CHAPTER II PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY- NET AND GROSSshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/84719/8/08_chapter 2.pdf · of sunlight by plants and other autotrophic organisms. ... The

CHAPTER II

PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY-

NET AND GROSS

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INTRODUCTION

The flow of energy through any ecosystem starts with the fixation

of sunlight by plants and other autotrophic organisms. In this way the

plant accumulates energy and this energy is called primary production.

The rate at which this energy accumulates is called primary productivity.

The total energy accumulated is gross primary production; however,

since plants use some of this energy themselves, it is not all available for

the food web (Mitsch and Gosselink, 1993).

According to Vollenweider (1974), estimation of primary production

estimation is concerned with "evaluation of the capacity of an ecosystem

to build up, at the expense of external energy (radiant and chemical),

primary organic compounds for transformation and flow to a higher level

trophic system". It measures the trophic status and changes in trophic

characteristics, over time, of open water systems.

The fundamental process involved in primary production is usually

expressed by the following equation:

6CO 2 + 6H2 + Light energy = C6 H12O6 +6O 2

Concepts of Productivity:-

There are successive steps in the process of primary productivity-

Gross Primary Productivity: - It is the total rate of photosynthesis

including the organic matter used up in respiration during the

measurement period. This is also known as total photosynthesis or

total assimilation.

Net Primary Productivity: - It is the rate of storage of organic

matter in plant tissues in the excess of the respiratory use by the

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plants during the measurement period. This is also called as

apparent photosynthesis or net assimilation.

Net Community Productivity: - It is the rate of storage of organic

matter not used by heterotrophs during the growing season or

year. Actually this is the net primary production minus the period

of consideration.

Net Production Efficiency: - The ratios measure the efficiency with

which an organism converts assimilated energy into primary or

secondary production.

The early investigations done (Datta, 1984; Wondie et al, 2007) on

lakes in different parts of the globe indicate that the physico-chemical

properties of water have a direct relation with the primary production.

Inflow and outflow of water, nutrient loading and entry of harmful

materials (pollutants) of any kind, all have a distinct, both immediate

and long term, effects on the metabolic rates. Hence measurements of

the rate of primary production can be used as an important bioassay

method for pollution studies. Primary production depends on the density

of various planktonic groups, availability of light, and changes in

environmental factors such as temperature, meteorological, hydrological,

nutritional and biological characteristics. It may vary greatly due to local

conditions such as morphology, water currents, local inflows of rivers, or

nature of the substratum (Prabhakar et al., 2009).

The estimation of primary productivity of an ecosystem is essential

to understand its food chains and food web. The daily and seasonal

carbon flow in the system forms the base of annual food pyramid and

can be used to estimate production of at higher tropic levels. The

evaluation of primary production of an ecosystem is one of the important

factors to form estimates of potential fish yield. Photosynthesis is the

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fundamental process involved in primary productivity. Primary

production may be the most important biological phenomenon in nature

on which the entire diverse array of life depends, either directly or

indirectly. It is the driving force for all metabolic activities in the

biosphere. It also shows the ability of an area to support the growth of

biological population, including fish population. To estimate the total

bioactivity of a reservoir it is necessary to determine the magnitude of

primary production (Prasad, 1990). The study of primary production in

lakes is fundamental to understanding both water quality and fisheries

(Wondie et al, 2007).

Primary production is influenced by a combination of physical and

biological factors: sunlight, lake morphometry, lake chemistry, nutrient

cycling, mixing, and consumer community composition. Sunlight

provides the energy for photosynthesis to occur, and thus is critical for

primary production. Primary production is limited to depths to which

sunlight can penetrate, regardless of any other factors (Wetzel, 2001).

Shallow lakes by area are often more productive than deep lakes in part

due to nutrient recycling from sediments (Flanagan and McCauley, 2008)

and the extent of attached macrophytes growth (Meding and Jackson,

2003).

The overall productivity of a water body can easily be deduced from

its primary productivity, which forms the backbone of the aquatic food

chain (Ahmed and Singh, 1989). The concept of primary productivity is

related to the ideas of energy flow in ecosystem (Odum, 1971). Primary

productivity of aquatic ecosystem gives the quantitative details regarding

energy fixation and its availability to support bioactivity of the total

system. Productivity of lakes depends on the presence of plankton

biomass (Joseph and Shanthi, 2010).

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Lakes are one of the important sources of potential production in

the world. Physical, chemical, and biological aspects influence primary

productivity directly and the fish production indirectly (Chinnaiah and

Madhu, 2008). Diversity in the distribution, abundance, and vari ations

in the biotic factors provides information of energy turnover in aquatic

ecosystem. Estimation of primary productivity of the aquatic system, are

adversely affected by anthropogenic activity servers as an important tool

in standing the effect of those activities in the ecosystem. Rates of

primary productivity indeed have been included as a component of many

trophic state assessment frameworks for freshwater and marine

ecosystems worldwide (Rodhe, 1970; Andersen et al., 2006). Nearly every

abiotic and biotic characteristic of the reservoir system influences the

resultant primary productivity, often rapidly in response to diel,

seasonal, or irregular periodicities of these characteristics unlike

temperate lakes where temperature and light intensity are the chief

limiting factors, biological productivity in tropical lakes are largely

controlled by nutrient regimes (Kumar, 1990).

The primary productivity plays an important role in the

penetration, absorption and distribution of light & heat and density

stratification of the lakes (Cole, 1983). The primary production is

dependent on physical condition such as temperature, light, and

nutrients (Davis, 1955). Productivity of lakes depends upon a variety of

factors such as the distance between the photosynthetic and

decomposition zone and volume of the water available (Tonapi, 1980).

Primary productivity gives information related to the amount of energy

available to support bio-activities of the system (Vollenweider, 1974).

Primary productivity has been measured for aquatic ecosystem by

several workers. Singh and Desai (1980) estimated the rates of primary

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production on Rihand reservoirs in U.P. Palahiappan et al (1981)

recorded the primary productivity of two rock polls in Salem, Tamilnadu.

Datta et al (1984) have assessed the primary productivity in relation to

some physico chemical properties of a freshwater pond in Kolkata.

Ayyappan and Gupta (1985) opined that the production of Ramasamudra

tank from coastal Karnataka was controlled by several hydrobiological

factors. Singh (1986) has determined the primary productivity of two

lakes at Pune in relation to environmental parameters. Sharma and

Sahai (1988) have conducted work on primary productivity and energy

flow in upper Lake of Bhopal and observed a seasonal variation in

primary productivity with maxima in winter and minima in summer.

Shukla and Bais (1990) observed a correlation between phytoplankton

biomass and productivity with physico chemical parameters of Bila

reservoirs, Shahgarh, Madhya Pradesh. Vijaykumar and Paul (1990)

reported on primarily productivity of different water bodies of Gulberga,

Karnataka. Patil and Sahu (1993) studied on primary production of

Rengali reservoirs, Orissa. Vijaykumar (1994) reported on seasonal

variation in primary productivity of tropical pond in Gulberga.

