CHINA

CHINAPart 1: The Making of the Modern State

“Let China sleep. For when China

wakes, it will shake the world.”--Napoleon

Why do we study China? Unique history greatly shapes political culture One of the few remaining communist nations Successful move towards capitalism BUT

remains highly authoritarian Questions to ponder…

Will democratization follow economic reform success?

Will human rights violations keep China from global partnerships?

What type of change (if any) will Xi Jinping bring?

Geography Basics

Officially, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) 4th largest country

9,596,961 sq mi Less than 15% of land

good for agriculture Largest population

1.3 billion *23 provinces 5 autonomous regions 4 centrally administered

cities 2 Special

Administrative Regions (SAR)

Ethnic Groups in China - 91.5% = Han Chinese - 8% = 55 other nationalities (most live in geopolitically sensitive areas) - Language = Mandarin

55% of people live in rural areas

Balance b/w people and need to feed them still a major concern

Renminbi (RMB); also called yuanExchange rate: US$1 = 6.79 RMB

Critical Junctures: Confucius

Imperial China (2000 years) & Confucianism Harmony, order, and peace Five duties of universal obligation

or basic human relations Obedience to Authority, Hierarchy, Meritocracy

Civil service was created Had to pass exams based on Confucian ethics

Ethnocentrism

Critical Junctures: Confucius Discussion Question: What elements of

Confucianism do you think can be found in modern Chinese political culture?

Critical Junctures: Confucius Discussion Question: What elements of

Confucianism do you think can be found in modern Chinese political culture?

Obedience to authority – acceptance of authoritarian rule

Hierarchy – structure of the CCP

Critical Junctures: The Republic of China

1839 -1949: Century of Humiliation Economic stagnation/poverty Increased pressure from the outside/imperialism Dynastic rule ends Nationalism rises

Revolution! (1911-12) Establishes Republic of China Sun Yat-sen became President Believed in nationalism, democracy, &

social welfare Could not hold power Warlords rule

Sun Yat-senFather of the Republic

Father of the Revolution

Critical Junctures: The Republic of China

1911 – 1949 Two political forces vie for power: The Nationalist Party (KMT)

Led by Sun Yat-Sen Focused on resisting foreign influence Favored modernization and reform Eventually led by Chiang Kai-Shek

Chinese Communist Party (CCP, founded 1921) Led by Mao Zedong By 1928, the CCP was forced West out of

the cities and into the countryside

Chiang Kai-ShekLeader of Nationalist

Critical Junctures: The People’s Republic of China

1934-1935: The Long March Mao & supporters flee from Nationalist forces & gain

support in the countryside 1941-1945: World War II

Communists more successful against Japan 1949: The People’s Liberation Army marches

into Beijing unopposed, establishing the People’s Republic of China (PRC) The Nationalists fled to Taiwan, where they

established the Republic of China (ROC)

Critical Junctures: Maoism Maoism – form of communism that believed in

the strength of the peasant Key Values:

Collectivism Struggle and Activism Egalitarianism Self-Reliance Mass Line: leaders would communicate

their will/direction to people, but people would communicate through mass line their wisdoms to leaders

Critical Junctures: Maoism The Soviet Model (1949-1957): Land Reform

Redistributed property from rich to poor and increased productivity in countryside

Civil Reform Free people from Opium addiction Enhanced women’s legal rights

Five-Year Plans Nationalized industry Collectivized agriculture Private property eliminated

Critical Junctures: Maoism Discussion Question: Compare how the

Communist Party came to power in China with how it came to power in Russia – how was it different?

How was Maoism similar to Marxist-Leninism in the Soviet Union? Different?

Critical Junctures: Maoism Discussion Question: Compare how the Communist Party

came to power in China with how it came to power in Russia – how was it different?

China: Communists won popular support by defeating Japan in WWII and then defeating the Nationalists in a civil war and then established a communist state, the PRC, which replaced the republic of 1911

Russia: Bolsheviks led a communist revolution & overthrew the czar

How was Maoism similar to Marxist-Leninism in the Soviet Union? Different?

