quickly. .yak ch.a.ko,-imp. comequick. .alo or Wake hyak,-slow; .mod-erate; slowly. (Other ways of spelling.yak,-aia.k; hia.ck; hyack; hyuc; lake;!yak.)

.y-as', adj., adv. (N). (Probably cor-rupted from the following,-.ylu.)Larg'e; great; very; the g'eneral term forsize; wide; big'; arduous; vast; cele-brated. Example: .ya.s tyee,-a greatchief. .yas mahcook,-a great price;dear. .yas kloshe,-very good. Okokehouse yaka hyas,-that house is large.Nika hyas ttkeg'h klatawa,-1 very muchwish to go. .yas ahnkuttle,-ancient;anciently; a very long time' ago; longer,If a long, strong accent is placed on thelast syllable of hvas, and first of ahri-kuttie. .yas kloshe time,-a very goodtime; a festival. Xunsth hyas,-howlarge? what size? .yas tenas,-verysmall; very short. .yas Sunday,-Christmas; Fourth of July; 'l'ha.nksg'iv-ing'. (Other spellings: AlAIis;laz; halas;bias; biass.)

By-iu', or Hi-yuj adj. (N). (Nootka,-lyahish)-by Jewett. ('1'okwaht,-aiya).Jewett also gives hyo as the Nootkaword for ten. Much; ma.ny; plenty;enoUg'h; abundance; plentiful; ample; apile; the sign of the plural; term ofquantity or multitude. Example: .yiutilikum,-a crowd; many people. .ylutnuckamuck,-plenty to eat. '1'ena.shYiu,-several; Some. Wake hyiu,-notmany or not much; a few; seldom.Xopet hylu,-enough. .1yu tlmes,-fre-quently. Hiyu wawa,-clamor; accla-

mation; excitement; to argue; talkative.Hiyu tillikums kopa houBe,-an audi-ence. (Other spellings: .ieu, halu,hyoo, hyu, hyue, hyyu, hut (Winthrop,-probably misprint for hlu) , 0.10,a.1u,etc.)

IIk-poo'-le, v. (C). (Chinook,-Ikhpui).

'1'0shut; close; stop; cork; closed shut.Ex.: Ikpooie 10. pcte,-shut the 'door.Mamook lkpcoie,-to surround; to shut;Xkpooiekwolan,-deaf; a closed ear.

Ikt, or Icht, adj. (C). (Chlnook,-1kht).One; once; a unit. Used also as the in-definite article, aor an. Ex.: Ikt man,-a man. Ikt-ikt man,-some one or other:here and there one. Ikt cole,-a year.Ikt ntka klatawa. kopa. yahka house.-I have been once to his house. Iktkwahta,-a quarter. Ikt tahlkie,-daybefore yesterday. Ikt tukamonuk,-onehundred. Ikt time ikt moou,-monthly.Ikt time kelpa klone moon,-quarterly.Xopet ikt,-'-private; alone; Singly; soli-tary; only one.

lk'-tab, or Ikta, pron. (C). (Chlnook,-

7

Tkta ), (Hale says, "same as kahta,what; why.) What. "The interrogativepronouns are klaska,-who? Xahta orIktah,-what? and Xunsih,-how manyor how much? The latter is also usedfor when?-i. e., how much time, nowmany days?"-Hale. Example: Iktahokook?-What Is that? Iktah mtka ti-kegh?-What do you want? Iktah?~Well, what now? Iktah mamook?-What's the matter? Iktah mika ma-mook?-What are you doing?

Ik'-tas, or Iktahs, n. (from preceding).'l'hin.gs; g'arments; dress,; a thing'; goodS;merchandise; clothing; utenSilS; bag-gage; attire; fabric; occasionally thesingular Iktah is used, though not often.The use of the same word for what andfor things, has been noticed in someother languages of this coast. "A veryexpressive word and often adopted into

English where the Chinook is used."-Eells. Ex.: Xah mika iktas,-where areyour things? .0.10 ikta mitl1te,-thereis nothing here. "Do not confuse iktah,meaning 'what,' with lkta.hs, meaning'goods, chattels, possessions, merchan-dise,' etc."-Buchanan. Nika.hiyu iktas,-I have plenty of goods.

