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III. Bjio: Compare & Contrast
Tng-Shu: Listening & Speaking
1. Bjio: Compare
(1) Qng n bjio yxi: Zhnggu h Migu nige guji bjio d? Please make
a comparison: between China and the U.S., which country is
[comparatively] bigger?
(2)
Qng n bjio yxi: Rbn h Fgu nige guji rnku bjio du? Please make a
comparison: between Japan and France, which country has the
[comparatively] larger population?
(3) W shngge xngq xule rshge Hnz, zhige xngq xule snshge. Zhge
xngq xu de Hnz bjio du. I learned twenty characters last week, and
thirty this week. The characters I learned this week are
[comparatively] more [than last week].
(4)
T shu wnf bjio hoxu, w shu Hnz bjio hoxu. He says that grammar
is comparitively easier to learn. I think that characters are
comparitively easier to learn.
(5)
Zhr yu lingge shn. Nnmin de shn bjio d, bimin de shn bjio xio.
There are two hills in this area. The hill on the south side is
[comparatively] bigger; the hill on the northside is
[comparatively] smaller.
(6)
W bjio xhuan kn Migu dinyng. I like to watch American movies
more [than others].
(7) [ po: soak; brew]
Yng qunshu po de ch bjio hoh. The tea brewed with spring water
tastes better. Note: As Chinese adjective has a built-in relative
sense, the adverbial is not necessary for
expressing the meaning of comparatively.
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M. Chu, 53
2. ......... sh... hishi: Is it... or...
(1) ? ? N sh xhuan q shnshng wnr hishi xhuan q hbin wnr Do you
like to go to the mountain [top] to play or like to go to the
lakeshore to play? shortened version of the above: ? ? N sh xhuan q
shnshng hishi hbin wnr Do you like to go to the mountain [top] or
the lakeshore to play?
(2) ? ? Sh nnfng de tinq bjio nunhuo hishi bifng de tinq bjio
nunhuo? Is the climate of the south thats warmer or the climate of
the north thats warmer? shortened version of the above: ? ? Sh
nnfng de hishi bifng de tinq bjio nunhuo? Is the climate of the
south or the north thats relatively warmer?
(3) Sh Fgu ci hoch hishi Migu ci hoch? Is French food more
delicious or American food more delicious. shortened version of the
above: Sh Fgu ci hishi Migu ci hoch? Is French food or American
food more delicious.
(4) Sh Hung Shn de fngjng ho hishi X H de fngjng ho? Is the
scenery of Yellow Mountain better or is the scenery of West Lake
better? shortened version of the above:
Sh Hung Shn hishi X H de fngjng ho? Is the scenery of Yellow
Mountain or West Lake better?
fngjng scenery
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M. Chu, 54
3. B: Compare
(1a)
X H de fngjng b Chngchng de fngjng pioliang. The scenery of the
West Lake is more beautiful than the scenery of the Great Wall.
(2a)
Fwn de wnf b Zhngwn de wnf nn xu. French grammar is more
difficult to learn than Chinese grammar. (3a)
W yng doch chfn b yng kuizi chfn kui. For me, using knife and
fork to eat is faster than using chopsticks.
(4a)
Q Bijng xu Hny de wigu xusheng b q X'n de du.
There are more foreign students going to Beijing to study
Mandarin than going to Xian.
Saying [ so.] is similar to saying [ so.] Using the [ so.]
structure, we may re-write the statements above as follows:
(1b)
Chngchng de fngjng miyu X H de fngjng pioliang. The scenery of
the Great Wall is not as beautiful as the scenery of the West Lake.
(2b)
Zhngwn de wnf miyu Fwn de wnf (nme) nn xu. Chinese grammar is
not as difficult to learn as French grammar. (3b)
W yng kuizi chfn miyu yng doch chfn b (nme) kui. For me, using
chopsticks to eat is not as fast as using knife and fork.
(4b)
Q X'n xu Hny de wigu xusheng miyu q Bijng de (nme) du.
There are not as much foreign students going to Xian as those
going to Beijing to study Mandarin.
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M. Chu, 55
4. Shngsh Nge [Nige]: Which one
(1)
Zh chngwi br zh chngl fngbin. Living outside the city is not as
convenient as living in the city.
Zh chngwi br zh chngl. Living outside the city is not as good as
living in the city.