Vasantkumar et al (1996) studied on impacts of dairy effluents on

primary production in freshwater pond at Gulberga, Karnataka. Singh

and Sharma (1999) carried out hydrobiological and primary productivity

in fish pond manure with different organic manures. Vijaykumar et al

(2000) studied on seasonal variation in primary productivity of Gobbur

tank, Gulberga. Prakash (2001) carried out a seasonal dynamics of

zooplankton and primary productivity at Balarampur (U.P). Shukla and

Pawar (2001) estimated primary productivity of Govindgarh Lake, Rewa,

(M.P). Yeragi et al (2002) estimated the gross primary production of

urban creek in Thane. Sukumaran (2002) studied on primary production

dynamics of a perennial tank in Bangalore. Sobha et al (2003) made an

effort to analyze primary productivity of Paravar canal. Sivakumar and

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Karuppasamy (2008) studied on factors affecting productivity of

phytoplankton in a reservoir of Tamilnadu, India. Joseph and Shanthi

(2010) studies on assessment of the primary productivity of

Muvattupuzha River, Kottayam, Kerala. Mohan et al (2010) observed

seasonal variations in the phytoplankton diversity and primary

productivity of Pechiparai reservoir, Kanyakumari. Patil and Chavan

(2010) have reported primary productivity of three lakes from Sangli

district. Bhosle et al (2010) reported on seasonal variations in occurrence

of phytoplankton and primary productivity of some selected lakes in

Maharashtra. Chinnaiah and Madhu (2010) carried out assessment of

primary productivity of Darmasagar Lake in Adilabad, Andhra Pradesh.

Vasantkumar and Vijaykumar (2011) studied on diurnal variation of

physico chemical properties and primary productivity of phytoplankton

in Bheema River, Gulberga, Karnataka.

The present study has been undertaken to analyse the net and

gross primary productivity of two freshwater lakes namely Mombatta and

Kagzipura, in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

STUDY AREA

Kagzipura lake (latitude 190 57’ N and longitude 750 15’ E) is

located near Kagzipura village, Tal. Khultabad 16 km away from

Aurangabad city whereas Mombatta lake is situated in Daulatabad valley

(latitude 190 57’ 42” N and longitude 750 13’ 24” E) near Daulatabad

village, Tal. Aurangabad, 15 km away from Aurangabad. Both lakes are

used for irrigation and aquaculture purposes.

The Primary productivity of Mombatta and Kagzipura is

determined by using standard “Light and Dark bottle” method of Gardner

and Gran (1927) at an interval of 15 days in every month for a period of

two years from October 2008 to September 2010.

The method of Gardner and Gran (1927) method is slightly

modified by Vollenweider et al (1974) and Wetzel and Likens (1991) to

make it more suitable. A set of one light and one dark bottle with a

capacity of 200ml were filled with surface water and closed tightly and

the dark bottle was covered with black aluminum foil to prevent the

penetration of light. Both bottles were suspended in the lake at level 10

cm deep from which the original water was taken and exposed to natural

light. At the time of keeping these two light and dark bottles in water

their maintain the difference of 30 to avoid the self-shading effect. The

dissolved oxygen was determining using the sample from third (initial)

bottle. The primary productivity study carried out after 7 to 9 AM. The

time of exposure (incubation period) in the present study was for the

period of 2 hrs. After completion incubation period the two set of light

and dark bottles were fixing the samples with magnous Sulphate and

alkali iodide at the site of the study area then transferred to the lab, for

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further estimation. The dissolved oxygen is determined by the initial

bottle and light and dark bottle (after 2 hour incubation) by Winkler’s

method. The estimation of dissolved oxygen is done by Winkler’s method

(Wetzel and Likens, 1991) described in chapter first. The observed Net

primary productivity (NPP), gross primary productivity (GPP) and

Community respiration (CR) in mg/l/hr were converted into gC/m3/hr

by multiplying these values with a factor 0.375 as suggested by Benton

and Werner (1972).

The Gross and Net primary production and community respiration

was estimated by using following formulae of Wetzel and Likens (1991):

Gross primary productivity (GPP): gC/m3/hr = DL-DD X 0.375

Hr

Net primary productivity (NPP): gC/m3/hr = DL-DI X 0.375

Hr

Community respiration (CR): gC/m3/hr = DI-DD X 0.375

Hr

Net Production Efficiency (NPE): % = NPP × 100

GPP

Respiration (% of GPP): % = CR × 100

GPP

Where,

DL = Dissolved oxygen in light bottle in mg/l.

DD = Dissolved oxygen in dark bottle in mg/l.

DI = Dissolved oxygen in initial bottle in mg/l.

Hr = Duration of exposure (incubation period) in hrs.

0.375 = Respiratory quotient.

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Procedure:

1. Gross Primary Productivity:

Gross primary productivity is determined by with the help of above

said formula. In which, the value of dissolved oxygen obtained from light

bottle is minus from the value of dissolved oxygen obtained from dark

bottle. Then these values are divided by duration exposure in hours and

then it multiplied by a factor (0.375). The values are expressed in

gC/m3/hr.

2. Net Primary Productivity:

Net Primary productivity is determined by with the help of above

said formula. In which, the value of dissolved oxygen obtained from light

bottle is minus from value of dissolved oxygen obtained from initial

bottle. Then these values are divided by duration exposure in hours and

then it multiplied by a factor (0.375). The values are expressed in

gC/m3/hr.

3. Community Respiration:

Community respiration is determined by using above said formula.

In which, the value of dissolved oxygen obtained from initial bottle minus

the value of dissolved oxygen obtained from dark bottle. Then these

values are divided by duration exposure in hours and then it multiplied

by a factor (0.375). The values are expressed in gC/m3/hr.

Statistics was applied to determine the correlation coefficient

(Mungikar, 2003) between Physico-chemical water parameters and

zooplanktons with primary productivity.

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RESULT

MOMBATTA LAKE

PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

Monthly data of Primary Productivity is recorded as Gross primary

productivity, net primary productivity, Community respiration, Net

production efficiency and Respiration (% of GPP) from Mombatta Lake

during October 2008 to September 2009 is depicted in Table 1 from

October 2009 to September 2010 and in Table 2. Average of monthly

record of Primary Productivity during the period of October 2008 to

September 2010 is given in Table 3 and Fig 1 to 5. Seasonal changes in

Primary Productivity during October 2008 to September 2009 and

October 2009 to September 2010 are given in Table 4. Average of

seasonal record of Primary Productivity during October 2008 to

September 2009 and October 2009 to September 2010 is given in Table 5

and Fig 6 to11. Simple correlation coefficient of Primary Productivity is

given in Table 6.

Gross Primary Productivity (gC/m3/hr):

Gross primary productivity found minimum in the month of

September (0.53 ± 0.0.03) and maximum in May (1.82 ± 0.06) as given in

Table 3 and Fig 1. Average seasonal record of Gross primary productivity

in Mombatta Lake showed minimum in monsoon season (0.66 ± 0.17)

and maximum in summer season (1.65 ± 0.15) as given in Table 5 and

Fig 6.

Statistical analysis of data collected from Mombatta Lake revealed

that Gross primary productivity is positively correlated (P<0.01) with Net

primary productivity and (P<0.05) Community respiration whereas,

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negatively correlated (P>0.05) with Net production efficiency and

Respiration (Table, 6).

Net Primary Productivity (gC/m3/hr):

In Mombatta Lake, minimum Net primary productivity was

observed in the month of September (0.50 ± 0.03) and maximum in the

month of October (1.67 ± 0.01) [Table 3 and Fig 2]. Average seasonal

record of Net primary productivity in Mombatta Lake showed minimum

in monsoon season (0.60 ± 0.17) and maximum in summer season (1.45

± 0.23) [ Table 5 and Fig 7].


that Net primary productivity is positively correlated (P<0.01) with Gross

primary productivity whereas, negatively correlated (P>0.05) with

Respiration and no correlation with Community respiration and Net

production efficiency (Table, 6).

