Chapters 6-10 Review. Chapter 6: The Base 1986 Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri arrives in Peshwar ○ Joins Arab community ○ Adopts customs ○ Brother Mohammed follows.

Chapters 6-10 Review

Chapter 6: The Base 1986

Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri arrives in Peshwar○ Joins Arab community○ Adopts customs○ Brother Mohammed follows

Sets up financial pipeline for jihad

Peshwar is in a state of disarary flooded with refugees and being controlled by warlords

Red Crescent Hospital Zawahiri sets up practice Links up with Sayyid Iman (a.k.a.

Dr. Fadl) Goal to re-establish Jihad

○ New recruits○ New direction

“Takfir” or excommunication Divides Arab Afghan community

Bin Laden Attends lectures at hospital Zawahiri and bin Laden need one

another○ Zawahiri needs $○ Bin Laden needs direction

Warns bin Laden of “security threat” and offers services of mujahideen (future al-Qaeda members)

Chapter 6: The Base The Lion’s Den

February 1988 Soviets withdraw in May

○ What would be direction of Jihad?

○ Zawahiri wants to “groom” Osama AND undermine competitor Sheik Abdullah Azzam Against tarkfir

Azzam Wants to build base (Qaeda) Afghanistan only the beginning Focus on: soviet republics,

Somalia, Eritrea, and Spain 1st goal: Palestine

○ Helped create Hamas to battle Israel

○ Didn’t want to focus on Egypt like Zawahiri

Bin Laden torn….. Until August 11, 1988

○ Meeting among leaders○ Vote for new organization○ 1st mention of name al-Qaeda○ Still unclear of mission

Chapter 6: The Base Zawahiri instrumental in

ruining Azzam’s reputation Eventually murdered,

threat to Zawahiri and bin Laden’s al-Qaeda removed.

1st al-Qaeda meeting Set constitution Leadership council

created○ Reps from Egypt,

Algeria, Libya, Oman, Saudi Arabia

By-laws voted on

Chapter 7: Return of the Hero

Bin Laden returns to Saudi Arabia 1989 Kingdom’s 1st real “celebrity” Returned with sense of

mission

Royal Family Out of control as ever Except Prince Turki

○ Pro-democratic, works with CIA, reformed

Division within Islamic Factions in Arabia

Kingdom Financially supports 90% of Islamic

faith Declining oil prices leads to tension Osama voices “anti-west” and

“anti- America” sentiments○ Advocates boycott of US goods

Weird relationship with US○ Saudi’s thought Royal’s condoned

Osama’s statements○ Two countries interdependent

Chapter 7: Return of the Hero

1989: A new planOsama wants to

overthrown Marxist government in Yemen

1st opportunity for al-Qaeda○ Prince Turki declines offer○ Yemen is soon after

united, Osama blames U.S. involvement

○ Bin Laden wants to finance guerrilla war, royal family tells him to stay out of it.

○ Saudi’s take bin Laden’s passport

Chapter 7: Return of the hero

Invasion of Kuwait Saddam Hussien poses

threat to Saudi Arabia and oil fields

Promises not to invade Kuwait, two days later invades.

Bin Laden offers his “services” to Royal Family to fight Saddam○ Prince Turki finally realizes

Osama’s delusions○ Clergy supported Royal

Family Royal Family already

accepted help, from U.S.○ 1st goal to protect Saudi

Arabian oil fields

Operation Desert Storm Starts January 16, 1991 Over by March 6 Saddam still in power, but checked U.S. could “see new world order”

○ Osama NOT happy Osama gets passport back and

heads to Peshawar, Pakistan in March 1992 to help mediate civil war

Realizes the Prince Turki is no his enemy

Chapter 8: Paradise The Afghan Civil War

Most Arabs moved on, tried to return to home countries

Many jailed or refused entry = roaming mercenaries

A New Home June 1989 Islamists staged a

military coup in Sudan○ Leader General Omar Hasan

al- Bashir○ Real brains: Hasan al-Turabi

Believed Arab world was insufficiently Islamic

Too dependent on West Well-educated Envisioned international

Muslim community headquartered in Sudan

Sent bin Laden a letter of invitation- Gave a construction job to

bin Laden Company

Two different people Turabi was far more progressive

and reformed○ Advocated women’s rights, art and

music Khartoum

Happy time for Osama○ had opportunity to imitate father’s

career○ Largest landowner in Sudan○ Generous employer○ Did not participate in conflict in