(2)
Xu fngyn br xu Ptnghu yuyng. Learning regional language is not
as useful as learning Mandarin.
Xu fngyn br xu Ptnghu. Learning regional language is not as good
as learning Mandarin.
(3)
M Wn shu rch br ynhi hokn. Ma Wen says that sunrise is not as
beautiful as the sea of clouds.
Q kn rch br q kn ynhi. Going to watch sunrise is not as good as
going to watch the sea of clouds.
(4)
Hung Shn br Chngchng yumng. Huangshan is not as famous as the
Great Wall.
Q Hung Shn br q Chngchng. Going to Huangshan is not as good as
going to the Great Wall.
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M. Chu, 56
D-Xi: Reading and Writing Note: jigwn: Oracal-bone Script, 17th
to 11th Centuries BCE
jnwn: Bronze-carving Script, 11th to 3rd Century BCE dzhun:
Majuscule Seal script, 8th-3rd Century BCE xiozhun: Refined Seal
Script, 3rd Century BCE to 1st Century CE
1.
1) r: same; be like
() () () () The graphs mostly (except that from the script) have
two components: a mouth and a kneeing person or woman. The first
graph has the mouth is located above the head of the kneeing
person, likely to give an order. To follow, do as told and same as
still constitute the basic meaning of .
rgu if
ry as one wishes
br not equal to; not as good as; be inferior to
irnrj love others as one loves oneself
A: Rgu mngtin miyu kosh, w xing q kn dinyng. N xing q ma If
there is no test tomorrow, I would like to go see a movie. Do you
want to go?
B:
Bi xingdee nme ry le! Mngtin ydng yu kosh. W bq. Dont think so
wishfully! There will be a test tomorrow for sure. Im not going [to
the movies].
A:
Rgu n b q, w y b q. If you dont go, I will not go either.
B:
Bi hslunxing le! Br wmen ziji hoho xux. Quit thinking wild
thoughts. It would be better that we stay home studying.
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M. Chu, 57
2) c: this
() () () () The ancient graphs consistently illustrates a
combination of two images, a person and a foot. It is generally
understood as to portray a foot stepping on someone and thus the
meaning trample. The common meaning of the character now is this.
We may interprete the ancient graphs to be those of a person
stepping a foot to indicate the location, here. ync because of
this; therefore; consequently
chu after this; hereafter; henceforth
rc like this; thus
yunlirc so that's how it is; so that's what's happened; I
see
T shu Shnghi sh yge hn yuysi de chngsh. W y rnwi rc. He says
that Shanghai is an interesting city. I think so, too. rnwi think;
consider; deem
T shninqin d-y c q Shnghi. Chu ji ishangle nige dfng. He first
went to Shanghai ten years ago, and has fallen in love with that
place ever since. Ync, t mic q Zhnggu du q Shnghi. There, every
time he goes to China, hell always go to Shanghai. T b minin q
Zhnggu. T qnin qguole. Ync, jnnin t bq. He doesnt go to China every
year. He went there last year. Therefore, he will not go this
year.
c time (on frequency)
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M. Chu, 58
3) b: compare
() () () () All ancient graphs depict two identical human
figures side by side, except the that includes single-person
images. The meanings derived have been generally understood as be
near to each other, liken to, comparable or compare.
br for example
bfangshu for example
hob can be compared to
bbushng cannot match
rby two to one
bjio compare; comparison; relatively; more (so)
bsi competition; match; game
Amazon Amazon Zhiji shngdin de dngx du hn gu. Bfangshu, tmen de
wnj ji b Amazon gu snchng. (All things at this store are quite
expensive. For example, their stationaries are 30% more expensive
than Amazon.)
Zhiji bihu gngs de shngyi bbushng niji. The business of this
department store is not as good as that one.
Q: ?
? Nmen lingg rn shi bjio i shuhu Between the two of you, who
loves to talk more?
A:
W b t i shuhu. I love to talk more than he does.
Wmen de qidu br tmen. r b s shgi tmen le. Our ball team is not
good as theirs. At yesterdays match, with a 2 to 4 score we lost to
them.
