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1 Character 6: Imogen Synopsis Imogen, the daughter of the British king Cymbeline, goes against her father's wishes and marries a lowborn gentleman, Posthumus, instead of his oafish stepson, Cloten. Cloten is the son of Cymbeline's new Queen, a villainous woman who has made the king her puppet. Cymbeline sends Posthumus into exile in Italy, where he encounters a smoothtongued Italian named Iachimo. Iachimo argues that all women are naturally unchaste, and he makes a wager with Posthumus that he will be able to seduce Imogen. He goes to the British court and, failing in his initial attempt to convince the princess to sleep with him, resorts to trickery: He hides in a large chest and has it sent to her room; that night he slips out, observes her sleeping, and steals a bracelet that Posthumus once gave to her. Cloten, meanwhile, continues to pursue Imogen, but she rebuffs him harshly. He becomes furious and vows revenge, while she worries over the loss of her bracelet. In the meantime, Iachimo has returned to Italy, and, displaying the stolen bracelet and an intimate knowledge of the details of Imogen's bedchamber, convinces Posthumus that he won the bet. Posthumus, furious at being betrayed by his wife, sends a letter to Britain ordering his servant, Pisanio, to murder Imogen. But Pisanio believes in Imogen's innocence, and he convinces her to disguise herself as a boy and go search for her husband, while he reports to Posthumus that he has killed her. Imogen, however, soon becomes lost in the wilds of Wales, and she comes upon a cave where Belarius, an unjustly banished nobleman, lives with his two sons, Guiderius and Arviragus. In fact, the two young men are not his sons but Cymbeline's; Belarius has kidnapped them to avenge his banishment, though they themselves are ignorant of their true parentage. They welcome Imogen, who is still dressed as a boy. Meanwhile, Cloten appears, having come in pursuit of Imogen; he fights a duel with Guiderius, who kills him. Imogen, feeling ill, drinks a potion the queen has given her. Although the queen told her it was medicinal, the queen herself believed it to be a poison. However, the draught merely induces a deep sleep that resembles death. Belarius and his adoptive sons come upon Imogen and, heartbroken, lay her body beside that of the slain Cloten. Awaking after they Play: Cymbeline Author: William Shakespeare Web Links: www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsferFwh5Og http://videos.helenmirrenarchives.org/view/71/cymbelinefilmscene02/ www.imdb.com/video/imdb/vi4033195545/ www.youtube.com/watch?v=PetIVcwSIoM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFfACZhp8o0
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Character6 - Weeblyphoenixdrama.weebly.com/uploads/2/4/2/3/24232850/...1!! Character6: Imogen! Synopsis! Imogen,thedaughteroftheBritishkingCymbeline,goesagainstherfa ther's!wishes!and!marries!a!

Oct 20, 2020

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    Character  6:                                

    Imogen  

    Synopsis  Imogen,  the  daughter  of  the  British  king  Cymbeline,  goes  against  her  father's  wishes  and  marries  a  lowborn  gentleman,  Posthumus,  instead  of  his  oafish  stepson,  Cloten.  Cloten  is  the  son  of  Cymbeline's  new  Queen,  a  villainous  woman  who  has  made  the  king  her  puppet.  Cymbeline  sends  Posthumus  into  exile  in  Italy,  where  he  encounters  a  smooth-‐tongued  Italian  named  Iachimo.  Iachimo  argues  that  all  women  are  naturally  unchaste,  and  he  makes  a  wager  with  Posthumus  that  he  will  be  able  to  seduce  Imogen.  He  goes  to  the  British  court  and,  failing  in  his  initial  attempt  to  convince  the  princess  to  sleep  with  him,  resorts  to  trickery:  He  hides  in  a  large  chest  and  has  it  sent  to  her  room;  that  night  he  slips  out,  observes  her  sleeping,  and  steals  a  bracelet  that  Posthumus  once  gave  to  her.  

    Cloten,  meanwhile,  continues  to  pursue  Imogen,  but  she  rebuffs  him  harshly.  He  becomes  furious  and  vows  revenge,  while  she  worries  over  the  loss  of  her  bracelet.  In  the  meantime,  Iachimo  has  returned  to  Italy,  and,  displaying  the  stolen  bracelet  and  an  intimate  knowledge  of  the  details  of  Imogen's  bedchamber,  convinces  Posthumus  that  he  won  the  bet.  Posthumus,  furious  at  being  betrayed  by  his  wife,  sends  a  letter  to  Britain  ordering  his  servant,  Pisanio,  to  murder  Imogen.  But  Pisanio  believes  in  Imogen's  innocence,  and  he  convinces  her  to  disguise  herself  as  a  boy  and  go  search  for  her  husband,  while  he  reports  to  Posthumus  that  he  has  killed  her.  