Southern Sudan U.S. presence in Saudi Arabia still

bothered him

Chapter 8: Paradise Opportunity

U.S. soldiers stopping over in Yemen on way to Somalia to help with famine○ Al-Qaeda believed this was just an

excuse to extend U.S. control New idea of Jihad against America

○ Linking to the Crusades○ Struggle between Christianity and

Islam○ America was “everywhere”○ Unite all sects of Islam against U.S.

December 29, 1992 Bombs exploded in Yemen, targeting

US troops No troops died, but moved on to

Somalia Al-Qaeda saw this as victory

○ Two innocent civilians died○ Led to new fatwas

Attack US troops Murder of Innocents

Chapter 9: Silicon Valley February 26, 1993

World Trade Center Bombing○ Few Americans had any idea

of radical Islamists in country○ Bombing done by Ramzi

Yousef Product of al-Qaeda Ordered by bin Laden? Ambition and skill changed

nature of terror○ Explosion

Six people died, 1, 042 injured Yousef fled to Pakistan

○ Plotted assassinations of Pope John Paul II, Bill Clinton and others

○ Lacked organization○ Importance was SYMBOLISM

of attacks

Chapter 9: Silicon Valley Fundraising

Zawahiri is in states fundraising for the jihad

Guide: Ali Abdelsoud Mohammed○ Assigned to penetrate CIA○ Does, is exposed but too late○ Becomes U.S. citizen○ Joins Army

While being a “good” soldier he’s copying manuals and maps for al-Qaeda

Training Muslim militants on the weekends

○ Takes leave in 1988, joins reserve in 1989

○ Meets with FBI 1993 Gives info on bin Laden, al-Qaeda Information dissmissed

$ Problems Zawahiri can’t raise funds needed Realizes he must join bin Laden to

keep Jihad alive

Egypt Still Zawahiri’s main focus August 1993

○ 1st use of suicide bomber Became known as “martyrdom

operations” Broke taboo against suicide

○ Backfires Young girl killed Egypt turns against terrorism

Chapter 10: Paradise Lost

Sudan Sociopaths and philosophers

flock to bin Laden Gave them a common enemy Convinced America only needed

a couple “blows” 1st Chance- Somalia

U.N. overseeing peacekeeping effort dealing with famine, backed by U.S.

Several failed attacks Local tribesmen shoot down two

Black Hawk helicopters and drag bodies through streets○ President Clinton immediately

withdraws troops Proved bin Laden’s assessment

of U.S. and furthers his ambitions

Algeria 1992 Al-Qaeda gets involved in civil

conflict Country drenched in blood for five

years Argued democracy and Islam

incompatible○ Anyone with voter card deserved

to die Even bin Laden alarmed by

slayings and removes support, but damage is done

Early 1990s Osama still refining concept of al-Qaeda

Chapter 10: Paradise Lost

1994 Attempt on bin Laden’s life

○ He blamed Egyptians○ CIA believe Saudi’s in charge○ This event allows Zawahiri to

have more influence Convinces Osama for need of

bodyguards and to carry weapons International Pressure

Algeria and Yemen pressuring Saudi family to stop bin Laden

Egypt revokes his citizenship Saudi’s revoke his passport Bin Laden family ordered to cut

him off○ His business failed in Sudan,

money running out○ Cut salaries○ Jamal al-Fadl becomes 1st traitor

1990s Africa Continent bleeding

○ Conflict in: Liberia, Angola, Sierra Leone, Congo, Nigeria, Rwanda, Burundi, Zimbabwe

Bin Laden sends operatives to Kenya to stake out targets

U.S. embassy becomes main target○ Almost attacked but held “off”

when U.S. withdrew from Somalia

1995 Osama having 2nd thoughts Wants to return to the

Kingdom, to family Has opportunity, but it never

happens…….