n'-la-hee, Illibie, or Illahe, n. (C).(Chinook,-i.lahekh). Land; country;earth; soil; dirt; reg'ion; district; farm;field; cLay; shore; ranch. Example:Okoke lliahee yaka hyas kloshe,-thisland Is very good. Boston ilLahee,-theUnited States. Delate yaka illahee,-na-tive land. Xing George Ula.hee,-E'ng-land. Pasa.iooks lliahee,-France. Xono-way akoke illahee,-the world. Xono-way illahee konowah kah,-the universe.Dutchman yaka. ULahee,-Germany; near-ly any part of Europe except Franceand England. Saghalie 'l'yee yaka llia-hee,-Heaven. Siwash illahee,-an In-dian reservation. IlLahee wake siahkapa. chuck,-the coast. Xah milta illa-hee?-where is your land? Where doyou live? Saghalie illahee,-Heaven.Xeekwulee ULahee,-Hell.

In'-a.-poo, or Ee'-na.-poo,n. (C). (Chl-nook,-inapu). A louse. (Sopeu inapoo,-jump-louse; a flea.)

lnati,-see Enati.Ip'-soot, or Ip-sut, v, (C.) (Chlnook,-

Alhupso). '1'0 hide one's self, or any-.thing; t() keep secret; to conceal; hide;hid; sly) c()ucealed. Example: Ipsootklatawa,-to steal off; slip away. Ip-soot wawa,-to whisper.

lB'-lck, n. (C). Chlnook,-1sik.) Apaddle; an oar (occaSionally). Exam-ple: Mamook isick,-to paddle. Isickstick,-the ash, or alder, maple, or theelm; wood from which paddles are made.

Is'-kum, v. (C). Chinook,-idem.) '1'0take hold of; hOld; get; receive; accept;secure; catch; recover; obtain; seize.Example: Iskum okook lope,-hold on


26/93


27/93

AND HOW TO USE IT.

wam may be warun or wa.wm and stillpreserve the same sound of a. Again.when any writer adopts a regular sched-ule of sounds for each vowel, he willsurely differ in spelling from those whoattempt to follow as near as possiblethe English mode of spelling. Boas,St. Onge, and to a considerable degreeDurien have done this, hence tea be-comes ti; poolie. pull, and so on. Stillfarther different modes of pronunciationin different localities, and sometimes inthe same locality, are the cause of dif-ferent ways of spelling. Thi;'l is espe-cially seen in the words already referredto, ooakut. and leJaub; so kloshe becomestlush or tloos. and also a large numberbeginning with kl begin with tl in an-other place; tahlkie becomes tahnlkie.and so on. Sometimes indeed it is verydifiicult to discover the true sound, as

for instance, whether the first syllableof kalaklLla should be spelled with ana or n, or the last one of tukamonukwith an a or u, and so on. The mode ofpronunciation, and hence the mode ofspelling, has undoubtedly changed some-what since Parker in 1835-6 wrote thefirst vocabulary. Hence in comparingthe ways of spelling the reader ought toremember the place where, the datewhen, and the system of pronunciation,especially of vowel sounds adopted byeach writer."-Eells."As will be seen, the orthography of theJargon is unsettled and capricious. Mostwriters spell Indian and French words'by the ear,' but use the ordinary Engltshspelling for the English words comprisedin the language, without regard to uni-formity .... Some writers, however, re-tain in the Jargon the 'digraph' gh, toexpress, in some words of Chinook ori-gin, the sound of the German guttural chin Buch,"-Hale. "As the Jargon is tobe spoken by Englishmen and French-men, and by Indians of at least a dozentribes, so as to be alike easy and intel-ligible to all, it must admit no soundwhich cannot be readily pronounced byall. The numerous harsh Indian gut-turals either disappear entirely, or aresoftened to hand k, (see note above).On the other hand, the d. f. g. r. v. z.

of the English and French become inthe mouth of a Chinook, t. P. k. 1.w. ands. The English j, (dzh), is changed toen, (tsh). The French nasal n, is drop-ped, or is retained without its nasalsound. In writing the Indian words,the gutturals are expressed by gh (orkh ) and q, and the vowels have theirItalian sound."-Hale.