    Imogen,  however,  soon  becomes  lost  in  the  wilds  of  Wales,  and  she  comes  upon  a  cave  where  Belarius,  an  unjustly  banished  nobleman,  lives  with  his  two  sons,  Guiderius  and  Arviragus.  In  fact,  the  two  young  men  are  not  his  sons  but  Cymbeline's;  Belarius  has  kidnapped  them  to  avenge  his  banishment,  though  they  themselves  are  ignorant  of  their  true  parentage.  They  welcome  Imogen,  who  is  still  dressed  as  a  boy.  Meanwhile,  Cloten  appears,  having  come  in  pursuit  of  Imogen;  he  fights  a  duel  with  Guiderius,  who  kills  him.  Imogen,  feeling  ill,  drinks  a  potion  the  queen  has  given  her.  Although  the  queen  told  her  it  was  medicinal,  the  queen  herself  believed  it  to  be  a  poison.  However,  the  draught  merely  induces  a  deep  sleep  that  resembles  death.  Belarius  and  his  adoptive  sons  come  upon  Imogen  and,  heart-‐broken,  lay  her  body  beside  that  of  the  slain  Cloten.  Awaking  after  they  

    Play:      Cymbeline                      Author:            William  Shakespeare  

    Web  Links:    www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsferFwh5Og  http://videos.helenmirrenarchives.org/view/71/cymbeline-‐film-‐scene-‐02/  www.imdb.com/video/imdb/vi4033195545/  www.youtube.com/watch?v=PetIVcwSIoM  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFfACZhp8o0      

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    have  left  the  scene,  she  mistakes  the  body  of  Cloten  for  that  of  Posthumus,  and  she  sinks  into  despair.  A  Roman  army  has  invaded  Britain,  seeking  the  restoration  of  a  certain  tribute  Britain  has  ceased  to  pay.  (A  "tribute"  here  is  a  payment  given  to  one  nation  by  another  in  return  for  a  promise  of  non-‐aggression.)  The  disguised  Imogen  hires  herself  out  to  them  as  a  page.  

    Posthumus  and  Iachimo  are  traveling  with  the  Roman  army,  but  Posthumus  switches  to  the  garb  of  a  British  peasant  and  fights  valiantly  for  Britain.  Indeed,  in  his  combat  he  actively  seeks  death:  He  believes  his  servant  to  have  carried  out  his  orders  and  killed  Imogen,  and  he  regrets  his  actions.  The  Romans  are  defeated,  thanks  to  the  intervention  of  Belarius,  Guiderius,  and  Arviragus,  and  Posthumus,  still  trying  to  punish  himself,  switches  back  to  Roman  garb  and  allows  himself  to  be  taken  prisoner.  That  night,  the  god  Jupiter  promises  the  spirits  of  Posthumus's  dead  ancestors  that  he  will  care  for  their  descendant.  The  next  day,  Cymbeline  calls  the  prisoners  before  him,  and  the  confusion  is  sorted  out.  Posthumus  and  Imogen  are  reunited,  and  they  forgive  a  contrite  Iachimo,  who  confesses  his  deception.  The  identity  of  Guiderius  and  Arviragus  is  revealed,  Belarius  is  forgiven,  and  the  Queen  dies,  leaving  the  king  free  of  her  evil  influence.  As  a  final  gesture,  Cymbeline  frees  the  Roman  prisoners  and  even  agrees  to  resume  paying  the  tribute.  

    Source:  http://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/cymbeline/summary.html  

    www.anoisewithin.org  

             

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

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    The  playwright  

    William  Shakespeare  was  born  in  Stratford-‐upon-‐Avon,  allegedly  on  April  23,  1564.  Church  records  from  Holy  Trinity  Church  indicate  that  he  was  baptized  there  on  April  26,  1564.  Young  William  was  born  of  John  Shakespeare,  a  glover  and  leather  merchant,  and  Mary  Arden,  a  landed  local  heiress.  William,  according  to  the  church  register,  was  the  third  of  eight  children  in  the  Shakespeare  household—three  of  whom  died  in  childhood.  John  Shakespeare  had  a  remarkable  run  of  success  as  a  merchant,  alderman,  and  high  bailiff  of  Stratford,  during  William's  early  childhood.  His  fortunes  declined,  however,  in  the  late  1570s.  