Similar: Democratic Centralism (Communist Party best directs needs of the masses); collectivization; nationalized industry

Different: Mao valued strength of peasant, instituted mass line

Critical Junctures: Maoism The Great Leap Forward (1958-1966) Wanted to free China from Soviet domination Utopian effort to transform China into

a radical egalitarian society Reorganizes China into communes that

would serve all basic social and economic functions Backyard furnaces

Red vs. Expert Failure - Famine

Critical Junctures: Maoism The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Goal – remove all vestiges of “old” China and its

inequality Scholars sent to fields to work Universities/libraries destroyed Emphasis on elementary education only

Student radicals (Red Guard) lead a purging of “class enemies”

Critical Junctures: Maoism 1976: Mao dies leaving followers divided into

factions Radicals – led by Mao’s wife

One of the “Gang of Four” who supported radical goals of cultural revolution

Military Moderates – moderates who emphasized

economic modernization and some contact with other other countries

Moderates win and arrest Gang of Four Crash Course World History – China’s Revolution

s

DENG XIAOPINGEconomic Reform

“It doesn’t matter whether a cat is

white or black, as long as it catches

mice.” -Deng Xiaoping

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping Discussion Question: Deng Xiaoping has a

famous quote… “It doesn’t matter whether a cat is white

or black, as long as it catches mice.”

What does this mean?

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping Discussion Question: Deng Xiaoping has a

famous quote… “It doesn’t matter whether a cat is white

or black, as long as it catches mice.”

What does this mean? It doesn’t matter if a policy is socialist or

capitalist if it helped the economy.

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping 1979: Deng Xiaoping takes control of the

Communist Party Four Modernizations

industry, agriculture, science & military Open Door Trade policy Reforms in Education Restored legal system/bureaucracy

of Old China

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping Socialist Market Economy Household Responsibility System

Replaced communes After paying taxes/contract fees to govt, families

may consume/sell what they produce More Economic Liberalization

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) Promote foreign investment

Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs)

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping Economic Success:

Fastest-growing major economy in the world for more than two decades

GDP per capita grew at avg rate of a little over 9% per year from 1990-2009

Economic Problems: No more “iron rice bowl” – cradle to grave benefits Unemployment Inequality Floating Population – urban migration

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping China embraced market reforms, gradually

moving away from a command economy, but did NOT embrace political or democratic reform

1989: Tiananmen Square protests Large scale demonstrations,

esp among students and intellectuals for more political freedoms

Used army to crack down on protests

Death toll has not been revealed

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping Discussion Question: Classify the following as ideas under

Mao Zedong (MZ) or Deng Xiaoping (DX) or Both (B):

Allowed foreign investment Iron Rice Bowl Communes Open Door trade policy Education limited to elementary school No private property allowed Household Responsibility System Egalitarianism pursued Market socialism Believed Communist Party leadership should not be challenged

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping Discussion Question: Classify the following as ideas under

Mao Zedong (MZ) or Deng Xiaoping (DX) or Both (B):

Allowed foreign investment (DX) Iron Rice Bowl (MZ) Communes (MZ) Open Door trade policy (DX) Education limited to elementary school (MZ) No private property allowed (MZ) Household Responsibility System (DX) Egalitarianism pursued (MZ) Market socialism (DX) Believed Communist Party leadership should not be challenged

(B)

Critical Junctures: Technocrats After Deng dies, rise of technocrats

Career-minded bureaucrats who administer public policy according to technical rather than a political rationale

Professional competence & political loyalty Jiang Zemin (1993-2003) Hu Jintao (2003-2013) Xi Jinping (2013 - ?)

All had university training in engineering All were “groomed” by top leaders to move up in

rankshttp://youtu.be/kdCgIHgu-KE

Soviet Union vs. People’s Republic of China:Two Takes on Communism

PRC: 1949 – Today “Hot Communism” Under Mao, China

constantly was reinventing itself through massive movements and revolutionary ideals

Mao was focused on the peasants and devalued the educated and modern

Mao’s vision brought China to the brink of third world status by the 1970’s Deng Xiaoping created

the blueprint for modern China (1979)

USSR: 1917 – 1991 “Cold Communism” Soviet communism was

monolithic and stoic, dominated by rigid beliefs and distant leaders

Lenin, Stalin and the CCP were elitists and depended upon a nomenklatura system to select the leadership, the people and peasants were expected to follow and obey (“1984”)