Xam'-ass. or La'-kam-ass, n. (Jr). TheScUla. Esculenta.-a bulbous root usedfor food by the Indians, sometimes calledSiwash onion. (Jewitt gives 'Chamus"as the Nootka for fruit, also for sweet,or pleasant to the taste.) (Laca.mass is

9

the name of a place in Clarke County,Wa sh.) (A few other ways of spellingkamass: .Camas. kamas, lakamas. lak-ammas. camash. kamaas. lackamas."Cammassa esculenta, or la cammass,(as the French call it)."-Swan.

Xa,'m-ooks. n. (C). (Chinook.-Klka-bokes). A. dog. Xahkwa kamooll:s.-likea dog; beastly.

][ap-swal-la. or xap-su-al-la., v. n.(Quaere u. d.) To steal; rob; a theft.Example: Xapswalla klatiLwa.-to stealaway. XapswlLlla mamook.-to do se-cretly. Wake kloshe mika Jtapswalla...:._(not good you steal) Thou shalt notsteal. HlLlolI:runtuks kapswalla. or wakekapswalla,-to be honest. "][apshwala,before wawa means to speak ill; withtlatoa (klatawa) it means to run away;with musom., to commit adultery."-St.Onge.

Xa(t-suk:. or Xo't-Sull:. n. (C). (Chi-nook.-idem). The middle or centre ofanything'.

Xau'-py. n. (E). Colfee.x.ee'-lI:wu-lee. or :K.ee'-kWil-lle. prep.

(C). (Chinook.-Kik'hwili). Low; below;under; benea.th; down; inward. Example:lII1a.mookkeekWillle.-to lower. lIIlitlitelI:eekwillle.-to set down; put under. (Notused in the sense of "down stream.")Elip keekwulee.-Iower. Elip keekwuleekopa konoway.-Iowest. Elatawa keek-wulee kopa chuck.-to dive. ahBh keek-wulee kopa Wahee,-to bury.

XU' -a-pl, or Xel'-a-pi. or ][a-la-pi. v.(C). (Chinook.-Kelapai). To turn; re-turn; overturn; upset; reverse; retreat;capsize. Example: XU.pi ca.nim.-toupset a canoe. Hyak kilapi.-come backquickly. XUapi kopa. hquse.-go backto the house. Jllika kilapi alta.-haveyou returned now? Mamook kilapi.-tobring, send, or carry back. XUapi dolla.-to pay; repay. Xilapi truntum.-tochange one's mind. (A few ways ofspelling kila.pi: Xell.'pie; keelapi; keela-pie; keelapy; kila.pie; kilapa.i; klllapie;kilapy; kilipie; kWipie; kyelapai; kllaps;klipsj etc.)

Xlm'-ta. or X1m-tah. prep. (C). (Chi-nook.-Kimta). Behind; after; after-wards; last; since; back; rear; subse-quent; younger. El


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.nika.,-he drove me away. Mamook kish-kish okoke moosmoos,-drive away thatox.

Xiu'-a.-tan, or Xu1tan, n. (C). (Chinook,-Ikiuatan). A horse. Ex.: Xlatawakopa ku1tan,-to ride. YlI.kahyas klosheku1tan?-Is that a very good horse?Cooley ku1tan,-a race horse. Stone kui-tan,-a stallion.

JOa.h, adj., v. (C). (Chinook,-Klakh).Free or clear from; in sight; to escape.Example: Chee yakka klah,-now he isIn sight. Xla.ta.wa klah,-to escape, asa prisoner. Chahko kla.h (of seed),-tocome up; (of the woods),-to open out;(of the weather),-to clear up. Mamookkla.h,-to uncover. (Mr. Anderson gives-as the original meaning,-to open out orappear.)

Xla.'-ha.-nie, or Xlah-hanie, or Xlagh-anie, adv. (C). (Chtnook,-Klakhani). Out.of doors; out; without; outside; exterior.

Example: JllIamookklahanie okook,-putthat out. Chako kla.hanie,-to emerge;get out; to be delivered. Xlatawa kla-hMlie,-to go out. Ma.hsh kla.hanie,-tothrow out; deliver; eject. JOa.haniekopahouse,-out doors.