Community Respiration (gC/m3/hr):

In Mombatta Lake, minimum Community respiration was observed

in the month of September (0.03 ± 0.01) and maximum in the month of

May (0.25 ± 0.02) as given in Table 3 and Fig 3. Average seasonal record

of Community Respiration in Mombatta Lake showed minimum in

monsoon season (0.06 ± 0.01) and maximum in winter season (0.20 ±

0.07) as given in Table 5 and Fig 8.


that community respiration is positively correlated (P<0.05) with Gross

primary productivity whereas, negatively correlated (P>0.05) with Net

production efficiency and no correlation with Net primary productivity

and Respiration (Table, 6).

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Net Production Efficiency (gC/m3/hr):

In Mombatta Lake, minimum Net production efficiency was

observed in the month of March (84.25 ± 0.18) and maximum in the

month of October (95.98 ± 0.31) [Table 3 and Fig 4]. Average seasonal

record of Net production efficiency in Mombatta Lake showed minimum

in monsoon season (87.74 ± 3.37) and maximum in winter season (95.39

± 0.60) [Table 5 and Fig 9].


that net production efficiency is negatively correlated (P>0.05) with gross

primary productivity, community respiration and respiration whereas, no

correlation with net primary productivity. (Table, 6).

Respiration (gC/m3/hr):

In Mombatta Lake, minimum Respiration was observed in the

months of November (0.06 ± 0.01) and maximum in June (5.81 ± 0.03)

[Table 3 and Fig 5]. Average seasonal record of Respiration in Mombatta

Lake showed minimum in summer season (1.04 ± 0.79) and maximum in

monsoon season (2.97 ± 2.27) [Table 5 and Fig 10].


that net production efficiency is negatively correlated (P>0.05) with gross

primary productivity, net primary productivity and net production

efficiency and no correlation with community respiration (Table, 6).

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KAGZIPURA LAKE

Primary Productivity (gC/m3/hr):

Monthly record of Primary Productivity recorded as Gross primary

productivity, net primary productivity, community respiration, net

production efficiency and respiration (% of GPP) from Kagzipura Lake

during October 2008 to September 2009 is depicted in Table 7 and from

October 2009 to September 2010 in Table 8. Average of monthly record

of Primary Productivity during the period of October 2008 to September

2010 is given in Table 9 and Fig 1 to 6. Average of seasonal record of

Primary Productivity during October 2008 to September 2009 and

October 2009 to September 2010 are given in Table 10. Seasonal

changes in Primary Productivity during October 2008 to September 2009

and October 2009 to September 2010 given in Table 11. Correlation

coefficient of Primary Productivity is given in Table 11 and Fig 7 to 11.

Gross Primary Productivity (gC/m3/hr):

Gross primary productivity was observed minimum in the month of

September (1.02 ± 0.16) and maximum in October (3.32 ± 0.27) as given

in Table 7 and Fig 1. Average seasonal record of Gross primary

productivity in Kagzipura Lake showed minimum in monsoon season

(1.19 ± 0.78) and maximum in summer season (2.50 ± 0.90) as given in

Table 11 and Fig 6.

Statistical analysis of data collected from Kagzipura Lake revealed

that Gross primary productivity is positively correlated (P<0.01) with Net

primary productivity and negatively correlated (P>0.05) Net production

efficiency and no correlation with community respiration and respiration

(Table, 12).

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Net Primary Productivity (gC/m3/hr):

In Kagzipura Lake, minimum Net primary productivity was

observed in the month of August (1.06 ± 0.01) and September (0.50 ±

0.03) whereas, maximum in the months of October (3.15 ± 0.01) and

November (3.12 ± 0.02) as given in Table 9 and Fig 2. Average seasonal

record of Net primary productivity in Kagzipura Lake showed that, it is

found minimum in monsoon season (1.12 ± 0.73) and maximum in

winter season (2.38 ± 0.88) given in Table 11 and Fig 7.


that net primary productivity is positively correlated (P<0.01) with Gross

primary productivity and negatively correlated (P>0.05) Net production

efficiency and no correlation with Community respiration and

Respiration (Table, 12).

Community Respiration (gC/m3/hr):

In Kagzipura Lake, minimum Community respiration was observed

in the month of July (0.04 ± 0.01) and August (0.04 ± 0.01) and

maximum in the month of April (0.31 ± 0.01) as given in Table 9 and Fig

3. Average seasonal record of Community respiration in Kagzipura Lake

showed minimum in monsoon season (0.07 ± 0.09) and maximum in

summer season (0.23 ± 0.09) as given in Table and 11and Fig 8.


that community respiration is positively correlated (P<0.05) with

respiration and negatively correlated (P>0.05) Net production efficiency

whereas no correlation with Gross primary productivity and Net primary

productivity (Table, 12).

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Net Production Efficiency (gC/m3/hr):

In Kagzipura Lake, minimum Net production efficiency was

observed in the month of April (83.88 ± 0.23) and maximum in August

(96.80 ± 0.14) as given in Table 9 and Fig 4. Average seasonal record of

Net production efficiency in Kagzipura Lake showed minimum in

summer season (89.16 ± 5.12) and maximum in winter season (95.64 ±

0.44) as given in Table 11 and Fig 9.


that Net production efficiency is negatively correlated (P>0.05) with Gross

primary productivity and Net primary productivity, Community

respiration and Respiration (Table, 12).

Respiration (gC/m3/hr):

In Kagzipura Lake, minimum Respiration was observed in the

month of July (0.07 ± 0.003) and maximum in May (6.02 ± 0.92) as given

in Table 9 and Fig 5. Average seasonal record of Respiration in Kagzipura

Lake showed minimum in monsoon season (0.75 ± 0.67) and maximum

in summer season (2.29 ± 2.37) as given in Table 11 and Fig 10.


that respiration is positively correlated (P<0.05) with community

respiration and negatively correlated (P>0.05) with net production

efficiency whereas no correlation with gross primary productivity and net

primary productivity (Table, 12).

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DISCUSSION

Primary production is the direct product of photosynthesis, and

primary productivity is the sum of all photosynthetic rates in an

ecosystem (Fee, 1998). Information on the primary production enables to

improve the understanding of food web relationship in aquatic ecosystem

(Kauer et al, 2009).

Changes in primary productivity have been causally linked to the

nutrient status of aquatic ecosystem for over a century and it has

recently recommended that measurement of primary productivity, being

a sensitive and accurate indicator of eutrophication and diagnostic tool

for assessing the metabolic status of any Lake (Smith, 2007). Similarly,

the ratio between the Net and Gross primary productivity would

approach unity when the respiration ranges between 5 to 10 percent of

Gross primary productivity in a healthy Lake (Ketcham et al., 1958).

Primary productivity gives information related to the amount of

energy available to support bioactivities of the system (Vollenweider,

1974). The estimation of primary productivity of an ecosystem is

essential to understand its food chains and food web. The daily and

seasonal carbon flow in the system forms the base of annual food

pyramid and can be used to estimate production at higher trophic level.

Lakes are one of the important sources of potential production in the

world. Physical, chemical and biological aspects influence primary

productivity directly and the fish production indirectly (Chinnaiah and

Madhu, 2010).