Cold War competition with the USA exhausted the system economically Gorbachev – Perestrokia

and Glasnost (1985)

The Dual SystemChina has many parallel systems Communist Party & Capitalist Economy The Government & The Party The Government & The People’s Liberation Army The Industrial/Modern Coast & The Rural Interior Party calls the shots

The Politburo No single powerful executive as with Russia

Influence of Deng Xiaoping China was exhausted from grand, massive Maoist schemes and

plans Slow change under Deng – constant, rational reform over the

long term Great growth due to this, but can China remain strong with so

many parallel structures and systems? Challenge to the West

Healthy? Economic competition lifts all? Conflict? US debt issue?

Background New economic pragmatism – Deng Xiaoping (1978 – 1994) Economic growth highest priority Communist Party’s main assignment Retreated from government’s direct administration of

the economy – Slow, steady change (not Shock Therapy) Superiority of capitalism Socialist market economy

But have rejected political pluralism Tolerates no challenge to the Communist Party’s monopoly

on political power Lack of democratization and political freedoms – yet high

rates of globalization and economic growth – CAN THIS CONTINUE?

Institutionalization in China Promote more transparency, stability, and responsiveness To encourage investment and innovation Safeguard against arbitrary dictatorships and disruptive

politics Better crafted laws, new legality, more assertive representative

assemblies, and popularly elected grassroots leaders

Current Policy Challenges Political corruption, rural unrest, growing wealth gap, and severe

pollution Fostering economic growth and deliver a better material life for

Chinese citizens Economy has grown at a rate of nearly 10 percent per year since 1980

Economic success has not been costless Corruption Rural reform

Land not privately owned, but contracted for agricultural use by Chinese farmers

Farmers poorly compensated Growing wealth gap Public disturbances

China has thoroughly abandoned the strictures of communist ideology; experienced an awesome economic revolution. Opened up political processes to most diversified inputs But have also firmly suppressed organized challenges to the Communist

Party

Social Conditions Huge population

World’s most populous country Most live in the countryside, but now that is only 57% compared to 85% in 1980 Rural industrialization and growth of towns Rural collective industry is the most dynamic industrial sector

The population is concentrated in the eastern third of the land Only ¼ of China’s land is arable Land shortage/reduction in cultivated area Land is used for property borders, burial grounds, and bigger houses. So the problem of feeding the large population is expected to continue

Structure of the Party State Design Features

Guardianship Describes the main relationship between the Communist Party

and society Representation of “historical best interests” Mass line

Party Organization Democratic centralism – Leninist principle Refers mainly to consultation: opportunities for discussion,

criticism, and proposals in party organizations Two Hierarchies, with Party Leadership

Division of labor between party and government structures

Chinese Communist Party

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

The Chinese Capitalist Party They’re not fooling

anyone anymore Massive free market

growth and opportunity Outside investment Competition Foreign Trade Party still controls policy

issues and central banking

This is NOT Mao’s China Questions:

Will the Party survive? Will growth lead to

democracy? Will a lack of growth

destabilize the system and country?

China’s explosive growth has put vast pressure on the Party to keep it up

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

Political Economy and DevelopmentA. China Goes to Market 1. most cases state no longer dictates a. prices = supply and demand b. state-owned = steel, petroleum, telecommunications, and transportation 1. drain on banks c. private sector = fastest growing in the world

1990-2009

China GDP/Capita = 9% U.S. GDP/Capita = 1.5%

2010 China $7,400 U.S. $47,500

2. Officially PRC says it is a Socialist Market Economy

B. Remaking the Countryside

1. Household Responsibility System a. production

C. Society and Economy 1. Social Welfare Changes a. Iron Rice Bowl b. work and income now c. unemployment officially 4% more likely 2-3x higher 2. floating population a. pressure on housing and social services

3. income gap between coastal regions and inland/countryside 4. Gender inequalities a. market reforms have led to greater inequalities b. Rural = men get land contracts, etc. Urban = women more low paying, tedious jobs

Family Planning in China 5. One Child Policy a. patriotic and economic benefits of small families b. incentive based c. punishment d. belief that male children will contribute more = infanticide, abandonment, sex-selective abortion, etc.