Xla.-ho'w-ya, adv. (0). The ordinaryslLlutation a.t meeting or parting. Howdo you do? good evening; good day;good morning; good-bye; as, Xlahowyasikhs,-good day, friend. Xahta mika,-how are you? Xah mika house?-whereis your house? ][a.h mika chako?-whence come you? ][a.h milta klata.wa?-where are going? JllIika.no. kumtuksalkl snass?-do you think It will rain?![alo,-no. lfawitka,-yes. Xlahowya,-good-bye. JllIahsie,-thanks.

Xla.-ho'w-yum, adj., n. (0). (Chinook,-Klahauia). Poor; miserable; wretched;compannion; distress. Example: Ryaskla.howyumnika,-I am very poor. :Ma-mook klahowyum,-to take pity on; givealms; be generous. Also to impoverish;make poor, (the sense in which it isused depends on the connection and cir-,cumstances). "The salutation above giv-en probably originated in some whiningreply to the first whites, and a distinc-tion has since arisen between the twomodes of spelling, which is, however.purely arbitrary."-Gibbs. Eells says:"Gibbs, Gill, Hibben, Tate, and Swan giveXla.howoya as the word for salutation,and Xlahowyum for poor, but I havenever been able to see any difference. Inthe Willamette Valley in 1850 and after-wards, we always used Xlahowyum forboth, and I never heard Xlahowya. OnPuget Sound for about twenty years wehave used Xla,howya for both; and Ihave seldom heard JOahowyum." (A fewother ways of spelling Xla.howya andJOa.howyum: Clahoyma; klahaiyam; kla-haiiam; klahowyah; klahowyou; klah-ya; lrlahyam; klahyeam; klahyeyah;thlacCXla;tlaquaya; klahum; klahiyon,-

and so on In many other wavs.)Xlah-wa, adv. (C). (Chinook,-kla-

wakh). Slow; slowly; tardy. Ex.: Xlat-wa. klahwa.,-go slowly. YlI.ka chakoklahwa,-he comes slowly.

Xlak, adv, (C). (Chinook,"klakw).Off; out; away; (to tll.ke) off.

Xlak'-sta., or XIUk'-sta., pron, (0).(Chtnook,-t'kluksta). Who; whose;Which; which onej any. Ex.: Xlakstayahwa?-who is there? RlLloklaksta.,-no one; none; not any; nobody. Xlakstamamook okoke,-who made or did that?Ikt man, klonas klaksta,-somebody.Xonoway klll.ksta.,-everyone.

Xlale, or T'klale, adj. (C). (Chinook,-Tlehl). Black, or dark blue, or green;brown; ignorant. Example: Okokepasee-sie yaka, klale,-that blanket is black.Xlale nika tumtum,-my mind is igno-rant. Sitkum-klale,-brown. WlI.kesiahklale,-purple. Xlale chuck kopa. ma-

mook tzum,-ink.Xlap, v: (0). (Chinook,-Klap). Tofind; arrive. Example: JllIika na klapmika kiuatan?-did you find your horse?lfika klap Seattle kopa polaklie,- I ar-rived atBea.ttre at night. Xlap tenas,-to be with child. Xlap tumtum,-to de-cide; to recollect; remember. Xlap wa-wa,-to learn a language.

Xlas'-ka, or Xlus'-ka, pron. (C). (Chi-nook,-Kluska.) Anything pertaiuing tothe third person, plural number; they;thine; them; their; theirs. Example:Xlaska klata.wa kopa Clallam illahee,-they went to the Clallam land. lfikananltsh klaska,-I see them. Okokeklaska Uahee,-thls is their land.

Xlat'-a-wa., v.(lf). (lfootka,-Klattur-wah.) (Jewitt.) (lfittinat,-Klatoukh,)To go; travel; attend; flow; mi!{rate;start; tread; leave; begone; get out; de-part. Example: Xlatawa teahw1t,-towalk; go On foot. Yaka klatawa kopaTacoma,-he went to Tacoma. Xlatawakopa kiuatan,-to ride. Chee klatawa,-to start. lOatawa kops. boat,-to sail;to go in a boat. JllIamookklatawa,-tosend. (A few of the numerous waysof spelling Xlata.wa: Clatawah; clat.ta-wah; claterwar; clatterwar; clattarwar;clatawar; clatua; clatuwa ;: klatawah;klatoa; klatwa; tlatoa; tlatowa; andothers.)

