CHAPTER-III Growth of Handloom Industry To represent the growth of Handloom Industry, the data of Handloom Census of India have been widely used because the national handloom census is such a source which comprises almost every indicator of growth and provides comprehensive statistical information about handloom sector at the national and state level. The three rounds of handloom census ( 1987-1988, 1995-96 and 2009- 10) provides the broad details of three different decades, in which the researcher found easy to compare the growth among decades to analyze the scenario of pre and post reform. The duration of research topic started since 1981 but a proper handloom census initiated from 1987, therefore the analysis followed from that year. Handloom forms the second largest economic activity in India after Agriculture. In regard to production, the industry is meeting one-third of the total cloth requirements of the masses in the country and their products are well known all over the world since long. The Indian weavers are not only providing the enough cloth to meet the internal demand but also exporting numerous artistic varieties to the highly industrialized countries of the world. The below Table 3.1 shows the committees, estimated the number of handlooms in different years, and their estimation shows a positive and enormous growth of the industry since 1921 to 1983.
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CHAPTER-III
Growth of Handloom Industry
To represent the growth of Handloom Industry, the data of Handloom
Census of India have been widely used because the national handloom census
is such a source which comprises almost every indicator of growth and
provides comprehensive statistical information about handloom sector at the
national and state level.
The three rounds of handloom census ( 1987-1988, 1995-96 and 2009-
10) provides the broad details of three different decades, in which the
researcher found easy to compare the growth among decades to analyze the
scenario of pre and post reform. The duration of research topic started since
1981 but a proper handloom census initiated from 1987, therefore the analysis
followed from that year.
Handloom forms the second largest economic activity in India after
Agriculture. In regard to production, the industry is meeting one-third of the
total cloth requirements of the masses in the country and their products are
well known all over the world since long.
The Indian weavers are not only providing the enough cloth to meet
the internal demand but also exporting numerous artistic varieties to the highly
industrialized countries of the world.
The below Table 3.1 shows the committees, estimated the number of
handlooms in different years, and their estimation shows a positive and
enormous growth of the industry since 1921 to 1983.
40
Table: 3.1 Estimated Handlooms in India by Different Studies Year 1921 1932 1941 1954 1974 1983
Total (All India) 3060090 2524512 -17.50% 2268008 -10.16%
Source- Compiled from
: Census of Handlooms in India 1987-88, Ministry of Textile ,GOI.
Joint Census of Handlooms & Power looms 1995-96, GOI, NCAER.
Handloom Census of India 2009-10, GOI, NCAER.
45
The definition of handloom household (HH) is described in
introductory chapter. In India handloom sector is largely a household based
and carried out with labor contributed by whole family. These household
spread in rural areas as well as in urban areas of almost every state of the
country. Table 3.4 presents the growth of weaver households units in India.
In each stage of the production process, whether it is pre-loom processing,
weaving or finishing, every member of the household has a clear role to play.
In India handloom sector is largely a household based and carried out with
labor contributed by whole family, these household spread almost every state
of the country.
Currently, as per third census, in the country nearly 27.83 lacs handloom
households are involved in weaving and allied activities, out of which 87 per
cent are located in rural areas and rest 13 per cent in urban areas. Most of the
HH 22.68 lacs (82%) are weaver households, which means that at least one
member of every such household is engaged in weaving activities. Around 14
per cent allied worker households, 3 per cent are idle loom households and
about 1 per cent is other handloom households having no adult handloom
workers.
In the North-East, 90 per cent of the handloom worker households are
weaver households. The allied worker households are mostly found in the
states outside the region, and form 29 per cent of the total handloom worker
households in these states.
Figure: 3.1 Number of Handloom Weaver Household in India
The handloom census reveals the growth of weaver households in a
very extensive manner. As handloom census of India 1987-88, explained that
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there were 30.6 lacs weaver household in the country out of which 26.3 lacs
were located in rural areas and remaining households were found in urban
areas. As the table 3.4 exhibits that in 1987-88, the state of Assam had
highest concentration of households in the country, around 40 percent of the
total households in this sector belong to Assam, next in order comes West
Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Manipur and Uttar Pradesh respectively in terms of
having higher number of household units.
As per Joint Census of Handloom & Power loom 1995-96, there were
25.24 lacs weaver household units were involved in weaving activity in the
country, of which 21.91 lacs Household were from rural areas and rest were
from urban areas. The state of Assam again occupied first rank in terms of
having highest numbers of weaver household units. In 1995-96 the negative
growth had noticed, and can be seen from the Table 3.4, that 17.50 percent
decreases in Household units was found from 1987-88, only two states namely
Himachal Pradesh and Manipur reported positive growth out of twenty five
state.