144 years for China’s population to double at current rate!

- Nigeria 36 years - India 50

6. Opportunities for Corruption a. officials still have control over many transactions = large profits to be made b. graft c. Consumer Product Safety

7. Environmental Impact of Economic Reforms a. fuel of industrial expansion = coal b. air quality, soil erosion, water shortages, and deforestation c. little regulation of garbage dumping or toxic waste

China in the Global Economy1. 1980s = trade as

central component to economic development

2. China model a. low-wage domestic labor + production of goods in demand internationally = use earning to modernize economy

3. “factory of the world”4. 2nd largest trading nation5. Imports machinery, high-level technology, iron, steel, and raw materials6. Foreign investment up a. 400 of top 500 corporations have operations in China7. Huge domestic market = Coca-cola, GM, Starbucks, Walmart, US tobacco

Meet the New Bosses…..

China's new Politburo Standing Committee members: Leader of China Communist Party Xi Jinping (centre), (clockwise from top left) Zhang Dejiang, Li Keqiang, Yu Zhengsheng, Liu Yunshan, Wang Qishan, Zhang Gaoli

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

Structure of the Party State: CCP Structures

National Party Congress (NPC) Elected for five-year terms by delegates in provincial-

level congresses and the armed forces Assemble once every 5 large body- 2100 members Symbolic role; no legislative check on executive

leadership

Central Committee

elected to 5 year terms by NPC Meet annually for a week (plenums)

Politiburo and the Standing Committee

General Secretary of S.C. = Party Leader Not accountable to any other institution

China: Political Institutions Government functions in parallel with—and under the control

of—the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) CCP members cultivate political and economic connections Three new principles that the CCP represents:

Advancing production methods in order to compete economically in the world market

Keeping all developments in line with Chinese culture Protecting the fundamental interests of the overwhelming

majority of the people

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

China: Political Institutions (continued)

Executive branch: President—head of state and

sometimes general secretary of Communist Party

Premier—head of cabinet; in charge of various ministries

Both serve on the Central Military Commission, which oversees the armed forces

CCP executive structure: General Secretary—heads

party bureaucracy Secretariat—highest level

of party bureaucracy

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

China: Political Institutions (continued)

Legislative branch: CCP legislative structure:

Standing Committee

Politburo

Party Central Committee

National Party Congress

People’s Standing Committee

People’s Central Committee

National People’s Congress

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

China: Political Institutions (continued) The Supreme People’s Court heads the judiciary Government is defining commercial and property law, but

mediators settle most civil disputes The Supreme People’s Procuratorate oversees the court system

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

China: Political Institutions (continued)Local government: Structured like the national government, with people’s

congresses at provincial, city, and township levels Like national government, Communist Party counterparts exist

at all levels Main function of local institutions is to promote economic

development

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

Representation and Participation Socialist Democracy a. based on CCP’s role as only ruling party

1. The Legislature (NPC- unicameral body) a. enact and amend laws b. approve and monitor state budget c. declare and end war d. elect and (can recall) Pres. And VP e. Chair of Central Military Commission f. Head of S.C.

2. 2500-3000 members elected to 5 year terms 3. meet 1-2 wks in March 4. Not in session = power goes to members of Standing Committee 5. Membership: a. women underrepresented (20%) b. Farmers/workers = 20% c. Ethnic minorities = 15% d. Special Administrative Regions = Macau and Hong Kong e. Taiwan

B. Political Parties and Party System 1. ONE PARTY SYSTEM 2. as many as 8 non-communist parties exist a. All come from pre-Mao period 3. as long as 2 years to join the CCP

C. Elections 1. Indirect 2. some direct elections at village/rural level

China: Political Culture, Citizenship,and IdentitySocial cleavages:

• Language (dialects)• Disparities between urban

and rural population– Education– Income

Chinese population

Rural

Urban

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

1. Communism to Consumerism a. Media more open but free press still limited 1. entertianment news, human interest, and non-political investigative journalism b. Art- self-imposed censorship today; more freedom than Mao era c. Education- dramatic expansion since 1949 1. primary school – 100% 2. Middle/High School – 75% 3. pressure cookers 4. 80% belong to “Young Pioneers” d. Freedom of Religion