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Primary production is an important biological phenomenon in the

aquatic environment in which phytoplankton act as a primary producer,

their physiological activities greatly controlled by physicochemical

characters of the water body (Sahu et al,. 1995; Aravind Kumar, 1997).

Phytoplankton also serve as food for aquatic animals especially for fishes

and also they play an important role in ecological balance and quality of

the water (Pandey et al., 1994). Sharma and Sharma (1992) noted that

phytoplankton found in the water body as well as they may be used as

indicators of the water quality.

Shallow lakes (by area) are often more productive than deep lakes

in part due to nutrient recycling from sediments (Flanagan and

McCauley, 2008) and the extent of attached macrophyte growth (Meding

and Jackson, 2003). As lake surface area increases, the amount of

sunlight penetrating the water increases, as well as providing more area

for CO2 diffusion. The absolute abundance of critical nutrients such as

phosphorus, nitrogen and silica, are important determinants of primary

production, and producer biomass has been shown to increase along

increasing gradients of nutrient supply (Elser et al. 1988).

In any aquatic body primary productivity gives information relating

to the amount of energy available to support bioactivity of the system

(Vollenweider 1969). Estimation of primary productivity of the aquatic

systems, those are adversely affected by anthropogenic activities, serves

as an important tool in studying the effect of those activities on the

system. Several studies are available relating to the primary productivity

of different ponds, lakes and reservoirs in different parts of India (Verma

& Mohanty 1994).

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The reservoir ecosystems are intermediate between rivers and

natural Lakes in relation to morphology, hydrology, nutrients loadings

and cycling, and source of organic matter. Much of the primary

production within reservoir is by phytoplankton. Primary productivity is

most important biological phenomenon in nature, which involves the

trapping of radiant energy of sun, and its transformation into high

potential biochemical energy flow in a ecosystem. Understanding of

primary production becomes all the more essential in the evaluation of

the capacity of any ecosystem, including that of standing water bodies.

The primary productivity relates to the amount of organic matter

synthesized in certain space per unit term. Primary productivity can be

access as gross and net values. Gross primary production is the total

range of photosynthesis including organic matter used up in the

respiration in a given time while net productivity is the total amount of

chemical energy net after it has been utilized by plants for respiration.

Primary productivity has been used for potential index of productivity for

many diverse ecosystem of the world (Wetzel, 2001). Primary productivity

is concerned with the evaluation of the capacity of an ecosystem to the

synthesis of organic matter of high chemical potential. Primary

productivity in aquatic ecosystem mainly is controlled by interaction of

many factors like environmental and biotic factors and nutrient status of

the water body. Thus, this aspect has drawn the attention of numerous

hydrobiologists.

GROSS AND NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVTY (gC/m3/hr):

Gross primary productivity is the total rate of photosynthesis

including the organic matter used up in respiration during the

measurement period. This is also known as total photosynthesis or total

assimilation. Net primary productivity is the rate of storage of organic

matter in plant tissues in the excess of the respiratory use by the plants

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during the measurement period. This is also called as apparent

photosynthesis or net assimilation.

In the present study, Gross primary productivity of Mombatta Lake

was minimum in the months of August and September whereas,

maximum in the months of April and May. In Kagzipura Lake, minimum

Gross primary productivity was observed in the months of August and

September whereas maximum in the months of October and November.

Average seasonal record of Gross primary productivity in Mombatta Lake

showed minimum in monsoon and maximum in summer season. Average

seasonal record of Gross primary productivity in Kagzipura Lake showed

minimum in monsoon and maximum in winter season.

In the present study, Net primary productivity of Mombatta and

Kagzipura Lake was minimum in the months of August and September

whereas maximum in the months of October and November. Average

seasonal record of Net primary productivity in Mombatta Lake showed

minimum in monsoon season and maximum in winter season.

Mandal et al (1999) stated that the trend of fluctuations shows

that values of Gross primary productivity and Net primary productivity

increased gradually during winter and summer and decreased during

monsoon. The highest rate of productivity during summer may be due to

bright sunshine with high temperature, high phytoplankton density and

algal blooms. The monsoon lows could be attributed to the reduced

photoperiod coupled with low light intensity, temperature and scare

phytoplankton. Majagi and Vijaykumar (2005) from Karanja reservoir

near Byalhalli village of Bidar district reported high primary productivity

during summer season due to the high light penetration while low

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productivity during monsoon season because of the influx of the turbid

water to the reservoir.

Prabhakar et al (2009) from Khadakwasla reservoir of Pune

reported that the primary productivity maximum in winter and minimum

in monsoon season. Clear water surface, which permitted more light to

penetrate and lower water flow perhaps, accounted for the higher values

of primary productivity during winter. Addition of nutrients with runoff

water during monsoon rain and later clarity of water during this season

are responsible for high primary productivity during winter. Lower values

are observe during monsoon might be due to increased turbidity and

suspended silt content of water resulting from soil erosion from

surrounding hills. As a consequence penetration of light into the water,

the most essential factor for photosynthesis drooped sharply. Higher rate

of water flow and more depth of the reservoir are also responsible for low

primary productivity.

Patil and Chavan (2010) from three lakes of Sangli district

observed that productivity increased from winter and attains the peak in

summer and then declines in monsoon. Highest rate of productivity

during summer was probably due to bright sunlight and higher

temperature. In concluding remarks they found that these three lakes

have low values of primary productivity due to less availability of

nutrients. Joseph and Shanthi (2010) from Muvattupuzha river,

Kottayam, Kerala reported maximum primary productivity in the months

of April and May due to algal blooms. Sawant et al (2010) from Atyal

Pond in Gadhinglaj Tahsil, Dist. Kolhapur, Maharashtra, reported the

Productivity of lakes depends on presence of planktonic biomass.

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According to Koli and Ranga (2011) high values of primary

productivity was mainly due to sewage discharged, industrial influents,

agricultural runoff and other human activities by surrounding city

population. High values of productivity and nutrients also exposed its

eutrophic condition. They found highest values of primary productivity in

summer season due to high temperature, which enhances the release of

nutrients from sediments through bacterial decomposition. The excessive

amounts of nutrients along with higher temperature favor the maximum

growth of aquatic flora, which ultimately favors the primary productivity.

Such findings are supported to present study for Mombatta and

Kagzipura Lake.

The Kagzipura and Mombatta Lake show bimodal trend of primary

productivity with two clear peaks, first in the months of October and

second in May. The magnitude and higher values of primary productivity

suggest that Lake is entropic in nature. Similar findings are reported by

various authors. Prabhakar et al (2009) from Khadakwasla reservoir in

Pune. Chinnaiah and Madhu (2010) from Darmasagar Lake in Adilabad.

Similar bimodal pattern also observed by Mohan et al (2010) from

Pechiparai Reservoir in Kanyakumari district.

Rajput and Negi (2011) from Nainital and Bhimtal lakes of Kumaon

Himalaya of Uttarkhand state reported that a lake having dense

population of plankton indicting higher productivity and less plankton

concentration indicates low productivity. Less phytoplankton, plankton

density, nutrient status and deep water body is responsible for low

primary productivity of Mombatta Lake while Kagzipura Lake has during

winter and summer season rich population of planktons, high nutrient

load due to inflow of swage, human activities, brick factories, excessive

algal growth and macrophytes resulting in high productivity. Hence high

Page 81

productivity indicating the polluted and eutrophication of water body.

Similar results are also observed by Anjinappa (2002) and Das (2002).