Xllm-in'-awhit, n., v. (C). (Chinook,-Kliminawhut.) A lie; to lie; falsehood;uutrue. Example: Ryas kumtukskllminawhit,-he Is a great liar (liter-ally, he knows well how to lie). Takakwanesum kliminawhit,-he always lies.(Also spelled: Xl1m1nacut; kliminwhit;kliminkwhit; kliminawit; klam1nawit;klaminawhit; clementlkote; tlemena-whit; tlemtnwhit; kliminwit; and oth-ers.)

Xlim'-min, adj. (0). (ChinoOk,-Tkle-mln-tklemin.) Soft; fine in substance;not hard; fine; little. (The reduplica-


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AND HOW TO USE IT.

tion denotes the diminutive, but in Jar-gon it is generally used singly.) Ex-ample: Ellmmin sapolell,-fiour. Chakoklimmin,-to melt; become soft. Xlim-min Ulahie,-mud; 'marshy ground.Wake klimmin, or halo klimmin,-hard.lII1amook kl1mm1n,-to soften as bydressing a skin.

Xl1p, adj. (C). (Chinook,-Kelipe Chi-hali8,-][luptutI: lII'isqua.lly,-Klep.) Deep:sunken: to sink. Example: Elip chuck,-deep water. Elip sun,-sunset.

Elis'-kwiss, n. (C). (Chinook,-idem.)A mat, (made of the cattail rush.) Ex-ample: Xliskwiss yaka kloshe kopabed,__:_themat is good for a bed.

][lo-nas, adv. (0). Chinook,-idem.)(E;xpressiOn of uncertainty or doub t.)Perhaps: I don't know: may be so: whOknows? it is doubtful: might: may.Equivalent to the Spanish quien sabe.

"The potential mode is indicated by theword, klonas."-Eells. Example: me-nass nika klatawa,-perhaps I shall go.Xah milta kahpho?-where is yourbrother? Elonas,s,-I don't know. Mikatumtum hiyu snass okoke sun?-do youthink it will rain much today? Elonas,-I do not know. Elonas yaka chakOtomollo,-perhaps he will come tomor-row. (Other ways of spelling Elonas:][lonass: olonas: clunas: kloneas: kloo-nazi tIonas: thlunass, etc.)

Elone, adj. (C). (Chinook,-Tklon.)Three- (Other spellings: None; clone;cloak; kloon; thlune; t lon, etc.)

Eloshe, or Elosh, adj.. adv.' (lII').(lII'ootka, '1'okwaht,-klohtl; lII1akah,-klot-

elo, or klotello; Cloosh,-(Meares): IIris-qually,-klob.) A very expressive word:has 45 meaning's.) Good: well: wellenough: affable: amiable: apt: auspi-cious: beautiful: beloved: beneficial: con-venient: e:W.cient: elegant: even: fau:fine: fortunate: fragrant: gay: graceful:hospitable: meek: intimate: kind: mild:modest: moral: neat: nice: pleasant:plain: please: practical: pretty: right:reliable; safe: respect&ble: secure: still:smooth: splendid: useful: upright: vu--tuous: untarnished. Ex.: Xloshe nan-nitsh,-look out; take care; guard; de-fend; nurse; watch; provide. Delate hy-as kloshe,-magnificent. Elip kloshe,-better; superior. Hyas kloshe,-verywell; very good; grand; superb, Elipkloshe kopa konoway,-best; supreme.lII1amook kloShe,-adorn; appease; ar-range ; behave; cure; fix; decorate; pre-pare; repair. Mitlite kloshe tumtum,-to congratulate; enjoy; be contented.Wake kloshe,-unkind; not good; unfa-vorable; wrong; nasty; naughty. Wakekloshe kopa mahkook, - unsalable.Eloshe kopa mahkook,-merchantable.Eloshe kopa nika,-I am satisfied.][loshe kopa cultus potlatch,-generous;good about giving; liberal. El08he ko-pet,-be still. EloShe mitlite,-hold on;

11

remain. El08he tumtum,-love; delight;happy; favor; cordial; friendly. Eloshechako,-all right; come on. El08he kah-kwa,-well; enough; all right; ameli.Xloshe tumtum mika chako,-an .invita-tion; a welcome. (Other ways of spell-ing Eloshe: Cl08e: olosche: clouch;klosche: klose; klo08h: tIoOI: tlosh:tlush:: cloosh, and others.)