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M. Chu, 59
4) ji: move toward; undertake; right away; exactly; then
() () JIU combines and . We have just learned that depicts a
high building and is used for the meaning of capital (of a
country). has a fundamental meaning of special or outstanding and
it is pronounced yu in modern Mandarin. The character has a root
meaning of reaching for the highland, with representing its meaning
category and approximating its pronunciation but also contributing
to its meaning. is most commonly used as a resultant conjunction in
a conditional statement. chngji achievement; success
jish no other than; exactly so
T de mqn sh ywi hn yu chngji de zuji Her mother is a well
accomplished writer.
W xinzi kn de zhi bn xioshu jish t mqin xi de. This novel that
Im reading now is one written by [no other than] her mother.
W mngtin xile k ji q kn t. Tomorrow, Ill go visit her right
after classes. Rgu n y xing rnshi t, jihe w ytng q. If you also
would like to get to know her, then go along with me.
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M. Chu, 60
2. []The functions of
(1) The most common function of is to emphasize the
urgency/immediacy or earliness of an action or situation, following
a time indicator
Without : T xige xngqq Zhnggu. (She is going to China next
week.)
With : T xige xngq ji q Zhnggu. (She is going to China as early
as next week.)
Wmen liyu fng shji, tmen syu ji fng shji le. (Well start our
summer vacation in June but they start their summer vacation as
early as April.)
(2) is again to emphasize the urgency/immediacy or earliness of
an action or situation, here the time indicator
is upon completion of a certain action
W xihole bogo ji q kn n. Ill go visit you right after Ive
finished written my paper.
N dole Zhnggu ji gi wmen xixn, ho ma? Write to us right after
you have arrived in China, Okay?
N xile k, wmen ji q kn dinyng ba. Lets go see a movie right
after you get off from class.
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M. Chu, 61
(3) is used to emphasize the decision outcmme of action or
situation, here following not a specific time indicator or the
completion of another action but a condition.
N xing mi yfu wmen ji q bihu gngs knkan. (If you want to buy
some clothes, well go take a look at the department stores.)
Rgu n b q, tji b q. (He wont go unless you go.)
Yule dinsh, t fm ji ky tintin kn xnwn le. (If/When they have a
television, his parents will be able to watch the news
everyday.)
(4) is used to emphasize the specificity of the identity of
something
Zh jish wmen zhr de d-y d chosh. (This is our number one
supermarket here.)
Wnl Chngchng jish wmen xing q de dfang. (The Great Wall is
exactly the place we want to go.)
Wmen ji zi xuxio de fntng ch ba. (Lets eat right here at our
schools dinning hall.)
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M. Chu, 62
3.
5a) hun return; give back 5b) hi: still; remain;
additionally
() () ( ) Note that in modern Mandarin, the character has two
distinctive pronunciations and their separately associated meanings
as listed above. The character is a combination of the meaning
component (chu: go) and the phonetic component (not an independent
character in the current system but used in a number of characters
sharing a pronunciation close to hun).
qing: starting; isolated hun: return; shocked eye
() ( ) Currently, neither of the two character or is used
independently. They were most likely derived from the same set of
ancient scripts that illustrate a big eye looking around, at times
shocked or staring.
It is interesting to note that hi and hun seem to represent the
in repose phase and the in motion phase of the word.
hun sh return a book
hun qin return money; pay back a debt
hi ho not too bad
hi mi not yet
hishi still; after all; had better
...... ...... sh...hish... is it... or...; to... or to...
A:
! Zh bn sh znme hi zi n zhr? N hi mi hun a? How come this book
is still here with you? You still have not returned it?
N sh xing jntin q hi, hishi mngtin q hun? Do you plan to go
return it today or tomorrow?
B:
W mngtin q hun. Ill go return it tomorrow.
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M. Chu, 63
A:
W kn n hishi jntin ji q hi ba. In my view, youd better go return
it right today.
B:
N kn n, hishi du w miyu xnxn. Look at you, still dont have
confidence in me.
Hobaw xinzi ji q hun. N hi yu shnme yjian ma? Okay! Ill go
return it right now! Do you [still] have any more objection?
6) yu: again shares the ancestry of the right side of , or . The
form of hand with arm was . In its post-3rd century and current
form of kish (regular/model script), it is written as . Originally
meant right hand, or right, was later borrowed to use for the
meaning of again and this newer meaning has become the predominant
one of the character. As a component of a character, however, the
hand meaning remains. Note: yu and zi (as in zijin) share the same
English translation, again. However, while
is used for an action that is yet to take place, is used for an
action that has already happened.
yu yu not only but also
Tmen qinnin qle Shnghi, qnin yu qle. They went to Shanghai the
year before last year, and hey went there again last year. Tmen shu
Shnghi ti yu ysi le! Yu yu ho wn de dfang, yu yu hoch de dngxi.
