Chapter Thirteen the bureaucracy.

Chapter Thirteen the bureaucracy Learning Outcomes Define the concept of the bureaucracy and explainwhy such an organization is necessary. Compare the structure and function of executivedepartments, executive agencies, independentregulatory agencies and government corporations. Explain how individuals get positions in the federalbureaucracy and discuss the history of attempts toreform that process. Describe the tools and powers that bureaucraticagencies have to shape policies and regulations. The Nature of Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy: a large organization structured hierarchically to carry out specific functions Procedural rules Handles complex issues Divided according to specialization and expertise of employees The Nature of Bureaucracy
Public Bureaucracies Multiple groups of leaders Formed to serve citizens Not organized to make profit Private Bureaucracies Have single set of leaders Organized to make profit Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning The Nature of Bureaucracy
Models of bureaucracy Weberian model Organized hierarchically Formal procedures Power flows top to bottom Rules and logical reasoning Merit advancement The Nature of Bureaucracy
Models of bureaucracy (continued) Acquisitive model Expansion is goal Size = power Monopolistic model No competition No reason to be efficient or productive The Nature of Bureaucracy
Bureaucracies compared (U.S. to other industrialized nations) U.S. federal bureaucracy has significant autonomy Lines of authority not well defined Federalism means national bureaucracies provide $ to state bureaucracy counterparts U.S. government owns few enterprises, but administrative agencies regulate private companies The Size of the Bureaucracy
Federal bureaucracy about 2.7 million government employees (without military) Stable at federal level Significant private contractors growth Since 1970, state and local government growth Government spending = 40% of GDP Federal Agencies and Their Respective Numbers of Civilian Employees
Figure 13-1 (U.S. Office of Personnel Management, Federal Employment Statistics, Table 14) Government Employment at the Federal, State and Local Levels
Figure 13-2 (Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006) The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Executive branch Cabinet departments Independent executive agencies Independent regulatory agencies Government corporations Organization Chart of the Federal Government
Figure 13-3 (Source: United States Government Manual, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2007)) The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Cabinet Departments Accountable to president Performs major government functions Top officials are political appointees State Treasury Interior Justice Agriculture Commerce Labor Defense Housing & Urban Development Transportation Energy Health & Human Services Education Veterans Affairs Homeland Security Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Independent executive agencies Reports directly to president Examples: Environmental Protection Agency; CIA Independent regulatory agencies Develops rules/regulations to protect public interest Agency capture Deregulation and reregulation Examples: Nuclear Regulatory Commission; FCC The Organization of the Federal Bureaucracy
Government corporations Businesses created by Congress to perform public functions Not organized to make a profit Examples: U.S. Postal Service;AMTRAK Challenges to the Bureaucracy
Overlapping jurisdictions Reorganizing to stop terrorism Department of Homeland Security Dealing with natural disasters FEMA National Guard The U.S. Coast Guard patrols the waters of Boston harbor in preparation for the 2004 Democratic convention. Since September 11, 2001, such precautions have become normal in the Untied States. (William B. Plowman/Reuters/CORBIS) Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning Staffing the Bureaucracy
Political appointees Aristocracy of federal government But intense screening process Confirmations required Average term under two years Difficult to fire civil servants Lengthy appeals process Secretary Of State Hillary Clinton speaks during a joint press conference with her British counterpart, William Hague, at the State Department building in Washington, D.C. (AFP PHOTO/Mandel/Newscom) Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning Staffing the Bureaucracy
History of the federal civil service Spoils system Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 (Pendleton Act) Civil Service Commission Merit system Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 Office of Personnel Management Merit Systems Protection Board Hatch Act (1939) Modern Attempts at Bureaucratic Reform
Sunshine laws Information disclosure Curbs on information disclosure since 9/11 Sunset laws First suggested as part of New Deal Sunset legislation Mostly applied at state level Modern Attempts at Bureaucratic Reform
Privatization Incentives for efficiency/productivity Most successful at local level Government Performance and Results Act E-Government An armed nuclear security officer patrols the coastal area of the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant on May 5, 2004, in Avila Beach, California. SinceSeptember 11, all American utilities have increased the security at their facilities. (AP Photo/Michael A. Mariant) Copyright 2014 Cengage Learning Modern Attempts at Bureaucratic Reform
Helping out whistleblowers 1978 Civil Service Reform Act Anonymous hotlines Whistle-Blower Protection Act Monetary rewards as incentive Bureaucrats as Politicians and Policymakers
Power delegated to agencies by Congress as enabling legislation Agencies must interpret Congress wishes Formulate rules/regulations Rule-making environment Waiting periods Court challenges Controversies Bureaucrats as Politicians and Policymakers
Negotiated rule making Business and public-interest groups encouraged to become directly involved Participants agree to no court challenges Bureaucrats are policymakers Iron triangles Issue networks Iron Triangle Figure 13-4 Congressional Control of the Bureaucracy
Ways Congress does control bureaucracy Passes enabling legislation Controls funding Conducts hearings and investigations Government Accountability Office Congressional Budget Office Congressional Control of the Bureaucracy
Reasons why Congress cannot easily oversee bureaucracy Police patrol approach (regular review) Fire alarm approach (reaction to events) FOIA Request The Department of Homeland Security web site provides guidance on making an FOIA request. Visiteditorial_0316.shtm.