The handloom census of 2009-10 reveals that in the country total
number of handloom household (weaver household, allied worker household,
idle loom households and household with no adult worker) is found 27.83 lacs.
Among total handloom household there are 22.68 lacs weaver households are
engaged in weaving job. Census also clears that of which, 19.85 lacs (87.53%)
are located in rural areas and 2.82 lacs (12.47%) in urban areas. This figure
indicates that handloom industry is solely a village industry and provides job
to mainly rural poor. This data proves that handloom sector is still a livelihood
source of millions of rural people of the country.
As far as the growth is concerned in 2009-10, the negative growth has
been captured, as shown in the table 3.4. and the figure 3.1 also shows that
since 1987 to 1995 the weaver household had reduced by 5.36 lacs. While
from second census to third census these units have decreased by 2.56 lacs.
If we discuss about type of HH by ownership of looms, there are two types:-
i. With loom households- Households that have looms in their premises.
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ii. Without loom household- Households that do not have any loom within
their premises.
In the year of 1987-88, nearly 90% household had looms which may or
may are not be owned by them but in case of non ownership of looms these
were placed in their houses by master weaver, cooperative society or private
owners.
In 1995-96 the household with looms increased by 5% and in 2009-10
there were 66.5% total worker households have looms and nearly 33 percent
had not looms. The household without looms are either engaged in hired
weaving activities or these household undertake allied work and it is also
noticed that higher proportion of without loom household lived in urban areas.
In India average Handloom Household size is 4.59, the average number of
workers per HH is 1.56, and the work participation rate being 33.9 per cent.
Growth of Handloom Weaver Households in Uttar Pradesh:
In the state of Uttar Pradesh, Households is found in almost every
district, and scattered in rural as well as in urban areas of this state. As per the
handloom census 1987-88, in Uttar Pradesh there were 1.89 lacs handloom
weaver household units of which, 0.62 lac (32.93%) found in urban areas
while 1.27 lac (67.06%) noticed in rural areas.
The joint census of handloom & power loom in 1995-96 confirmed
that since 1987 to 1995 in Uttar Pradesh 25.60 percent negative growth was
noticed in terms of number of units. The total number of weaver household
were 1.4 lac, of which 1.02 lac (72.78%) household were concentrated in rural
areas and rest 0.38 lac (27.22%) were found in urban areas.
In 1995-96, in the state of Uttar Pradesh, the highest concentration of
these household was found in Varanasi district (36234) followed by Bijnore
(10395) and Barabanki (8236). The Table 3.5 exhibits about the state of Uttar
Pradesh, that in 2009-10, the reduction is found in number of weavers
households, there were 0.84 lac weaver households, of which 0.49 lac
(58.47%) were belong to rural areas and rest 0.35 lac(41.52%) were found in
urban areas.
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Table: 3.5 District-wise Distribution of Handloom Weaver Household
Units in Uttar Pradesh District wise distribution of handloom weaver household Units in Uttar Pradesh
1995-96 2009-10 Growth (% age)
AGRA 1201 104 -91.34%
ALIGARH 3147 64 -97.97%
ALLAHABAD 366 _ _
AMBEDKAR NAGAR 413 549 32.93%
AZAMGARH 6974 9878 41.64%
BAGHPAT _ 2593 _
BAHRAICH 28 _ _
BALIA 647 _ _
BANDA 118 _ _
BARABANKI 8236 4927 -40.18%
BAREILY 1086 610 -48.83%
BASTI 5001 _ _
BHADOHI 180 _ _
BIJNORE 10395 757 -92.72%
BADUAN 385 _ _
BULANDSHAHAR 2636 504 -80.88%
CHANDAULI _ 4151 _
DEWARIA 218 _ _
ETAH 1780 _ _
ETAWAH 1069 739 -30.87%
FAIZABAD 18 _ _
FARUKKHABAD 352 47 -86.65%
FATEHPUR 361 6 -98.34%
FIROZABAD 152 32 -78.95%
GHAZIPUR 3152 88 -97.21%
GAUTAM BUDH NAGAR _ 21 _
GHAZIABAD 1399 202 -85.56%
GORAKHPUR 2975 861 -71.06%
GONDA 51 _ _
HAMIRPUR 553 24 -95.66%
HARDOI 2047 317 -84.51%
HATHRAS _ 516 _
JALAUN 607 285 -53.05%
JAUNPUR 707 17 -97.60%
JHANSI 1005 1,708 69.95%
KANPUR DEHAT 313 69 -77.96%
KANPUR NAGAR 719 2123 195.27%
KHERI 212 20 -90.57%
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LALITPUR 226 118 -47.79%
LUCKNOW 163 _ _
MAHRAJGANJ 100 41 -59.00%
MAHOBA 547 _ _