They said that Shanghai was truly interesting: It not only has
fun places but also has delicious food.
Nr yu yu shn yu yu hi, ti mi le! There, you have hills and
oceanits truly beautiful!
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M. Chu, 64
Tmen yu shu le: Shnghi hoshho, bgu nl shnme dngxi du ti gu le.
They have also said: Shanghai is nice indeed. However, everything
is too expensive there. Ync, tmen hi mi xing ho xic shnme shhou zi
q. Therefore, they have not yet decided when will be the next time
for them to go there.
7) zh: only
() () It is not clear how the form of the character was/is
related to its meaning.
W zh qgu Rbn, miqgu Zhnggu. Iv only been to Japan; never been to
China.
Mngnin w zh xing q Zhnggu, b xing q bide guji. Next year, I only
want to go to China and do not want to go to any other country. W
tngshu zhyu Zhnggu yu yu pinyi yu hoh de ch. I heard that only
China has the kind of tea that is not only cheap but delicious.
Dole Zhnggu yhu, w zh hch, b h kfi. After having arrived in
China, I will only drink tea and not to drink coffee.
8) nn: difficult
() () () The left side of the graphs is generally understood to
be the old form for , which is pronounced jin in modern Mandarin
and it illustrate the hard work in cultivating the land (which is
best represented by the third character). The right side of the
character is , a short-tailed bird, which is a component in the
characters and that we have learned. The left side component of the
character may have provided the semantic source of the character,
but the role of the right side is unclear.
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M. Chu, 65
Yude tngxu shu: shu Zhngwn bti nn, xi Hnz bjio nn. Some of my
classmates say: speaking Chinese is not too difficult, writing
characters is more difficult. jud: feel W y jud xu xi Hnz b xu shu
Hny nn. I alao feel that it more difficult to learn to write
Chinese characters than to learn to speak Chinese.
nn xu difficult to learn
nnkn unpleasant to look at; ugly
nnch taste bad
nnshu hard to say
nngu feel sad; uncomfortable
nnd rare; hard to come by
Zhijin yf yu nnkn yu b shfu. This clothes is not only ugly but
also uncomfortable. Niji fngun de ci yu gu yu nnch!. The food at
that restaurant is not only expensive but also taste bad. T yu shu
li yu shu bli. T mngtin li b li xinzi hi hn nnshu. She said that
she would come and then she also said that she would not come. As
of now, whether or not shell come tomorrow is still hard to
say.
9) ch: exit; out; happen
() () () () These ancient graphs clearly illustrate a foot going
out from an enclosure. is a among the most commonly used words.
Most public places have signs indicating exit gates.
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M. Chu, 66
chku exit; export
Zhnggu yu dling de huw chku do Migu. China has great amount of
goods exported to the U.S.
Other common words include these: chshng be born
chlai come out
chqu go out
chgu go abroad
chmn go out; go away from home; go on a journey
chji become a monk/nun
chmng become famous; famous
chxin appear; emerge
chq vent ones anger
chqin give out money; pay out; contribute money
chl contribute labor; work on a job physically; exert
oneself
ch zhy provide an idea
ch ywi have an accident; something unexpected happened
ch wnt out of order; something to go wrong
rch sunrise
zhch spend; pay out; expense
Zh sh t chshng yli d-y c chgu. Since her birth, this is the
first time she goes abroad .
T chmn yqin, tde jirn du shu: qinwn xioxn, bi ch ywi.. Before
she left home, her family member all said to her, Be absolutely
careful to avoid any accident.
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M. Chu, 67
T fm chqin sng t chgu, sh xing t yhu chrntud. Her parents spend
money to send her abroad, wishing her to becomes outstanding in the
future.
Chngjing cng Shnghi chhi. Hungh cng Shndng chhi. Changjiang goes
out to the sea from Shanghai. Huanghe goes out to the sea from
Shandong [Province].