2. Citizenship and National Identity a. state promoted nationalism b. intense pride in being “Chinese” and ancient culture c. Non-Chinese Citizens 1. concentrated in autonomous regions a. right of self-government (limited) b. use of minority language encouraged c. Tibet 2. small, isolated ethnic minority population a. no intense identity based conflict

3. Interest Groups and Social Movements a. independent I.G. not permitted b. Mass Organizations 1. All-China Women’s Federation 2. All-China Federation of Trade Unions c. GONGO’s 1. must register with Government 2. steer clear of politics and challenging policy

4. Protest and the Party State 1. Falun Gong a. 1999 crackdown began 2. Labor Unrest a. strikes and demonstrations 3. all remain very localized

Economic Management, Social Tensions, and Political Legitimacy1. The Gamble: economic growth as basis of support

for CCP will continue = buying legitimacy and citizens won’t care about democracy or national politics

2. Danger of continued economic growth a. Could be unsustainable and lead to economic crash b. Test for CCP – how to cool growth w/out throttling 3. Corruption the single greatest force eating away at

CCP4. Democracy in China- favorable conditions = high

literacy, extensive industrialization and urbanization, fast growth, and huge middle class

China in a Communist Party-State 1. moving from totalitarianism to “consultative authoritarian regime” a. need for info., advice, and support from population, but crushes dissent

Predatory states v. Developmental state

Hong Kong 1842 and 1860, the island of Hong Kong, and

adjacent territory on the Chinese mainland, were ceded by treaty to the British in perpetuity. Due to result of wars fought to impose trade on China For nearly a century, China was a British colony.

1984, the Chinese communist authorities elaborated the principle of “one country, two systems” applicable to Hong Kong after 1997 Hong Kong reverted to Chinese sovereignty in 1997 but

would continue to enjoy a “high degree of autonomy.” Chinese authorities hope the outcome will woo Taiwan

back to the PRC, too.

Taiwan Governed by the Nationalists as the Republic of

China since 1945 100 miles off the east coast of the Chinese mainland. Communist “liberation” of Taiwan Korean war; American interests in the security of Taiwan

Two major events affected Taiwan’s status Lost its membership in the U.N. and its seat on the

Security Council to China in 1971 U.S. recognized China diplomatically, downgrading the

relationship with Taiwan to one of unofficial liaison Today fewer than 30 countries recognize Taiwan. Taiwan’s public does not support unification.

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

Tibet & China 1950 – China takes over

Tibet Claims it as part of “historical

China” Violent, bloody repression Dali Lama escapes to India

and exile Buddhism repressed, monks

killed 2000’s – China encourages

immigration Tibetans out, Han in Rail line into Tibet 2008 Games - Repression

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

Tibet/Chinese Conflict – 1950 to 2008Communist Party has crushed the Tibetan nation and destroyed much

of its heritage. Tibetan Buddhism is all but outlawed. Han Chinese are moved into Tibet as Tibetans leave or are forced to leave. AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China

Unit

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

Chinese Foreign Policy – Soft Power China’s demand for oil,

resources and energy has led it to invest in Africa Soft Power – “We don’t ask

questions – it’s just business.” Position against American

“Hard Power” Iraq, Afghanistan U.S. viewed as a bully, arrogant

and egoistical Oil, minerals and raw

materials flow from Africa Competition with India

Machinery, weapons and finished goods flow into Africa

Neo-Imperialism? AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China

Unit

China: Citizens, Society, and the State (continued)Social cleavages:

• Gaps between three distinct generations with different experiences under governmental control

Generation influenced by

modern society

Less likely to view party loyalty as means to success; focus on economic advancement

Generation influenced by Mao

Party loyalty as a means to success

Generation influenced by the

Cultural Revolution

Lost local patron-client connections when sent to farm camps

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

China: Citizens, Society, and the State (continued) Traditional values vs.

economic and political change

Collective responsibility Struggle and harmony Deference to moral

authority

The Chinese symbol for harmony

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

Structure of the Party State State Council-executive functions

Composed the premier, who is head of government, and his cabinet of vice-premiers, state councillors, ministers, auditor general, and secretary general