    There  is  great  conjecture  about  Shakespeare's  childhood  years,  especially  regarding  his  education.  Scholars  surmise  that  Shakespeare  attended  the  grammar  school  in  Stratford.  While  there  are  no  records  extant  to  prove  this  claim,  Shakespeare's  knowledge  of  Latin  and  Classical  Greek  would  tend  to  support  this  theory.  In  addition,  Shakespeare's  first  biographer,  Nicholas  Rowe,  wrote  that  John  Shakespeare  had  placed  William  "for  some  time  in  a  free  school."  John  Shakespeare,  as  a  Stratford  official,  would  have  been  granted  a  waiver  of  tuition  for  his  son.  As  the  records  do  not  exist,  we  do  not  know  how  long  William  may  have  attended  the  school,  but  the  literary  quality  of  his  works  suggests  a  solid  educational  foundation.  What  is  certain  is  that  William  Shakespeare  never  proceeded  to  university  schooling,  which  has  contributed  to  the  debate  about  the  authorship  of  his  works.  

    The  next  documented  event  in  Shakespeare's  life  is  his  marriage  to  Anne  Hathaway  on  November  28,  1582.  William  was  18  at  the  time,  and  Anne  was  26—and  pregnant.  Their  first  daughter,  Susanna,  was  born  on  May  26,  1583.  The  couple  later  had  twins,  Hamnet  and  Judith,  born  February  2,  1585  and  christened  at  Holy  Trinity.  Hamnet  died  in  childhood  at  the  age  of  11,  on  August  11,  1596.  

    For  the  seven  years  following  the  birth  of  his  twins,  William  Shakespeare  disappears  from  all  records,  finally  turning  up  again  in  London  some  time  in  1592.  This  period,  known  as  the  "Lost  Years,"  has  sparked  as  much  controversy  about  Shakespeare's  life  as  any  period.  Rowe  notes  that  young  Shakespeare  was  quite  fond  of  poaching,  and  may  have  had  to  flee  Stratford  after  an  incident  with  Sir  Thomas  Lucy,  whose  deer  and  rabbits  he  allegedly  poached.  There  is  also  rumor  of  Shakespeare  working  as  an  assistant  schoolmaster  in  Lancashire  for  a  time,  though  this  is  circumstantial  at  best.  

    It  is  estimated  that  Shakespeare  arrived  in  London  around  1588  and  began  to  establish  himself  as  an  actor  and  playwright.  Evidently  Shakespeare  garnered  some  envy  early  on,  as  related  by  the  critical  attack  of  Robert  Greene,  a  London  playwright,  in  1592:  "...an  upstart  crow,  beautified  with  our  feathers,  that  with  his  Tiger's  heart  wrapped  in  a  player's  hide,  supposes  he  is  as  well  able  to  bombast  out  a  blank  verse  as  the  best  of  you:  and  being  an  absolute  Johannes  fac  totum,  is  in  his  own  conceit  the  only  Shake-‐scene  in  a  country."  

    Greene's  bombast  notwithstanding,  Shakespeare  must  have  shown  considerable  promise.  By  1594,  he  was  not  only  acting  and  writing  for  the  Lord  Chamberlain's  Men  (called  the  King's  Men  after  the  ascension  of  James  I  in  1603),  but  was  a  managing  partner  in  the  operation  as  well.  With  Will  Kempe,  a  master  comedian,  and  Richard  Burbage,  a  leading  tragic  actor  of  the  day,  the  Lord  Chamberlain's  Men  became  a  favorite  London  troupe,  patronized  by  royalty  and  made  popular  by  the  theatre-‐going  public.  

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    Shakespeare's  accomplishments  are  apparent  when  studied  against  other  playwrights  of  this  age.  His  company  was  the  most  successful  in  London  in  his  day.  He  had  plays  published  and  sold  in  octavo  editions,  or  "penny-‐copies"  to  the  more  literate  of  his  audiences.  Never  before  had  a  playwright  enjoyed  sufficient  acclaim  to  see  his  works  published  and  sold  as  popular  literature  in  the  midst  of  his  career.  In  addition,  Shakespeare's  ownership  share  in  both  the  theatrical  company  and  the  Globe  itself  made  him  as  much  an  entrepeneur  as  artist.  While  Shakespeare  might  not  be  accounted  wealthy  by  London  standards,  his  success  allowed  him  to  purchase  New  House  and  retire  in  comfort  to  Stratford  in  1611.  

    William  Shakespeare  wrote  his  will  in  1611,  bequeathing  his  properties  to  his  daughter  Susanna  (married  in  1607  to  Dr.  John  Hall).  To  his  surviving  daughter  Judith,  he  left  £300,  and  to  his  wife  Anne  left  "my  second  best  bed."  William  Shakespeare  allegedly  died  on  his  birthday,  April  23,  1616.  This  is  probably  more  of  a  romantic  myth  than  reality,  but  Shakespeare  was  interred  at  Holy  Trinity  in  Stratford  on  April  25.  In  1623,  two  working  companions  of  Shakespeare  from  the  Lord  Chamberlain's  Men,  John  Heminges  and  Henry  Condell,  printed  the  First  Folio  edition  of  his  collected  plays,  of  which  half  were  previously  unpublished.  