10) x: system; department 11) x: association; related to
: () () () ()
: () () , and possibly later, was in ancient times used to
describe the act of connecting two or more strands of silk, or
braiding them together. Would it be possible that these were also
used as an act to tie ropes around the door or door latch to secure
the door? Keep in mind the character we have learned: gun. It is
interesting to note that how, in English, we divide a college, a
country, or other entity, into different departments and how in
Chinese we connect the related parts into a system.
We have already learned the expression in response to someones
apology by saying, (Never mind. or Dont worry about it!). The same
expression also means no relationship. mi gunx not related; not
involved; not important;
it is all right; dont worry about it gunx relationship;
connection
T h w mi gunxi: t bsh wde jirn, bsh wde pngyu, y bsh w de tngxu.
He and I have no releationship: he is not my family member, not my
friend, and also not my classmate. Zh sh w de wnt, h t mi gunx.
This is my problem and it has nothing to do with him.
Zhngwn x Chinese Department
shxu x Mathematics Department
huxu x Chemistry Department
shngw x Biology Department
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M. Chu, 68
Fn-jin duzho: Character Simplification Notes on Character
Simplification:
1. (fho dit) method of simplification was adopted in the
simplification process of the following characters. It was to
replace certain complex components of a traditional character with
a simpler existing character or component, or with a particularly
created symbol.
A number of different complex components have been simplified to
in the simplified character, such as to , to , and to , to .as well
as the one we have in this lesson here. Similarly, a number of
different complex components have been simplified to in the
simplified character, such as to , to , and to as well as the one
we have in this lesson here.
is simplified to
is simplified to
2. (tngyn dit) principle: Replacing a complex character with a
simpler one of similar pronunciation.
is simplified to
3. (yng ytz) method is adopted in the simplification process of
the following character. This method is basically to use a variant
way of writing a character in fewer strokes. The stroke reduction
may have happened by connecting adjacent strokes or eliminating
some (sometimes, the variant form does not involve stroke
reduction). This change is slight and casual and sometimes not
considered as part of the simplification process. As a result, in
some character font system, the traditional character version is
represented by the variant character used in the simplified
character version (mistakenly, ignorantly, or politically).
Furthermore, as we have learned before, the difference between the
forms in the traditional and simplified character system may be the
result of a standardization process (took place in Taiwan, started
in the 1970s) in the traditional character system. While the
character used in the simplified character system remain to be the
same, commonly used version, the character used in the traditional
character system has been changed. For more details, see
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ and
www.edu.tw/files/site_content/M0001/biau/f12.html.
has a variant in the simplified character system
has a variant in the simplified character system
has a variant in the simplified character system
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M. Chu, 69
Linx: Exercises
1. Bhu jigu: Character Strokes and Structures Traditional
Characters: Trace and write to become familiar with the structure
of characters
r: same, be like c: this b: compare ji: move up; exactly
: not as [good] as : like this : for example : achievement
hun: return hi: still; remain yu: again zh: only
: return books : not yet : have gone again : only have
nn: difficult ch: move up; exactly x: system; demartment x:
relationship
: ugly : go abroad : Chinese Dept : relationship
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M. Chu, 70
Linx: Exercises
1. Bhu jigu: Character Strokes and Structures Simplified
Characters: Trace and write to become familiar with the structure
of characters
r: same, be like c: this b: compare ji: move up; exactly
: not as [good] as : like this : for example : achievement
hun: return hi: still; remain yu: again zh: only
: return books : not yet : have gone again : only have
nn: difficult ch: move up; exactly x: system; department x:
relationship
: ugly : go abroad : Chinese Dept : relationship
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M. Chu, 71
2. C y duyng: Matching words with meaning
(1) Write the Chinese equivalent of the following in
characters
if: __________________ as you wish: _______________ not as good
as: __________________ hereafter _______________ achievement:
________________ success _____________ return books:
________________ return money: _____________ ugly: ________________
feel sad: _____________ go abroad: ________________ become famous:
_____________ provide an idea: ________________ having an accident:
_____________ sunrise: ________________ appear: _____________
contribute money: ________________ contribute labor:
_____________
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M. Chu, 72
3. Hud wnt: Answer Questions Write your answers and translate
them into English.
1) [ shji: summer vacation]
__________________________________________________________
2)
__________________________________________________________
3)
__________________________________________________________
4)
__________________________________________________________
5)
__________________________________________________________
6)
__________________________________________________________
7)
__________________________________________________________