Has its own Standing Committee, which meets twice weekly As in most parliamentary systems, the bulk of legislation is

drafted by specialized ministries and commissions under the direction of the cabinet

President- Head of State – purely ceremonial office Communist Party Leadership

Judiciary: Supreme People’s Court Supreme People’s Procuratorate

Bridge between public security agencies and the courts

Structure of the Party State Party Structures

National Party Congress Central Committee

Exercises the powers of the congress between sessions Chinese political elites

Politburo Politburo Standing Committee

Top Leader and the Succession Problem Party Bureaucracy

Structure of the Party State People’s Liberation Army

Does not dictate policy to party leaders, but it is the self-appointed guardian of Chinese sovereignty and nationalism.

Preventing Taiwan’s independence Party Dominance

Nomenklatura system The most important mechanism by which the Communist Party exerts control

over officials. Party membership Party Core Groups Overlapping Directorships Elite Recruitment

Rule by Law Socialist Legality Legal Reform Criticism of Legal Practices

Political Socialization Mass Media

Ordinary citizens now exposed to news and opinions about public affairs

Hong Kong Relatively free and critical mass media

Chinese journalists expose government wrongdoings and thwart official efforts to suppress news of disasters.

Chinese leaders reserve the right to shut down publications that in their view go too far.

Internet: 50,000 cyber police; still difficult to monitor Education System

Past: very ideological; persecution of scholars Today: respect for expertise

Fall 2006 reduced the seven compulsory courses on political ideology and party history to four, in the first major curricular change in twenty-five years.

Political Culture From radicalism to “reform and opening” to the outside

world Political Knowledge

Not uniformly distributed in China More active knowledge and interest found in men, the more

highly educated, and Chinese with higher incomes. Beijing

Here people discuss politics very frequently Political Values

Reject every democratic value and support for democratic values generally low

Influence of non-Chinese political socialization is evident Show an impact of socioeconomic development; urban Chinese

are much more supportive of democratic values than are mainland Chinese generally

Political Participation Changes in the Rules

Political participation: was required; now optional Mao: mass mobilization campaign; contemporary leadership

does not attempt to rouse the mass public to realize policy objectives

Rejection of mass mobilization as the dominant mode of political participation Rather: express opinions and participate through regular, official

channels – hotlines, letters to newspaper editors, etc. Local Congress Elections Village Committees Unacceptable Political Participation Protestors and Reformers

Democracy Movement Tiananmen massacre of June 4, 1989

Interest Articulation and Aggregation Organizations Under Party Leadership

Satellite parties Chinese People’s Political Consultative

Conference Important mass organizations

All-China Federation of Trade Unions Women’s Federation

Mass organizations represent the interests of the Communist Party to the organized “interest groups” it dominates, not vice versa. Transmission belts

Interest Articulation and Aggregation NGOs

Nongovernmental organizations Most active in environmental issues Seek embeddedness All-Chinese Women’s Federation: responsible for more than 3,000 social

organizations dealing with women’s issues GONGOs

Government-organized nongovernmental organizations Front operations for government agencies Set up to take advantage of the interest of foreign governments and

international NGOs to support the emergence of Chinese civil society. Most interesting: business associations set up to organize firms

The Self-Employed Laborers Association The Private Enterprises Association Federation of Industry and commerce

Policymaking and Implementation Policymaking

Three tiers in policymaking1. Politburo and its Standing Committee2. Leading small groups (LSGs)3. Relevant party departments and government ministries

From agenda setting to implementing regulations Five stages: agenda setting; inter-agency review; Politburo approval; NPC

review, debate, and passage; and the drafting of implementing regulations Two most important states: interagency review and drafting of

implementing regulations Policy implementation

Monitoring Policy priorities Adapting policy to local conditions

Corruption

Policy Performance Economic Growth

Success story; opening up to foreign trade and investment Trade balances Scarcity prices versus government controlled or two-track pricing

system Decentralization Reform of SOEs

Environmental Degradation Economic growth = serious environmental damage Health and productivity costs “first development, then environment” EPBs local environmental protection bureaus State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA)

Underfunded

China: Political and Economic Change

Chinese government and Communist Party have acted deliberately in pursuing economic change