    William  Shakespeare's  legacy  is  a  body  of  work  that  will  never  again  be  equaled  in  Western  civilization.  His  words  have  endured  for  400  years,  and  still  reach  across  the  centuries  as  powerfully  as  ever.  Even  in  death,  he  leaves  a  final  piece  of  verse  as  his  epitaph:  

    Good  friend,  for  Jesus'  sake  forbeare  To  dig  the  dust  enclosed  here.  Blessed  be  the  man  that  spares  these  stones,  And  cursed  be  he  that  moves  my  bones.  

    Source:  http://www.bardweb.net/man.html  

    Source:  www.anoisewithin.org  

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

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    Character  study  Imogen,  like  Juliet,  conveys  to  our  mind  the  impression  of  extreme  simplicity  in  the  midst  of  the  most  wonderful  complexity.  To  conceive  her  aright,  we  must  take  some  peculiar  tint  from  many  characters,  and  so  mingle  them  that,  like  the  combination  of  hues  in  a  sunbeam,  the  effect  shall  be  as  one  to  the  eye.  We  must  imagine  something  of  the  romantic  enthusiasm  of  Juliet,  of  the  truth  and  constancy  of  Helen,  of  the  dignified  purity  of  Isabel,  of  the  tender  sweetness  of  Viola,  of  the  self-‐possession  and  intellect  of  Portia  —  combined  together  so  equally  and  so  harmoniously  that  we  can  scarcely  say  that  one  quality  predominates  over  the  other.  But  Imogen  is  less  imaginative  than  Juliet,  less  spirited  and  intellectual  than  Portia,  less  serious  than  Helen  and  Isabel;  her  dignity  is  not  so  imposing  as  that  of  Hermione  —  it  stands  more  on  the  defensive;  her  submission,  though  unbounded,  is  not  so  passive  as  that  of  Desdemona;  and  thus,  while  she  resembles  each  of  these  characters  individually,  she  stands  wholly  distinct  from  all.    

    It  is  true  that  the  conjugal  tenderness  of  Imogen  is  at  once  the  chief  subject  of  the  drama  and  the  pervading  charm  of  her  character;  but  it  is  not  true,  I  think,  that  she  is  merely  interesting  from  her  tenderness  and  constancy  to  her  husband.  We  are  so  completely  let  into  the  essence  of  Imogen's  nature  that  we  feel  as  if  we  had  known  and  loved  her  before  she  was  married  to  Posthumus,  and  that  her  conjugal  virtues  are  a  charm  super-‐added,  like  the  colour  laid  upon  a  beautiful  groundwork.  Neither  does  it  appear  to  me  that  Posthumus  is  unworthy  of  Imogen,  or  only  interesting  on  Imogen's  account.  His  character,  like  those  of  all  the  other  persons  of  the  drama,  is  kept  subordinate  to  hers;  but  this  could  not  be  otherwise,  for  she  is  the  proper  subject  —  the  heroine  of  the  poem.  Everything  is  done  to  ennoble  Posthumus  and  justify  her  love  for  him;  and  though  we  certainly  approve  him  more  for  her  sake  than  for  his  own,  we  are  early  prepared  to  view  him  with  Imogen's  eyes,  and  not  only  excuse,  but  sympathize  in  her  admiration.  .  .  .    

    One  thing  more  must  be  particularly  remarked,  because  it  serves  to  individualize  the  character  from  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  the  poem.  We  are  constantly  sensible  that  Imogen,  besides  being  a  tender  and  devoted  woman,  is  a  princess  and  a  beauty,  at  the  same  time  that  she  is  ever  superior  to  her  position  and  her  external  charms.  There  is,  for  instance,  a  certain  airy  majesty  of  deportment  —  a  spirit  of  accustomed  command  breaking  out  every  now  and  then  —  the  dignity,  without  the  assumption,  of  rank  and  royal  birth,  which  is  apparent  in  the  scene  with  Cloten  and  elsewhere;  and  we  have  not  only  a  general  impression  that  Imogen,  like  other  heroines,  is  beautiful,  but  the  peculiar  style  and  character  of  her  beauty  are  placed  before  us.  We  have  an  image  of  the  most  luxuriant  loveliness,  combined  with   exceeding  delicacy,  and  even  fragility  of  person;  of  the  most   refined  elegance  and  the  most  exquisite  modesty.      

     

     

     

     

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    The  Antecedents  of  Imogen.    

