Chapter three

Chapter 3Methods of Research and Procedures

Research Method UsedPopulation and Sampling DesignResearch InstrumentData Gathering ProcedureStatistical Treatment

Method of Researchhistorical, descriptive or

experimental

explained briefly.

The procedural part of the method, its appropriateness to the study, and some of its advantages should be given attention and should be well discussed.

WHAT IS A DESCRIPTIVE TYPE OF RESEARCH???

Refer to print out

Characteristics of Descriptive Research ascertains prevailing conditions of facts in a group study gives either a qualitative or quantitative, or both, description of

the general characteristics of the group or case under study What caused the prevailing conditions is not emphasized Study of conditions at different periods of time may be made and

the change or progress that took place between the periods may be noted or evaluated for any value it gives.

Comparisons of the characteristics of two groups or cases may be made to determine their similarities and differences.

The variables or conditions studied in descriptive research are not usually controlled.

It studies the different sections belonging to the same group. Studies on prevailing conditions may or can be repeated for the

purposes of verification and comparison.

Sample Research Method Used

Method of Research The descriptive method of research was used in this study. Descriptive method of research is a fact-finding study with adequate and accurate interpretation of findings. It describes what is. It describes with emphasis what actually exist such as current conditions, practices, situations, or any phenomena. Since the present study or investigation was concerned with the present status of the teaching of science in the high schools of Province A, the descriptive method of research was the most appropriate method to use. (This can be elaborated further).

Graphic Organizer for RMURefer to print out

Method used The descriptive method of research was used in this study.

Definition Descriptive method of research is a fact-finding study with adequate and accurate interpretation of findings. It describes what is. It describes with emphasis what actually exist such as current conditions, practices, situations, or any phenomena.

Appropriateness Since the present study or investigation was concerned with the present status of the teaching of science in the high schools of Province A, the descriptive method of research was the most appropriate method to use.

Advantages ?

Value, Importance, and Advantages of Descriptive Research

contributes much to the formulation of principles and generalizations in behavioral sciences.

contributes much to the establishment of standard norms of conduct, behavior, or performance.

Makes possible the prediction of the future on the basis of findings on prevailing conditions

gives a better and deeper understanding of a phenomenon

provides a basis for decision-makinghelps fashion many of the tools or instruments for

quantitative research

Drafting Time15 minutes to draft your RMU

SUBJECT OF THE STUDY

(POPULATION & SAMPLING DESIGN)

Things to includeWho are your respondents?

Why are they the most appropriate individuals for your research study?

What sampling did you use to obtain these respondents?

The Sampling Design

What the researcher has to do here is to write about the complete procedure s/he used in determining his sample.a. The size of the populationb. The study populationc. The margin of error and the proportion

of the study population usedd. The type of technique of sampling

usede. The actual computation of the samplef. The sample

General Types of Sampling

Probability Sampling. The sample is a proportion of the population (selected by means of some systematic way in which every element of population has a chance of being included in the sample.)

Non-probability Sampling. The sample is not a proportion of the population and there is no system in selecting the sample. The selection depends on the situation.

Types of Non-Probability Sampling

Accidental Sampling. There is no system of selection but only those whom the researcher or interviewer meet by chance are included in the sample.Quota Sampling. Specified numbers of persons of certain types are included in the sample.Convenience Sampling. A process of picking out people in the most convenient and fastest way to immediately get their reaction to a certain hot and controversial issue.

Types of Probability Sampling

Pure Random Sampling. When every one in the population is given an equal chance of being selected through lottery type of sampling. This may be used if the population has no differentiated levels, sections, or classes.Systematic Sampling. This is used when the subjects are systematically arranged (alphabetical, residential, geographical). Suppose 20% of the population is the sample size. If 100% is divided by 20%, the answer is 5. Hence every 5th name in the list is selected.Stratified Sampling. It is the process of selecting randomly, samples from the different strata of the population.

Drafting time10 minutes

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Things to includeWhat was the main research

instrument used?Describe the research

instrument?Were the questions structured or

unstructured? Did you use a scale?

Were the questions divided into sets? How?

If you used a Likert scale, please tells us how the statements were divided?

Things to includeWhat statement numbers

correspond to the categories made?

Why Likert scale?

Drafting time10 minutes

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

Things to includeWhen was it collected?How was it distributed?What kind of method (survey)

was used?Why this method?What makes you say that your

respondents are qualified to answer your Survey Questionnaire?

Types of survey technique/approachTotal population survey. The entire population is

involved in the survey.Sample survey. Only a sample or portion of the

population is involved in the survey.Social survey. Researches on the attitudes and

behavior of different groups of peopleSchool survey. Used to gather data for and about

schools and to assess educational achievement and education itself

Public opinion survey. Used to gauge the reactions of people towards certains issues or persons

Poll survey. Regarding voting for a certain candidateMarket survey. Finds out the way that people

purchase products

Types of survey technique/approachEvaluation survey. Evaluates the results whether they

are satisfactory or not, with the end in view of making improvements

Comparative survey. The results from two different groups, techniques, or procedures are compared

Job Analysis survey. Provides information on the general duties and responsibilities of workers, their education, training experiences, salaries, etc.

Community survey. Provides information on the various aspects of the community

Drafting time10 minutes

Statistical Treatment of Data

It helps the researcher in determining the validity and reliability of his research instruments.

Statistical manipulations organize raw data systematically to make the latter appropriate for study.

It is used to test the hypotheses.Statistical treatments give meaning and

interpretation to data.Statistical procedures are indispensable

in determining the levels of significance of vital statistical measures.

Statistical Treatment of Data: Guidelines

1. What was the formula used?

2. Why this formula?

3. Show the formula

4. How can this be the most appropriate formula for your term paper?

5. How was this formula applied in your term paper? Please illustrate

Chapter 4Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation

of Data

How to Write the Parts?Name the table

Make the table

Present the data

Analyze the data

Interpret the data

Refer to Sample Chapter Four

Table 1 Frequency & Percentage Distribution of Respondents

According to Age

Age Frequency Percentage 13 7 24% 14 7 24% 15 11 38% 16 4 14%

TOTAL 29 100%

PARAGRAPH SET UP

PRESENTTable 1 tells us that most of the male high

school students in ALXS who play Ragnarok are aged 15, registering a return of 38%. This is followed by ages 13 and 14, registering returns of 24% each. Interestingly, only 14% belong to the 16-year old bracket.

ANALYZEThis is revealing. There is a steady number of

male ALXS high school students who play Ragnarok at ages 13 and 14. Their number increases at age 15. But dramatically drops at age 16.

INTERPRETThis tells us that the male ALXS high school students are most interested in playing Ragnarok at age 15, but they lose this interest the following year. It may be presumed that at age 16, the male ALXS high school students become more interested in other things such as their studies, high school graduation, and college education.