MAINPURI 96 39 -59.38%
MATHURA 1383 5 -99.64%
MAU 3500 845 -75.86%
MEERUT 3221 1,058 -67.15%
MIRZAPUR 5906 2,263 -61.68%
MORADABAD 8737 12599 44.20%
MUZAFFAR NAGAR 2946 391 -86.73%
PADRAUNA 90 _ _
PILIBHIT 430 1,144 166.05%
PRATAPGARH 742 5 -99.33%
RAE BARELY 228 55 -75.88%
RAMPUR 2972 226 -92.40%
SAHARANPUR 1251 _ _
SANT KABIR NAGAR _ 427 _
SANT RAVIDAS NAGAR _ 22 _
SHAHJAHAN PUR 81 _ _
SIDDHART NAGAR 1023 1 -99.90%
SITAPUR 5498 3,148 -42.74%
SONBHADRA 176 _ _
SULTANPUR 1005 _ _
UNNAO 1144 607 -46.94%
VARANASI 36234 30249 -16.52%
TOTAL 136202* 84455 -38%
Source: - Compiled from:
Report of planning commission, vol.2, Uttar Pradesh 1995-96.
Handloom Census of India 2009-10, Ministry of Textile, GOI,NCAER.
*the total value of the weaver household 1995-96,(data derived from planning
commission) is bit differ from the handloom census report 1995-96 .The entire
analysis in this study is mainly based on national handloom census reports, as
mentioned earlier.
From 1995-96 to 2009-10, the decline was found -40.10 percent
during 1995-96 to 2009-10, the figure 3.2 presenting the declining picture of
handloom weaver household in Uttar Pradesh, while the district wise table
reveals that in 2009-10 in U.P., few districts like Moradabad, Pilibhit,
Maharajganj, Kanpur Nagar, Jhansi, Etawah, Azamgarh and Ambedkar Nagar
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reported positive growth. In other words, among 36 districts only 8 districts
have shown the positive growth of handloom weavers units.
Figure:3.2 Number of Handloom Weaver Household units in U.P.
The researcher found many relevant issues which are the causes of
reducing weaver households in the country as well as in Uttar Pradesh. The
major causes are:
Handloom workers are shifting in to other jobs, which is due to severe
competition from the power loom. Apart from this issue, the other reason is
globalization, because with the coming of economic liberalization in 1991, the
govt. policy towards these type of industries have changed and since 1998
subsidies have started to decrease and purchases of handloom products by
govt. corporations have also fallen.
In the case of Uttar Pradesh the other factor is also very responsible for
the diminishing of handloom households, that is closure of Janta dhoti scheme.
During the period 1980-1994 the scheme of Janta dhoti was in operation at
that time, the state govt. organized the supply of adequate quantity of yarn to
the handloom cooperative society and the weavers, the yarn was directly
supplied by Uttar Pradesh State Textile Corporation (UPSTC), U.P.
cooperative spinning mills, under control of state government through U.P.
handloom corporation and Uttar Pradesh Industrial Co-operative Associates
Ltd. (UPICA) and a subsidy of 20% was provided by the central govt., that
was the golden era for handloom weavers in U.P.
During the process of globalization and liberalization of the industry,
most of the subsidy were withdrawn including janta dhoti scheme, due to
which most of the skilled master weavers shifted to different jobs and
migrated to other textile centers, and it was the turning point of the handloom
industry where the activity started diminishing.
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3.3 Growth of Handlooms or Looms: Handloom is a machine that is used for weaving thread into cloth and it is operated by hands. It is the basic infrastructure of the
handloom industry and in every state of India the existence of looms is maintained from the past.
In the country the expansion of looms are estimated by many reports (table 3.1) such as in 1921, the number of estimated looms
were 12.6 lacs in India, further tax enquiry committee report estimated in 1954 there were 28.7 lacs handlooms found and
according to another govt. report that in the year of 1983, total number of looms were 38.2 lacs. Till 1983, the numbers of looms
were increasing, but if we go through from national handloom census reports (1987-88 to 2009-10), we found the following
statistics about the growth of looms.
Table: 3.6 State-wise Distributions of Handloom Household & Non Household Looms and their Working Status State wise Distribution of HH & Non HH Looms and their working status
Census of Handlooms in India 1987-88, Ministry of Textile, GOI. Joint Census of Handlooms & Powe rlooms 1995-96,GOI, NCAER Handloom Census of India 2009-10,GOI, NCAER.