Economic change has brought more autonomy and self-responsibility to the individual

Government maintains control of banking, but not willing to share with private citizens or foreign investorsAP Comparative Government - Schwenk -

China Unit

China: Public PolicyMajor issues: Sustaining long-term economic growth in order to reach

superpower status Finding balance in the educational system between the urban

elite and the rural peasantry Addressing severe environmental degradation while still

achieving economic goals

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

Policy Performance Population Control

Little regulation during Maoist years; 1978 population close to a billion One-child family policy

State-sponsored family planning added to the constitution Ideal family had one child Most couples required to stop childbearing after one or two births Married couples in urban areas restricted to one child In rural areas, married couples are subject to rules that differ across provinces.

In some, two children permitted. In others, only one child permitted; in most provinces, a second child is permitted only if the first is a girl.

Difficult to implement; many sons ideal: a married daughter joins the household of her husband, while a married son remains in the household to support aging parents.

Policy implementation Carrots and sticks utilized to encourage one child policy

Perverse outcomes Shortage of girls Sex-selective abortions

1989 – Tiananmen Square Eastern European &

Gorbachev’s reforms in Russia sent a message to young Chinese students

Mass rally after a popular party member’s death led to months of demonstrations

The Communist Party, fearing a loss of control, crushed the demonstrations in June

China’s Political Future Still primarily a communist state – politically, not

economically Room for optimism?

The dramatic changes in the Chinese economy, polity, and society, are as much a by-product of reform as a direct product of reform policies. Room for optimism?

Authoritarianism has not survived intact with economic modernization in many East Asian countries.

Prediction: The party will continue to transform China in the years to come and to transform itself in order to continue to rule.

Policy Issues & Problems Health Care – 1.3 billion people, AIDS,

infectious disease, hospital quality Pollution – impact on health, clean water,

air quality, desertification Wealth Gap – China A vs. China B, wealth

gap is growing Growth – Meeting yearly goals,

“overheating” the economy, stagnation International – North Korea, Japan, Syria,

African investment, USA relations

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

AP Comparative Government - Schwenk - China Unit

Pollution in China

http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1870162_1822169,00.html

China: The Big Ideas & Concepts Parallel Systems –

Party & the Government

Power rests with the CCP

Government enacts and enforces laws and the will of the Party

The Politburo holds executive power – a few men run the CCP that runs China

“TWO DOORS” Chinese public can

excel and grow economically

Chinese public cannot demand or push for political reform or change

Do not challenge the CCP

Party depends upon economic growth for its status and legitimacy

China: The Big Ideas The NOT Communist

Party Capitalist goals and

policies Foreign Investment Trade & Debt with USA Massive growth Massive

industrialization Regulates banking and

investment “To Get Rich is

Glorious”

Political Reform and Protest Limited by the Party “Great Firewall of

China” Controls religion and

limits practices Tibet Taiwan Muslim minorities Persecution of

protestors and demonstrators

China: The Big Ideas China A

The Elite & Middle Class Urban Industrial centers White Collar jobs Wealthy – benefiting

from the New China Access to power and

the party Access to education

and advancement Desires more growth

China B The Rural Masses Rural Poor Farming – peasantry Manual Labor –

transient labor forces Few avenues to power

or protest Lack of literacy and

education Needs basic supports1

Discussion Questions1. How did China’s “closed door” economic policy

eventually cause it to lag behind European powers? How did this affect the Chinese belief in their own cultural superiority?

2. Describe China’s dual system of government. How does this structure help ensure that both sides work in unison to execute government policy and achieve unified goals?

3. How might the social cleavages between urban and rural communities and between generations pose future problems for the government and the Communist Party?

Discussion Questions4. What are the three political

values to which China has traditionally adhered? What might threaten these values in the near future?

5. What are three vital policy issues that the Chinese government faces today?

China: The Key Questions Can the CCP keep the

growth going? Will the Chinese public

remain happy with the Two Doors deal made by Deng Xiaoping after 1989?

Will China’s international stance remain regional or will they project more direct power globally?

How will the wealth gap affect the CCP and the PRC?

How will pollution and the effects of industrial growth impact China long term?

Is the world headed towards a bipolar situation in terms of superpower status?