Statistical analysis of data collected for Mombatta Lake revealed

that Gross primary productivity positively is correlated with Net primary

productivity and Community respiration whereas negatively correlated

with Net production efficiency and Respiration. Statistical analysis of

data collected for Kagzipura Lake revealed that Gross primary

productivity is positively correlated with Net primary productivity and

negatively correlated with Net production efficiency and no correlation

with Community respiration and Respiration.


that Net primary productivity is positively correlated with Gross primary

productivity whereas negatively correlated with Respiration and no

correlation with Community respiration and Net production efficiency.

Statistical analysis of data collected for Kagzipura Lake revealed that net

primary productivity is positively correlated with Gross primary

productivity and negatively correlated with Net production efficiency and

no correlation with Community respiration and Respiration.

Majagi and Vijaykumar (2005) from Karanja reservoir, Karnataka,

reported Gross primary productivity is positively correlated with Net

primary productivity, Community respiration, water temperature, pH,

dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, chloride, Rotifera, Copepoda, and

Cladocera whereas, Net primary productivity is positively correlated with

Gross primary productivity, Community respiration water temperature,

pH, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity chloride, Copepoda, ostracoda and

Rotifera.

Page 82

Rajput and Negi (2011) from Nainital Lake of Kumaon Himalaya of

Uttarkhand, reported that Gross primary productivity is positively

correlated with Net primary productivity, pH and water transparency and

negatively correlated with total alkalinity, dissolved solids, chlorides and

total hardness whereas Net primary productivity is positively correlated

with pH and Gross primary productivity whereas negatively correlated

with water temperature, air temperature, total dissolved solids, chlorides

and carbon dioxide. Rajput and Negi (2011) from Bhimtal Lake of

Kumaon Himalaya of Uttarkhand, reported that Gross primary

productivity is positively correlated with Net primary productivity and

water transparency and negatively correlated with water temperature, air

temperature, nitrate, phosphate, chlorides, dissolved solids and chlorides

whereas Net primary productivity is positively correlated with pH and

Gross primary productivity, turbidity, total alkalinity, dissolved oxygen,

total hardness and water transparency whereas negatively correlated

with water temperature, air temperature, pH and phosphate.

COMMUNITY RESPIRATION (gC/m3/hr):

Community respiration means deducting the net primary

productivity from gross primary productivity and conververted into Co2

release.

In Mombatta Lake, minimum Community respiration was observed

in the months of August and September whereas, maximum in the

months of October and November. In Kagzipura Lake, minimum

Community respiration was observed in the months of July and August

whereas, maximum in the months of April and May. Average seasonal

record of Community respiration in Mombatta Lake showed that,

minimum in monsoon season and maximum in winter season. Average

seasonal record of Community respiration in Kagzipura Lake showed

Page 83

that, it is found minimum in rainy season and maximum in summer

season.

Community respiration is high during the summer season and low

during the monsoon season. (Majagi and Vijaykumar, 2005).

Chattoppadhyay and Banerjee (2008) from Krishnasayar Lake at

Burdwan reported that Community respiration is maximum in the

month of April and minimum in September. Bhosle et al (2010) from

some selected lake of three districts, Maharashtra.

Shallow Lake water leads to a rapid change in the productivity with

the change in Physico-chemical conditions of water. Due to high

respiration of all living organisms and non living organic matter reduce

the dissolved oxygen content (Leonard et al, 2000). This observation

supports the present study as values of dissolved oxygen content were

found lower during the summer season in Mombatta and Kagzipura

Lake.

According to Radwan (2005) rate of respiration attained highest

values in summer months was due to the effect of drainage water

discharged from the different drains around the station. These effluents

enhance the biological activities of bacteria, especially in summer

months due to the decomposition of organic matter. Similar findings are

observed in present study for Kagzipura Lake because Kagzipura Lake

receives domestic sewage from surrounding village and other human

activities responsible for maximum community respiration. And also low

count of phytoplankton and high density of zooplanktons might be

responsible for high values of community respiration. Similar findings

are reported by Sheriff and Ezz (1988) from Burulus Lake of Egypt.

Radwan (2005) reported maximum primary productivity for Lake

Page 84

Burulus of Egypt in summer season and minimum in winter and

monsoon season. Such findings are supported the present study. Values

of community respirations of Kagzipura Lake are higher than the

Mombatta Lake.

Patil and Chavan (2010) for three lakes of Sangli district and

Sawant et al (2010) for Atyal Pond in Gadhinglaj Tahsil, Dist. Kolhapur,

reported that community respiration is increased during summer and

decreased in monsoon season.


that community respiration is positively correlated with Gross primary

productivity whereas, negatively correlated with Net production efficiency

and no correlation with Net primary productivity and Respiration.

Statistical analysis of data collected for Kagzipura Lake revealed that

community respiration is positively correlated with respiration and

negatively correlated with Net production efficiency whereas no

correlation with Gross primary productivity and Net primary

productivity.

Majagi and Vijaykumar (2005) reported that community

respiration is positively correlated with Gross primary productivity, water

temperature, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, chloride, Rotifera,

Copepoda and Cladocera.

NET PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY (gC/m3/hr):

Net production efficiency is the ratios measure the efficiency with

which an organism converts assimilated energy into primary or

secondary production.

Page 85

In Mombatta Lake, minimum Net production efficiency was

observed in the months of August and September whereas, maximum in

the months of October and November. In Kagzipura Lake, minimum Net

production efficiency was observed in the months of April and May

whereas maximum Net production efficiency was recorded in the months

of August and September. Average seasonal record of Net production

efficiency in Mombatta Lake showed minimum in monsoon season and

maximum in winter season. Average seasonal record of Net production

efficiency in Kagzipura Lake showed minimum in summer season and

maximum in winter season.

Chattoppadhyay and Banerjee (2008) for Krishnasayar Lake at

Burdwan reported that Net production efficiency is maximum in

September and minimum in April. Their seasonal record shows that

maximum in monsoon and minimum in winter season. Chinnaiah and

Madhu (2010) for Darmasagar Lake in Adilabad reported that Net

production efficiency was maximum in the month of November and

minimum in the month of October. Their seasonal record shows that Net

production efficiency was maximum in monsoon and summer, and

minimum in winter season. Such findings inverse relationship to present

study of Mombatta and Kagzipura Lake , in which Net production

efficiency increased in winter and decreased monsoon and summer

season .


that net production efficiency is negatively correlated with gross primary

productivity, community respiration and respiration whereas no

correlation with net primary productivity. Statistical analysis of data

collected for Kagzipura Lake revealed that Net production efficiency

Page 86

negatively correlated with Gross primary productivity, Net primary

productivity, Community respiration and Respiration.

RESPIRATION (gC/m3/hr):

In Mombatta Lake minimum Respiration was observed in the

months of August and September whereas maximum Respiration was

recorded in the months of October and November. In Kagzipura Lake

minimum Respiration was observed in the months of March and

September whereas maximum Respiration was recorded in the months of

January and May. Average seasonal record of Respiration in Mombatta

Lake showed minimum in monsoon season and maximum in winter

season. Average seasonal record of Respiration in Kagzipura Lake

showed minimum in monsoon season and maximum in summer season.

Chinnaiah and Madhu (2010) for Darmasagar Lake in Adilabad

reported that Respiration (% of GPP) was maximum in the month of

October and minimum in February. Their Seasonal record shows that

maximum in winter and summer and minimum in monsoon seasons.