    As  in  Cleopatra  and  Cressida  we  had  woman  determined  solely  by  her  sex,  so  in  Imogen  we  have  an  embodiment  of  the  highest  possible  characteristics  of  womanhood  —  untainted  health  of  soul,  unshaken  fortitude,  constancy  that  withstands  all  trials,  inexhaustible  forbearance,  unclouded  intelligence,  love  that  never  wavers,  and  unquenchable  radiance  of  spirit.  She,  like  Marina,  is  cast  into  the  snake-‐pit  of  the  world.  She  is  slandered,  and  not,  like  Desdemona,  at  second  or  third  hand,  but  by  the  very  man  who  boasts  of  her  favours  and  supports  his  boast  with  seemingly  incontrovertible  proofs.  Like  Cordelia,  she  is  misjudged;  but  whereas  Cordelia  is  merely  driven  from  her  father's  presence  along  with  the  man  of  her  choice,  Imogen  is  doomed  to  death  by  her  cruelly-‐deceived  husband,  whom  alone  she  adores;  and  through  it  all  she  preserves  her  love  for  him  unweakened  and  unchanged.    

    Strange  —  very  strange!  In  Imogen  we  find  the  fullest,  deepest  love  that  Shakespeare  has  ever  placed  in  a  woman's  breast,  and  that  although  Cymbeline  follows  close  upon  plays  which  were  filled  to  the  brim  with  contempt  for  womankind.  He  believed,  then,  in  such  love,  so  impassioned,  so  immovable,  so  humble  —  believed  in  it  now?  He  had,  then,  observed  or  encountered  such  a  love  —  encountered  it  at  this  point  of  his  life?    

    Even  a  poet  has  scant  enough  opportunities  of  observing  love.  Love  is  a  rare  thing,  much  rarer  than  the  world  pretends,  and  when  it  exists,  it  is  apt  to  be  sparing  of  words.  Did  he  simply  fall  back  on  his  own  experiences,  his  own  inward  sensations,  his  knowledge  of  his  own  heart,  and,  transposing  his  feelings  from  the  major  to  the  minor  key,  place  them  on  a  woman's  lips?  Or  did  he  love  at  this  moment,  and  was  he  himself  thus  beloved  at  the  end  of  the  fifth  decade  of  his  life?  The  probability  is,  doubtless,  that  he  wrote  from  some  quite  fresh  experience,  though  it  does  not  follow  that  the  experience  was  actually  his  own.  It  is  not  often  that  women  love  men  of  his  mental  habit  and  stature  with  such  intensity  of  passion.  The  rule  will  always  be  that  a  Moliere  shall  find  himself  cast  aside  for  some  Comte  de  Guiche,  a  Shakespeare  for  some  Earl  of  Pembroke.  Thus  we  cannot  with  any  certainty  conclude  that  he  himself  was  the  object  of  the  passion  which  had  revived  his  faith  in  a  woman's  power  of  complete  and  unconditional  absorption  in  love  for  one  man,  and  for  him  alone.  In  the  first  place,  had  the  experience  been  his  own,  he  would  scarcely  left  London  so  soon.  Yet  the  probability  is  that  be  must  just  about  this  time  have  gained  some  clear  and  personal  insight  into  an  ideal  love.  In  the  public  sphere,  too,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  Arabella  Stuart's  undaunted  passion  for  Lord  William  Seymour,  so  cruelly  punished  by  King  James,  may  have  afforded  the  model  for  Imogen's  devotion  to  Posthumus  in  defiance  of  the  will  of  King  Cymbeline.    

     

    Source:  http://www.shakespeare-‐online.com/plays/characters/imogenbio.html    

     

     

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    Context  Cymbeline  is  one  of  Shakespeare's  final  plays.  Composed  and  performed  around  1609-‐10,  probably  on  the  indoor  Blackfriars  stage  rather  than  at  the  more  famous  Globe,  it  joins  Pericles,  The  Winter's  Tale,  and  The  Tempest  in  the  list  of  genre-‐defying  later  plays  that  are  usually  referred  to  as  romances  or  tragicomedies.  The  happy  ending  of  each  of  these  productions  distinguishes  them  from  earlier  histories  and  tragedies,  but  each  play  emphasizes  the  danger  and  power  of  evil  in  the  world,  and  death,  while  never  victorious  in  the  end,  looms  as  an  ever-‐present  force  in  the  stories.  Indeed,  the  plot  of  Cymbeline  bears  a  striking  resemblance  at  various  points  to  a  number  of  the  great  tragedies:  the  Imogen-‐Cymbeline  relationship  suggests  Lear  and  Cordelia  in  King  Lear,  while  Iachimo  plays  a  role  similar  to  that  of  Iago  in  Othello,  and  the  sleeping  potion  taken  by  Imogen  reminds  us  of  a  similar  device  in  Romeo  and  Juliet.  In  Cymbeline,  however,  disaster  may  threaten  but  it  never  strikes:  Only  the  wicked  characters  die,  and  the  end  of  the  play  treats  us  to  a  joyous  reconciliation.  

