Chapter ii (proteins nucleic acids and atp)

Chapter II Chapter II

Episode IIIEpisode III

Proteins: a closer look Proteins: a closer look Structural Levels of

ProteinsPrimary Structure- The Amino Acid sequence of the peptide chain, held together by covalent bondsSecondary Structure- Alpha Helix’s and Beta sheets, held together by hydrogen bondsTertiary Structure – 3D structure of a SINGLE protein molecule, completely compacted and folded polypeptide chain, held together by Disulfide bonds and Ionic bondsQuaternary Structure- A Complex built of several protein molecules or polypeptide chains (sub-units), bound together by Covalent bonds and Disulfide bridges

Proteins: Denaturing Proteins: Denaturing What is Denaturing? Simply put it is when a Protein Complex comes apart due to acid, alkali or heat

Ex. Cooking an EGGWhat happens to a Protein that is Denatured?

Biologically:Biologically: its original properties are diminished or rendered completely uselessPhysically:Physically: It loses it’s “useful” shape. i.e. It ~unravels~~unravels~

Proteins: Enzymes Proteins: Enzymes Another word for Enzyme is CATALYSTCATALYST

Properties of Properties of Catalysts/Enzymes: Catalysts/Enzymes:

•They lowerlower the Activation energy of a chemical reaction

•They do NOTNOT change shape during the Rxn

•Shape and chargeShape and charge of the SUBSTRATE (what's being broken down) is relevantrelevant to the ENZYME

Denoted with the suffix “-ASE”

Ex: Lipase (enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fats into glycerol and fatty acids.

Proteins: Enzymes Proteins: Enzymes Many Enzymes/Catalysts must be “ACTIVATED” before they can be useful

Ex. Phosphorylation( Meaning simply: The The addition of addition of phosphatephosphate to an organic to an organic compoundcompound.)The “Active Site” is part on the enzyme that the substrate binds to. There’s WAY more to enzymes than this but…

We’ll Keep it SimpleSimple

ACTIVE ENZYME~POOF~

Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids

Moving on …

I’m Excited…Aren’t you? ~oh yes~

Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acid Made up of:Made up of:

•A Phosphate group

•A Sugar

•And a Nitrogen-containing Base

Make up what we know as DNADNA

The “Blueprint” of an organism.

Also make up RNARNA

Nucleic Acids: RNA vs. DNANucleic Acids: RNA vs. DNAWhat's the difference?What's the difference?

RNARNA DNADNA

Contains the Sugar RIBOSE

Single Stranded Uses the Nitrogen-containing Base URACIL Located outside the NUCLEUS

Contains the Sugar DEOXYRIBOSDEOXYRIBOSEEDouble Stranded = Double Helix **Remember Watson and Crick?Uses the Nitrogen-containing Base THYMINELocated inside inside the NUCLEUS

Nucleic Acid: RNA vs. Nucleic Acid: RNA vs. DNADNA

What they have in COMMONCOMMON?

A Phosphate Group

The Nitrogen-containing bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

Nucleic Acid: RNA vs. Nucleic Acid: RNA vs. DNADNA

So what matches with what?RNA DNA

A = U

U = A

G = C

C = G

A = T

T = A

G = C

C = G

Complete the DNAComplete the DNAA---

T--

G--

C--

G--

G--

T--

T--

T--

--T

--A

--C

--C

--A

--A

--A

--C

--G

What Do they mean?A

T

C

G

Adenine

ThymineCytosineGuanine

Complete the RNAComplete the RNAA---

U--

G--

C--

G--

G--

U--

U--

U--

--U

--A

--C

--C

--A

--A

--A

--C

--G

What Do they mean?A

U

C

G

Adenine

Uracil

CytosineGuanine

ATPATPAdenosine TriphosphateAdenosine Triphosphate

Moving on…

ATP: StructureATP: Structure

Kind of looks like something familiar doesn’t it?

RNA? Interesting…

ATP: What’s so special?ATP: What’s so special?

The High Energy bond of the PHOSPHATE GroupPHOSPHATE Group at the tail end of the molecule

It powers most everything in the body

So what do you learn? So what do you learn? •How many different structural levels are there for a Protein? •What makes up the basic building block for protein?•What is another word for an Enzyme? •What does an Enzyme do to the Activation energy of a Rxn?

4 Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary

Amino Acids

Catalyst

Lowers it

So what did you learn?So what did you learn?•What is Denaturing?

•What 3 things could Denature an Enzyme?•Biologically what happens to a Denatured Enzyme?•Physically what happens to a Denatured Enzyme?

When a Proteins structure comes apartHeat, Acid or Alkali

It becomes less effective or even useless

It unravels or loses it useful shape

So what did you learn?So what did you learn?

•What does the “-ASE” suffix mean? •What happens to the SHAPESHAPE of the Enzyme during and after the Rxn?•What are 22 things that determine the affinity of the Substrate to the Enzyme?•Name what needs to happens to some Enzymes before before they become “Active”?

An Enzyme

Nothing…it remains the same

Shape and charge of the Substrate

Phosphorylation

So what did you learn?So what did you learn?•What is an “Active Site”?•Name 3 things that make up a Nucleic Acid?•What is the name of the Sugar used in DNA? •What is the name of the Sugar used in RNA? •How many strands are in an RNA chain?

The Area on a Enzyme that the Substrate binds to. Phosphate Group, A Sugar, Nitrogenous Base

Deoxyribose

Ribose

A Single Strand

So what did you learn? So what did you learn?

•What is the Structure of DNA?

Double stranded = Double helix

•What is used in RNA instead of ThymineThymine?

Uracil

•What are the 44 Nitrogenous Bases for DNA?•What are the 4 Nitrogenous Bases for RNA?

A, T, G, C = Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

A, U, G, C = Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

So what did you learn? So what did you learn? Where in the cell is RNA found?

Where in the cell is DNA found?

In RNA what matches with A (Adenine)?

In DNA what matches with A (Adenine)?

Outside the Nucleus

Inside the Nucleus

Uracil

Thymine

So what did you learn?So what did you learn?

What is does ATPATP stand for?

Adenosine Adenosine TriphosphateTriphosphate

What is it about ATP that makes it the Power source for the body?

The High Energy Bonds found in the Phosphate Chain

If you were able to answer all of these from memory you’re a WARRIORWARRIOR. If NOT? Then study your notes again Thursday We REVIEW