Such findings are supported to present study of Mombatta and

Kagzipura Lake.

Statistical analysis of data collected for Mombatta Lake re vealed

that net production efficiency is negatively correlated with gross primary

productivity, net primary productivity and net production efficiency, and

no correlation with community respiration. Statistical analysis of data

collected for Kagzipura Lake revealed that respiration positively

correlated with community respiration and negatively correlated with net

production efficiency whereas no correlation with gross primary

productivity and net primary productivity.

Page 87

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TABLE 1: Monthly record of Primary Productivity of freshwater Mombatta Lake during

October 2008 to September 2009.

Parameter →

Months ↓ GPP

(gC/m3/hr) NPP

(gC/m3/hr) CR

(gC/m3/hr) NPE

(%)

RESP

(% of GPP)

October 2008 1.72 ± 0.31 1.66 ± 0.12 0.06 ± 0.19 96.51 ± 0.32 3.48 ± 0.028

November 1.64 ± 0.38 1.56 ± 0.12 0.08 ± 0.16 95.12 ± 0.25 4.87 ± 0.037

December 1.36 ± 0.35 1.32 ± 0.23 0.04 ± 0.11 97.05 ± 0.27 2.94 ± 0.014

January 2009 1.42 ± 0.59 1.36 ± 0.18 0.06 ± 0.10 95.77 ± 0.41 4.22 ± 0.032

February 1.46 ± 0.41 1.35 ± 0.27 0.11 ± 0.14 92.46 ± 0.14 7.53 ± 0.16

March 1.53 ± 0.54 1.30 ± 0.26 0.23 ± 0.23 84.96 ± 0.36 15.03 ± 1.41

April 1.82 ± 0.33 1.62 ± 0.29 0.20 ± 0.12 89.01 ± 0.12 10.98 ± 0.70

May 1.87 ± 0.21 1.68 ± 0.41 0.19 ± 0.24 89.83 ± 0.35 10.16 ± 0.64

June 0.94 ± 0.17 0.82 ± 0.21 0.12 ± 0.16 87.23 ± 0.27 12.76 ± 0.82

July 0.62 ± 0.30 0.54 ± 0.19 0.08 ± 0.16 87.09 ± 0.14 12.90 ± 0.86

August 0.58 ± 0.30 0.51 ± 0.48 0.07 ± 0.18 87.93 ± 0.27 12.06 ± 0.78

September 0.55 ± 0.29 0.52 ± 0.18 0.03 ± 0.11 94.54 ± 0.35 5.45 ± 0.70

Values are in an average of 8 samples ± Standard deviation of mean

Abbreviations: GPP = Gross Primary Productivity, NPP = Net Primary Productivity, CR =

Community Respiration, NPE = Net Production Efficiency, RESP = Respiration.

TABLE 2: Monthly record of Primary Productivity of freshwater Mombatta Lake during


Parameter →

Months ↓ GPP

(gC/m3/hr) NPP

(gC/m3/hr) CR

(gC/m3/hr) NPE

(%)

RESP

(% of GPP)

October 2009 1.76 ± 0.17 1.68 ± 0.12 0.08 ± 0.01 95.45 ± 0.24 4.54 ± 0.039

November 1.67 ± 0.24 1.59 ± 0.15 0.08 ±0.02 95.20 ± 0.14 4.79 ± 0.042

December 1.28 ± 0.29 1.21 ± 0.24 0.07 ±0.04 94.53 ± 0.34 5.46 ± 0.064

January 2010 1.39 ± 0.23 1.30 ± 0.13 0.09 ±0.16 93.52 ± 0.36 6.47 ± 0.14

February 1.46 ± 0.38 1.34 ± 0.22 0.08 ±0.06 91.78 ± 0.27 5.47 ± 0.062

March 1.58 ± 0.29 1.32 ± 0.14 0.26 ±0.03 83.54 ± 0.25 16.45 ± 1.72

April 1.64 ± 0.39 1.44 ± 0.29 0.20 ±0.10 87.80 ± 0.28 12.19 ± 1.10

May 1.78 ± 0.21 1.47 ± 0.10 0.31 ±0.08 82.58 ± 0.36 17.41 ± 1.84

June 0.88 ± 0.28 0.84 ± 0.22 0.04 ±0.06 95.45 ± 0.23 4.54 ± 0.069

July 0.64 ± 0.34 0.58 ± 0.17 0.06 ±0.12 90.62 ± 0.28 9.37 ± 0.42

August 0.54 ± 0.14 0.50 ± 0.18 0.04 ±0.12 92.59 ± 0.22 7.40 ± 0.50

September 0.51 ± 0.13 0.48 ± 0.23 0.03 ±0.09 94.11 ± 0.35 5.88 ± 0.027




TABLE 3: Average of monthly record of Primary Productivity of Freshwater Mombatta Lake

during October 2008 to September 2010.

Parameter →

Months ↓

GPP

(gC/m3/hr)

NPP

(gC/m3/hr)

CR

(gC/m3/hr)

NPE

(%)

RESP

(% of GPP)

October 1.74 ± 0.03 1.67 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 95.98 ± 0.31 0.75 ± 0.035

November 1.65 ± 0.02 1.58 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 95.16 ± 0.23 0.06 ± 0.007

December 1.32 ± 0.06 1.27 ± 0.08 0.06 ± 0.02 95.79 ± 0.25 1.78 ± 0.049

January 1.40 ± 0.02 1.33 ± 0.04 0.08 ± 0.02 94.65 ± 0.32 1.59 ± 0.035

February 1.47 ± 0.02 1.35 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.02 92.12 ± 0.32 0.48 ± 0.012

March 1.55 ± 0.04 1.31 ± 0.01 0.25 ± 0.02 84.25 ± 0.18 1.00 ± 0.014

April 1.73 ± 0.13 1.53 ± 0.13 0.20 ± 0.01 88.41 ± 0.22 0.86 ± 0.049

May 1.82 ± 0.06 1.58 ± 0.15 0.25 ± 0.08 86.21 ± 0.14 5.13 ± 0.94

June 0.91 ± 0.04 0.83 ± 0.01 0.08 ± 0.06 91.34 ± 0.28 5.81 ± 0.98

July 0.63 ± 0.01 0.56 ± 0.03 0.07 ± 0.01 88.86 ± 0.16 2.50 ± 0.14

August 0.56 ± 0.03 0.51 ± 0.01 0.06 ± 0.02 90.26 ± 0.15 3.30 ± 0.26

September 0.53 ± 0.03 0.50 ± 0.03 0.03 ± 0.01 94.33 ± 0.20 0.30 ± 0.014

±Standard deviation of mean



TABLE 4 Seasonal record of Primary Productivity of Mombatta Lake during October

2008 to September 2009 and October 2009 to September 2010.

Seasons→

Parameters↓

2008-2009 2009-2010

Winter Summer Monsoon Summer Winter Monsoon

GPP

(gC/m3/hr) 1.54 ± 0.17 1.67 ± 0.21 0.67 ± 0.18 1.53 ± 0.23 1.62 ± 0.13 0.64 ± 0.17

NPP

(gC/m3/hr) 1.48 ± 0.16 1.49 ± 0.19 0.60 ± 0.15 1.45 ± 0.23 1.39 ± 0.07 0.6 ± 0.17

CR

(gC/m3/hr) 0.06 ± 0.02 0.19 ± 0.05 0.08 ± 0.04 0.08 ± 0.01 0.21 ± 0.10 0.043 ± 0.01

NPE

(%) 96.11 ± 0.84 89.07 ± 3.11 89.20 ± 3.58 94.68± 0.86 86.43 ± 4.23 93.19 ± 2.08

RESP.