    There  is  no  obvious  source  for  Cymbeline.  The  titular  king  and  his  sons  Guiderius  and  Arviragus  are  quasi-‐historical  figures;  Cymbeline,  according  to  a  dubious  source  available  during  Shakespeare's  time,  ruled  in  Britain  around  the  time  of  Christ.  (The  same  source  was  used  for  the  title  character  in  King  Lear,  another  play  set  in  pre-‐Christian  Britain.)  The  Iachimo  plot,  in  which  a  seduction  is  attempted  on  a  virtuous  wife,  may  have  its  roots  in  the  celebrated  Decameron,  a  collection  of  stories  by  the  Renaissance  author  Boccaccio.  And  the  scenes  in  the  Welsh  wilderness,  especially  Imogen's  death-‐like  slumber,  bear  a  striking  resemblance  to  fairy  tales  like  "Snow  White."  The  bulk  of  the  plot  and  most  of  the  characters,  however,  can  be  attributed  directly  to  Shakespeare's  imagination;  such  pure  originality  was  rare  for  the  playwright,  who  adored  lifting  and  reworking  plots  from  other  authors,  writing  in  dialogue  with  older  stories.  

    Source:  http://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/cymbeline/context.html  

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

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    Theatrical  style  Cymbeline  is  a  difficult  play  to  classify  on  any  level.    It  is  at  once  a  tragedy,  comedy,  tragi-‐comedy,  comi-‐tragedy,  romance;  a  sort  of  mishmash  of  style,  character,  setting,  story,  and  history  that  even  the  most  noted  of  modern  scholars  hesitate  to  label.  Cymbeline  is  generally  thought  of  as  a  romance.    What  exactly  is  meant  by  the  term  romance,  specifically  in  relation  to  Shakespeare?    Stanley  Wells  provides  a  useful  description:  If  the  literary  genre  of  romance  can  be  defined  –  or  described  –  it  is  not  by  formal  characteristics.  Rather  perhaps  is  it  a  matter  of  certain  recurrent  motifs,  and  also  of  a  recognizable  attitude  toward  the  subject  matter.    Romancers  delight  in  the  marvelous;  quite  often  this  involves  the  supernatural;  generally  the  characters  are  larger  than  life  size.  All  is  unrealistic;  the  logic  of  cause  and  effect  is  ignored,  and  chance  and  fortune  governs  all  …  Shakespearean  romance  frequently  includes  the  separation  and  disruption  of  families,  followed  by  their  eventual  reunion  and  reconciliation;    scenes  of  apparent  resurrection;  the  love  of  a  virtuous  young  hero  and  heroine;  and  the  recovery  of  lost  royal  children.  

    Cymbeline  certainly  contains  all  of  the  elements  needed  to  set  it  firmly  within  these  sentiments.  Many  scholars,  however,  prefer  to  view  the  play  as  part  of  Shakespeare’s  histories.    He  had  already  dramatized  much  of  England’s  recent  past,  stretching  back  to  the  12th  century  with  King  John,  and  into  pre-‐Roman  legend  with  King  Lear.    With  Cymbeline  he  again  looked  to  Britain’s  ancient  past,  connecting  it  with  Julius  Caesar’s  Rome  and  solidifying  Britain’s  independence  and  prestige  by  staging  their  victory  over  the  Roman  army.    Just  as  his  previous  histories  had  referenced  Queen  Elizabeth’s  reign  in  ways  that  flattered  or  frightened  her,  Cymbeline’s  setting  can  be  seen  as  an  allusion  to  King  James,  who  liked  to  link  himself  both  pictorially  and  ideologically  with  Rome  and  Roman  emperors.  The  only  certain  label  is  that  of  ‘later’  play,  as  Cymbeline  dates  to  roughly  1609—three  years  before  Shakespeare’s  retirement  to  Stratford  and  seven  years  before  his  death.    Most  scholars  believe  that  Cymbeline  was  written  before  The  Winter’s  Tale,  Pericles,  and  The  Tempest.    

     In  the  Norton  Shakespeare,  Jean  E.  Howard  identifies  a  common,  elemental  thread—beyond  canonical  proximity—which  links  the  four  plays  together:  an  emphasis  on  “the  miraculous  transformation  of  suffering  to  joy.”    She  continues:  Verging  on  tragedy,  they  all  nonetheless  win  through  to  bittersweet  conclusions  in  which  shattered  families  are  reconstituted  and  plot  complexities  untangled—but  always  at  a  cost.    Mistakes  have  consequences  in  these  plays.    Sons  die;  years  are  lost  in  exile  and  wandering;  women  suffer  from  unjust  slander.    If,  in  the  end,  good  fortune  returns  to  the  sufferers,  it  does  not  cancel  their  former  pain  but  provides  a  miraculous  contrast  to  it.  Although  listed  as  a  tragedy  in  the  First  Folio,  modern  critics  often  classify  Cymbeline  as  a  romance.  