Doshe-spose, adv. (lil'. and E.). (lII'oot-ka,-klohtl; English,-suppose.) Shall ormay I: let me: good if. Ezample:XloShe-spose nika mamook pia okook?-shall I cook that? (literally. (is it) goodthat 1 may cook that?)' .][lOlhe-sposenika klatawa?-shall 1 go?

Dootch-man, n. (lII').(lII'Ootkaand '1'ok-waht,-Klutsma.) A woman: madam;wife: mistress: a lady: a female of anyanimal. Example: Eah milta klootch-man?-where is your wife? .'1'enH

klootchman,-a girl; virgin; maiden;daughter; lass; used generally with ref-erence to all girls and women who arenot married. and sometimes with refer-ence to young married women. ][lootch-man kiuatan,-a mare. '1'ans yaka tenalklootchman,-a granddaughter. Dootch-man yaka ats,-a sister-in-law. Elootch-man yaka mama,-a mother-in-law.Elootchman yaka ow,-a brother-in-law.Elootchman yaka papa, a father-in-law. (A few other ways in which theword is spelled: Clooch8m&n:clooohe-min: clootchman: cloachman: clotshe.man; kloochman: kleutchman: tlatche.man; tluchmen: klouchmli.n, etc.)

Eo, v. (C). (Chinook,-idem.) '1'0reach:

arrive at. Ezample: Ch4!6klaska ko,-they have just come. Eabslh nesika kokopa lII'lsqually?-when shall we reachNisqually? '1'ahlkle sunnika ko kopaOlympia,-yesterday 1 arrived at Olym-pia.

Eok'-Shut, v. (lII'). (.lII'ootka,-Kakh-shet!; Eloakwat,-Kwachlt!.) (In theoriginal dead.) '1'0 break: broken: tobeat: hit: bruise: burst: cleave: hurt:demolished: knock: rap: tear: torn:kick: slap: shatter: split: bruised: abreak. Eells says: "Often mamook isused with it to make it an active verb;and chako, a verb in the passtve voice.-but not always. Thus.-'-lII'ika kokshutyaks., and lII'ikamamook kokshut yaka,-I hit him,-would both be proper. So.Jlrikakokshut, and Ohako lokBhut,-1 amhurt. would also both be proper." Ez-ample: Hyas kokshut,-much broken.Hy1u kokshut,-all broken to pieces.Chako kokshut,-broken;"split; bruised;passive of kokshut. lII1amookkokshut,--to beat; bruise; see above kokshut.

Eon'-a-way, adj. (C). (Chinook,-Kan-awe.) All: every: total: un1vel'tlal: ag-gregate: entire; the sum; the whole. Example: Xlaska konaway klatawa,-theyhave all gone. Eonaway tilikum.,-ev-ervbodv: mankind. Eonaway ikta,-


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1 2 THE CHINOOK JARGON

everything. Xona.way ka.h,-every-where. XOnAwaysun,-every day.

xo'-pa, adv., prep., conj, (C). (Chi-nook,-idem; formerly, Xwapa,-Hale.)The principal preposition in the lan-guage. At: according to: around; a,bout:concerning: to: into: with: towards: of:there: in that place: than: for: from:on: during: through: instead of. Rellssays: "There are nine words and threephrases which are used as prepositions.The principal words are kopa saghal1e,over; keekwulee, under; and kunamokst,with; kopa is, however, used more thanall the others, as it has a great varietyof meanings, which can only be knownby the connection, some of which areentirely opposlte to each other, as, fromand to; for example,-yaka chako kopa.sag-halie, means, he came from heaven;but,-yaka. kla.tawa kopa saghalie,means he went to heaven. Alta nika.

potla.tch wa.wa kopa mesika kopa okokepapa.h, means, now I will talk to youabout this picture. Yaka mitlite kopachuck,-he is on the water; yaka. mitlitekopa. river,-he is at the river; ya.kaklatawa k(>pa stick,-he has gone intothe woods; kopa ikt moon yaka mitliteyu

Chinook Jargon1909

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