(% of GPP) 3.88 ± 0.84 10.93 ± 3.11 10.79 ± 3.58 5.32 ± 0.86 12.88 ± 5.44 6.79 ± 2.08

± Standard deviation of mean



TABLE 5: Average of seasonal record of primary productivity of Mombatta Lake during


Seasons→

Parameters↓ Winter Summer Monsoon

GPP(gC/m3/hr) 1.53 ± 0.19 1.65 ± 0.15 0.66 ± 0.17

NPP(gC/m3/hr) 1.46 ± 0.19 1.44 ± 0.13 0.60 ± 0.15

CR (gC/m3/hr) 0.07 ± 0.010 0.20 ± 0.07 0.06 ± 0.02

NPE (%) 95.39 ± 0.60 87.74 ± 3.37 91.19 ± 2.32

RESP.(% of GPP) 1.04 ± 0.79 1.86 ± 2.18 2.97 ± 2.27




TABLE 6: Simple correlation coefficient (r) of Primary Productivity of Mombatta Lake


PARAMETERS GPP NPP CR NPE RESP

GPP 0.000

NPP 0.991** 0.000

CR 0.609* 0.498 0.000

NPE -0.075 0.056 -0.814** 0.000

RESP -0.210 -0.530 0.175 -0.369 0.000

** = significant at 1% (p < 0.01); *=significant at 5% (p<0.05)



TABLE 7: Monthly record of Primary Productivity of freshwater Lake of Kagzipura


Parameter →

Months ↓

GPP

(gC/m3/hr)

NPP

(gC/m3/hr)

CR

(gC/m3/hr)

NPE

(%)

RESP

(% of GPP)

October 2008 3.32 ± 0.27 3.14 ± 0.36 0.18 ± 0.07 94.57 ± 0.25 5.42±0.027

November 3.26 ± 0.17 3.10 ± 0.22 0.16 ± 0.05 95.09 ± 0.24 4.90±0.035

December 1.62 ± 0.15 1.54 ± 0.25 0.08 ± 0.07 95.06 ± 0.30 4.93±0.049

January 2009 1.82 ± 0.22 1.71 ± 0.18 0.11 ± 0.11 98.95 ± 0.34 6.04±0.12

February 1.90 ± 0.21 1.83 ± 0.13 0.07 ± 0.21 96.31 ± 0.39 3.68±0.014

March 2.07 ± 0.17 1.85 ± 0.14 0.23 ± 0.12 89.37 ± 0.28 11.11±0.84

April 2.18 ± 0.19 1.87 ± 0.10 0.31 ± 0.09 85.77 ± 0.24 14.22±1.14

May 2.29 ± 0.13 2.10 ± 0.16 0.19 ± 0.07 91.70 ± 0.27 8.29±0.49

June 1.46 ± 0.13 1.36 ± 0.24 0.10 ± 0.09 93.15 ± 0.25 6.48±0.10

July 1.14 ± 0.27 1.07 ± 0.17 0.07 ± 0.07 93.85 ± 0.35 6.14±0.21

August 1.09 ± 0.29 1.05 ± 0.12 0.04 ± 0.08 96.33 ± 0.32 3.66±0.029

September 1.02 ± 0.16 0.99 ± 0.12 0.03 ± 0.04 97.05 ± 0.39 2.94±0.014




TABLE 8: Monthly records of Primary Productivity of freshwater Lake of Kagzipura during


Parameter →

Months ↓

GPP

(gC/m3/hr)

NPP

(gC/m3/hr)

CR

(gC/m3/hr)

NPE

(%)

RESP

(% of GPP)

October 2009 3.28 ± 0.12 3.16 ± 0.28 0.12 ± 0.12 96.34 ± 0.29 3.65 ± 0.035

November 3.22 ± 0.12 3.14 ± 0.29 0.08 ± 0.21 97.51 ± 0.22 2.48 ± 0.014

December 1.58 ± 0.27 1.51 ± 0.19 0.07 ± 0.13 95.56 ± 0.32 4.43 ± 0.049

January 2010 1.88 ± 0.01 1.73 ± 0.13 0.15 ± 0.10 92.02 ± 0.38 7.97 ± 0.27

February 1.94 ± 0.14 1.86 ± 0.19 0.08 ± 0.14 95.87 ± 0.39 4.12 ± 0.078

March 2.12 ± 0.22 1.89 ± 0.14 0.23 ± 0.27 89.15 ± 0.31 10.84 ± 0.35

April 2.22 ± 0.13 1.82 ± 0.18 0.30 ± 0.15 81.98 ± 0.35 13.51 ± 0.92

May 2.32 ± 0.23 1.93 ± 0.23 0.39 ± 0.17 83.18 ± 0.28 16.81 ± 1.27

June 1.52 ± 0.39 1.38 ± 0.20 0.14 ± 0.19 90.78 ± 0.24 9.21 ± 0.84

July 1.12 ± 0.19 1.05 ± 0.21 0.07 ± 0.27 93.75 ± 0.29 6.25 ± 0.14

August 1.10 ± 0.28 1.07 ± 0.19 0.03 ± 0.18 97.27 ± 0.26 2.72 ± 0.022

September 1.06 ± 0.17 1.02 ± 0.24 0.04 ± 0.12 96.22 ± 0.32 3.77 ± 0.049




TABLE 9 Average of monthly record of Primary Productivity of Freshwater Kagzipura

Lake during October 2008 to September 2010.

Parameter →

Months ↓

GPP

(gC/m3/hr)

NPP

(gC/m3/hr)

CR

(gC/m3/hr)

NPE

(%)

RESP

(% of GPP)

October 3.30 ± 0.03 3.15 ± 0.01 0.15 ± 0.04 95.46 ± 0.21 1.25 ± 0.032

November 3.24 ± 0.03 3.12 ± 0.03 0.12 ± 0.06 96.30 ± 0.27 1.71 ± 0.045

December 1.60 ± 0.03 1.53 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 95.31 ± 0.32 0.35 ± 0.017

January 1.85 ± 0.04 1.72 ± 0.01 0.13 ± 0.03 95.49 ± 0.25 4.90 ± 0.82

February 1.92 ± 0.03 1.85 ± 0.02 0.08 ± 0.01 96.09 ± 0.36 0.31 ± 0.014

March 2.10 ± 0.04 1.87 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.01 89.26 ± 0.22 0.16 ± 0.010

April 2.20 ± 0.03 1.85 ± 0.04 0.31 ± 0.01 83.88 ± 0.23 2.68 ± 0.052

May 2.31 ± 0.02 2.02 ± 0.12 0.29 ± 0.14 87.44 ± 0.18 6.02 ± 0.92

June 1.49 ± 0.04 1.37 ± 0.01 0.12 ± 0.03 91.97 ± 0.19 1.68 ± 0.035

July 1.13 ± 0.01 1.06 ± 0.01 0.07 ± 0.01 93.80 ± 0.24 0.07 ± 0.003

August 1.10 ± 0.01 1.06 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01 96.80 ± 0.14 0.66 ± 0.035

September 1.04 ± 0.03 1.01 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.01 96.64 ± 0.32 0.59 ± 0.029




TABLE 10 Seasonal records of primary productivity of Kagzipura Lake during October

2008 to September 2009 and October 2009 to September 2010.