    Harold  Bloom  disagrees.  He  writes,  “Though  we  classify  Cymbeline  with  the  other  ‘late  romances,’  it  does  not  share  much  with  The  Winter’s  Tale  and  The  Tempest,  let  alone  with  Pericles.”    But  Bloom  also  asserts  that  “mature  Shakespeare  almost  always  is  beyond  genre.”3  Whether  it  is  a  romance,  a  history,  a  tragedy,  or  even  “beyond  genre,”  Cymbeline  is  ultimately  an  adventurous,  imaginative,  fantastical  tale  of  love,  betrayal,  jealousy,  idealism,  death  and  rebirth,  family  separated  and  reunited.    It  is  also,  as  the  directors  of  Fiasco  Theater’s  Cymbeline  have  written,  “a  restless  plot  [that]  keeps  us  wanting  to  know  what  happens  next.  

     

    Source:  www.tfana.org/wp-‐content/uploads/.../Cymbeline-‐360-‐Viewfinder1.pdf  

     

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    Though  once  held  in  very  high  regard,  Cymbeline  lost  favour  with  critics  in  the  18th  century.  The  most  famous  comments  were  made  by  Samuel  Johnson:  

    This  play  has  many  just  sentiments,  some  natural  dialogues,  and  some  pleasing  scenes,  but  they  are  obtained  at  the  expense  of  much  incongruity.  To  remark  the  folly  of  the  fiction,  the  absurdity  of  the  conduct,  the  confusion  of  the  names  and  manners  of  different  times,  and  the  impossibility  of  the  events  in  any  system  of  life,  were  to  waste  criticism  upon  unresisting  imbecility,  upon  faults  too  evident  for  detection,  and  too  gross  for  aggravation.  

    Source:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbeline    

    Source:  https://twitter.com/bbciplayerglbl/status/456717517151432706  

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

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    Interpretations  of  the  character  

    The  Bard  on  the  Beach  production  of  Cymbeline  is  an  odd  and  convoluted  tale  told  with  style  and  panache.  

    Although  Cymbeline  is  a  strange  tale  filled  with  beheadings  and  creepy  scenes,  it  is  always  engagingly  staged  and  completely  compelling.One  of  his  last  plays,  Cymbeline    is  considered  one  of  Shakespeare’s  ‘problem’  plays  because  it  defies  being  labeled  a  comedy,  a  tragedy  or  a  history.    The  plot  is  rather  complicated  as  many  of  its  twists  are  based  on  coincidence  or  withheld  information,  but  even  with  its  complications  there  are  some  brilliant  moments  of  comedy  and  equally  moving  moments  of  drama.  

    In  Cymbeline,  the  titular  King  has  banished  Postumus,  the  husband  of  his  daughter  Imogen,  for  no  apparent  reason.  We  also  discover  that  Imogen  has  two  brothers  who  disappeared  when  they  were  babies,  and  the  King’s  new  wife  has  been  dabbling  in  poisons  and  politics  in  the  hopes  of  making  her  selfish  and  arrogant  son  Cloten  the  new  King.    Meanwhile,  soldiers  from  Rome  are  contemplating  an  attack  on  England  and  in  another  subplot  that  really  kicks  things  into  high-‐gear,  an  Italian  nobleman  makes  a  bet  that  he  can  prove  to  Postumus  that  his  wife  is  not  as  pure  as  he  thinks.  

    Director  Anita  Rochon  has  come  up  with  a  fun  and  stylish  concept.  Using  just  seven  actors,  she  employs  story  theatre  elements  that  include  fast  wardrobe  changes  to  allow  them  each  play  up  to  three  characters,  and  then  adds  a  sexy  and  sleek  vibe  to  it  all.  

    Rochon  successfully  pulls  straightforward  and  honest  comedic  performances  from  her  cast,  allowing  the  simple  line  readings  to  burst  with  comic  potential.    That  same  straightforward  and  honest  approach  is  also  used  in  the  more  dramatic  moments,  with  beautifully  moving  results.  

    The  entire  cast  meets  Rochon’s  vision,  giving  their  making  their  characters  heartfelt,  high-‐stakes,  and  a  playful  sense  of  comedy.  

    Rachel  Cairns  embodies  such  a  resourceful  princess  with  a  strong  will  and  a  big  heart.  Whether  she  is  spurning  the  dullard  Cloten  or  crumpling  under  the  weight  of  grief,  she  was  always  very  real  and  genuine.  