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Figure 3.3 Number of Handloom Household & Non Household Looms in
India
According to first national level census of handloom, in 1987-88
there were 38.9 lacs handlooms in the country out of which 2 lacs involved
with NHH units and rest 36.9 lacs looms were household looms. The state of
Assam, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal were top three states respectively, where
maximum numbers of looms were found. The lowest number of looms was
found in Union Territories. Among total number of looms in 1987-88 nearly
36.11 lacs (93%) were functioning while 2.7 lacs (7%) were lying idle, as
observed from the Table 3.6.
Figure: 3.4-3.5 Number of Working and Idle Looms in Handloom
Household & Non Household Units in India in 1987-88 & 1995-96.
Figure:3.4 Figure:3.5
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The functioning or working looms was defined as “a complete loom
that has been operated at least for one day during the last one year or is at
present working”. The idle loom was defined as “a complete loom that has not
been used for even a single day during last one year”. Among total number of
working loom in 1987-88, 57 per cent handlooms were used for commercial
purpose and rest of 43 per cent were domestic. The Table 3.6 exhibits that
highest number of looms were noticed in Assam (36.22%) but there, the
weaving is undertaken for domestic purpose.
As per joint census of handloom & power loom 1995-96 in the
country, there were 34.8 lacs looms found in HH and Non-HH, of which 90%
looms were in working order and remaining 10% were in idle condition, as
compared to 1987-88 the number of idle looms had increased by 3% (figure
3.5). In 1995-96 Assam, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal were again the top
three states respectively where the concentration of looms was higher than
other states. It is found that among 24 states Haryana, West Bengal, Manipur,
Nagaland and Rajasthan were showing positive growth in terms of number of
looms.
In 2009-10 the data of handloom census of India reveals that 23.7
Lacs looms in both HH and NHH were found out of which 90% were
functioning while 10% were idle, shown in below Figure 3.6. Assam, West
Bengal and Manipur were such three states respectively where the highest
concentrations of looms have found. While only Tripura was showing the
positive growth among 23 states of the country (table 3.6).
Figure: 3.6 Number of Working and Idle Looms in Handloom
Household & Non Household Units in 2009-10 in India
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Usage of Looms:
As far as their usage is concerned, the census reports categorized usage of
looms as follows:
i. Working domestic looms are those working looms, which are used for
non-commercial purposes such as making fabrics for domestic
consumption.
ii. Working Commercial looms are those types of looms, which are used
for an occupational purpose or those looms make fabric for market
consumption.
iii. Both commercial and domestic (working) looms are those looms
which make fabric for both domestic and market consumption. This
type is categorized recently by third handloom census (2009-10).
Table: 3.7 Distribution of Working looms by purpose of Usage in India
Number of Working Commercial and Domestic looms (India)
Commercial Domestic Both Commercial & Domestic Total
1986-87 2056927 1554586 _
3611513 56.95% 43.05% _
1995-96 1364187 1772951 _
3137138 43.49% 56.51% _
2009-10 625069 893872 572210
2091151 29.89% 42.75% 27.36%
Source- compiled from: Census of Handlooms in India 1987-88, Ministry of Textile, GOI Joint Census of Handlooms & Power looms 1995-96, GOI, NCAER. Handloom Census of India 2009-10, GOI, NCAER.
The figure 3.7 and table 3.7 presents the usage of looms in India, here
looms are used for both purposes, but the North States of the country, which
account for the highest proportion of HH looms, also have the lowest
proportion in commercial use. In other states, the looms are largely used for
commercial purposes.
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Figure : 3.7 Working looms by purpose of Usage in India
Growth of Looms in Uttar Pradesh According to the census of handloom, in the year of 1987-88, the total
numbers of looms were 2.6 lacs in Uttar Pradesh. In 1995-96, there were 1.8
lacs looms, while in 2009-10, the total number of looms was found 0.8 lac, it
has shown in the figure 3.8. Although, in almost every district of the state the
looms have noticed but a drastic drop has found in the number of looms during
1987-88 to 2009-10, the following figure is representing the declining trend of
looms in Uttar Pradesh.
Figure: 3.8 Number of Handloom Household & Non Household
Looms in Uttar Pradesh
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Table: 3.8 District wise Distribution of Household Looms in Uttar
Pradesh
District wise Distribution of household looms in Uttar Pradesh District 1995-96 2009-10
Working Idle Total Working Idle Total Growth (%age)