Seasons→

Parameters↓

2008-2009 2009-2010

Winter Summer Monsoon Summer Winter Monsoon

GPP

(gC/m3/hr) 2.51 ± 0.91 2.11 ± 0.17 1.18 ± 0.19 2.49 ±0.89 2.15 ± 0.16 1.20 ± 0.21

NPP

(gC/m3/hr) 2.37 ± 0.87 1.91 ± 0.13 1.12 ± 0.17 2.68 ± 0.82 1.88 ± 0.05 1.13 ± 0.17

CR

(gC/m3/hr) 0.13 ± 0.05 0.20 ± 0.10 0.06 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.04 0.25 ± 0.13 0.07 ± 0.05

NPE

(%) 95.92 ± 2.04 90.79 ± 4.42 95.10 ± 1.89 95.36 ± 2.36 87.55 ± 6.37 94.51 ± 2.89

RESP.

(% of GPP) 5.32 ± 0.53 9.33 ± 4.48 4.81 ± 1.77 4.63 ± 2.36 11.32 ± 5.39 5.49 ± 2.89




TABLE 11: Average of seasonal records of primary productivity of Kagzipura Lake during


Seasons→

Parameters↓ Winter Summer Monsoon

GPP(gC/m3/hr) 2.50 ± 0.90 2.13 ± 0.72 1.19 ± 0.78

NPP(gC/m3/hr) 2.38 ± 0.88 1.89 ± 0.69 1.12 ± 0.73

CR (gC/m3/hr) 0.12 ± 0.03 0.23 ± 0.09 0.07 ± 0.09

NPE (%) 95.64 ± 0.44 89.16 ± 5.12 94.80 ± 2.33

RESP.(% of GPP) 2.05 ± 1.98 2.29 ± 2.37 0.75 ± 0.67




TABLE 12: Simple correlation coefficient (r) of primary productivity of Kagzipura Lake


** = significant at 1% (p < 0.01); *=significant at 5% (p<0.05)



PARAMETERS GPP NPP CR NPE RESP

GPP 0.000

NPP 0.992** 0.000

CR 0.478 0.364 0.000

NPE -0.146 -0.023 -0.915** 0.000

RESP 0.274 0.024 0.581* -0.413 0.000

COMPARATIVE MONTHLY RECORD OF PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF

MOMBATTA AND KAGZIPURA LAKE DURING OCT 2008 TO SEPT 2010.

GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT

MONTHS

gC/m

3 /hr

KAGZIPURA LAKE

MOMBATTA LAKE

Fig: 1 Comparative monthly record of Gross Primary Productivity of Mombatta and Kagzipura Lake during Oct 2008 to Sept 2010. The minimum GPP was observed in the

month of September whereas higher GPP was recorded in the month of October in both lakes.

NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5


MONTHS

gC/m

3 /hr

KAGZIPURA LAKE

MOMBATTA LAKE

Fig: 2 Comparative monthly record of Net Primary Productivity of Mombatta and Kagzipura Lake during Oct 2008 to Sept 2010. The minimum NPP was observed in the

month September and whereas higher NPP was recorded in the month of October and November in both lakes.

COMMUNITY RESPIRATION

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35


MONTHS

gC/m

3 /hr

KAGZIPURA LAKE

MOMBATTA LAKE

Fig: 3 Comparative monthly record of Community Respiration of Mombatta and Kagzipura Lake during Oct 2008 to Sept 2010. The minimum CR was observed in the month of September and maximum in April from Mombatta Lake whereas; in Kagzipura

Lake minimum CR was observed in the month of September and maximum in May.

NET PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY

83

85

87

89

91

93

95

97

99


MONTHS

gC/m

3 /hr

KAGZIPURA LAKE

MOMBATTA LAKE

Fig: 4 Comparative monthly record of Net Production Efficiency of Mombatta and Kagzipura Lake during Oct 2008 to Sept 2010. The minimum NPE was observed in the

month of April in both lakes whereas maximum in January in Mombatta lake and November and august in Kagzipura lake.

RESPIRATION (% OF GPP)

0.05

2.05

4.05

6.05

8.05

10.05

12.05

14.05


MONTHS

gC/m

3 /hr

KAGZIPURA LAKE

MOMBATTA LAKE

Fig: 5 Comparative monthly record of Respiration of Mombatta and Kagzipura Lake during Oct 2008 to Sept 2010. The minimum Respiration was observed in the month of September and maximum in April whereas in Kagzipura lake, minimum in the month of

November and august and maximum in the may.

COMPARATIVE SEASONAL RECORD OF PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY OF

MOMBATTA AND KAGZIPURA LAKE DURING OCT 2008 TO SEPT 2010.

GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

WINTER SUMMER MONSOON

SEASONS

gC/m

3 /hr

MOMBATTA LAKE

KAGZIPURA LAKE

Fig 6: Comparative seasonal record of Gross primary productivity of Mombatta and Kagzipura Lake during Oct 2008 to Sept 2010. The minimum GPP was observed in mansoon season in both lakes whereas maximum in winter from Mombatta lake and

winter season in case of Kagzipura Lake. Average seasonal values of GPP of Kagzipura Lake higher in summer season and lower values are in monsoon season from Mombatta

Lake.

NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.1

2.3

2.5


SEASONS

gC/m

3/hr

MOMBATTA LAKE

KAGZIPURA LAKE

Fig 7: Comparative seasonal record of Net primary productivity of Mombatta and Kagzipura Lake during Oct 2008 to Sept 2010. The minimum NPP was observed in mansoon season whereas maximum in winter season in both lakes. Average seasonal

values of NPP of Kagzipura Lake are higher in winter season and lower values in monsoon in Mombatta Lake.

COMMUNITY RESPIRATION

0.05

0.07

0.09

0.11

0.13

0.15

0.17

0.19

0.21

0.23

0.25


SEASONS

gC/m

3/hr

MOMBATTA LAKE

KAGZIPURA LAKE

Fig 8: Comparative seasonal record of Community Respiration of Mombatta and

Kagzipura Lake during Oct 2008 to Sept 2010. The minimum CR was observed in winter and mansoon season whereas higher CR was recorded in summer season. Average

seasonal values of CR of Kagzipura Lake are higher in summer season and lower values in monsoon season from Mombatta Lake.

NET PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98


SEASONS

gC/m

3/hr

MOMBATTA LAKE

KAGZIPURA LAKE

Fig 9 Comparative seasonal record of Net Production Efficiency of Mombatta and Kagzipura Lake during Oct 2008 to Sept 2010. The NPE minimum was observed in

summer season whereas higher NPE were recorded in winter and mansoon season. Average seasonal values of NPE of Kagzipura Lake are higher in winter season and lower values in summer season from Mombatta Lake.

RESPIRATION (% OF GPP)

0.7

1.2

1.7

2.2

2.7


SEASONS

gC/m

3 /hr

MOMBATTA LAKE

KAGZIPURA LAKE

Fig 10: Comparative seasonal record of Respiration of Mombatta and Kagzipura Lake

during Oct 2008 to Sept 2010. In Mombatta Lake minimum Respiration was observed in winter season and maximum in monsoon season whereas in Kagzipura Lake, minimum in

monsoon season and maximum in winter season. Average seasonal values of Mombatta Lake are higher in monsoon season and lower values in winter season from Kagzipura Lake.

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