    Anton  Lipovetsky  is  simply  astonishing.  While  he  has  proven  himself  a  great  actor  in  past  roles,  here  his  subtle  vocal  and  physical  shifts  from  character  to  character  are  daring,  but  ultimately  successful  choices.  Although  at  first  it  is  difficult  to  identify  each  of  his  characters,  as  the  play  goes  on  you  begin  to  notice  the  changes  in  facial  tension  between  characters.  

    Rounding  out  this  brilliant  and  talented  ensemble  in  this  touching  tale  about  reuniting  with  family  and  with  love  are  Anousha  Alamian,  Shawn  Macdonald,  Gerry  Mackay,  Benjamin  Elliot  and  Bob  Fraser.  

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    Mara  Gottler’s  costumes  are  gorgeous,  with  variations  on  fencing  outfits  that  include  small  flourishes  of  emerald  coloured  vests  and  skirts  for  the  King  and  Queen,  leather  vests  for  the  Noblemen  and  red  sashes  for  the  soldiers.  

    Although  Cymbeline  is  a  strange  tale  filled  with  beheadings  and  creepy  scenes,  it  is  always  engagingly  staged  and  completely  compelling.  And  while  the  last  20  minutes  filled  with  crazy  revelations  and  denouncements,  it  is  so  wild  and  so  weird  that  it  still  very  entertaining,  despite  their  improbabilities.  

    Entertaining  and  slick,  Cymbeline  is  a  great  opportunity  to  round  out  your  Shakespeare  experience  this  year  at  Bard  on  the  Beach.    You  will  not  only  see  a  brilliant  fun  and  moving  play,  you’ll  also  appreciate  why  it  is  not  performed  more  often.  

    Source:  http://vancouverpresents.com/theatre/theatre-‐review-‐cymbeline-‐thoroughly-‐enjoyable-‐romp/  

    Alfreds's  approach  imposes  visual  unity  on  a  play  that  Dr  Johnson  accused  of  "unresisting  imbecility"  -‐  a  play  that  yokes  together  Britain  and  Rome,  Holinshed  and  Boccaccio,  classical  antiquity  and  the  Renaissance.  But  his  method  also  allows  for  lightning  transitions:  when  the  scene  shifts  from  Cymbeline's  British  court,  a  gong  is  struck,  an  actor  announces  "Rome",  and  we're  there  in  two  seconds.  When  Shakespeare  demands  that  "Jupiter  descends  in  thunder  and  lightning",  an  actor  simply  advances  downstage,  flings  his  arms  skywards,  and  we  accept  his  godliness.  

    This  method  unifies  a  kaleidoscopically  restless  play.  The  only  problem  is  that,  in  a  company  where  all  actors  are  supposedly  equal,  some  are  more  equal  than  others.  Mark  Rylance  -‐  playing  Cloten,  Posthumus  and  a  physician  -‐  demonstrates  a  transformative  energy  that  dominates  proceedings  in  a  way  we've  scarcely  seen  since  the  heyday  of  Donald  Wolfit.  His  Cloten,  with  gaping  mouth  and  prognathous  jaw,  is  a  masterly  study  of  vengeful  idiocy.  His  Posthumus  turns  into  a  crazed  Leontes.  Even  his  doctor,  by  the  simple  device  of  turning  to  the  audience  to  say  of  Cymbeline's  wicked  queen,  "I  do  not  like  her",  brings  the  house  down.  Wonderful  to  watch,  but  Rylance  might  usefully  curb  his  exuberant  inventiveness  -‐  symbolised  by  Cloten  scratching  his  genetalia  when  referring  to  his  stepfather's  "testiness"  -‐  in  the  interests  of  company  style.    

    At  its  best,  the  production  achieves  a  resonant  clarity.  John  Ramm's  Iachimo,  indecently  straddling  the  sleeping  Imogen,  makes  us  believe  in  the  trunk  through  which  he  has  entered  her  bedroom.  Sprightly,  cartwheeling  Jane  Arnfield  only  has  to  say  "Enter  Imogen,  dressed  as  a  man"  for  us  to  accept  it.  And  if  the  multiple  revelations  of  the  final  act  lead  to  escalating  hysteria,  it's  more  a  comment  on  the  Globe's  self-‐consciously  jolly  audience  than  on  the  production  -‐  although  I  question  the  robust  humour  of  spectators  who  roar  when  Posthumus  sends  the  disguised  Imogen  skidding  violently  across  the  stage.  But  at  least  Alfreds  shows  us  that  the  Globe  can  work  if  you  treat  it  as  an  empty  space  in  which  to  tell  an  intriguing  story.

    Source:  http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2001/jul/12/theatre.artsfeatures2  

     

     

     

     

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    Images  of  Imogen  

     

    showcase.arts.uci.edu  

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    www.theatermania.com  

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    www.shakespeareteacher.com