CHAPTER 8 NOTES Life at the Turn of the 20 th Century.

CHAPTER 8 NOTES

Life at the Turn of the 20th Century

Chapter Overview

As the 20th century begins, American culture changes due

to new technological advances, cultural forms, and

mass media. Some Americans, though, protest discrimination

that denies them rights.

Section one: Science & Urban Life

1870, 25 Cities with population of 50,000

1890, 58 Cities with population of 50,000

1900, 40% Americans lived in the cityTechnological advances met the needs

for communication, transportation and space

Section one: Science & Urban Life

Skyscrapers—the best use of limited & expensive spaceElevator & steelLouis Sullivan, Daniel Burnham

Transportation—allowed cities to expand outwardGrowth of Subways, Trolley CarsCommute to work, move around the city

Section one: Science & Urban Life

Need for leisure activities and open space led to URBAN PLANNING

Frederick Law Olmstead—Landscape architect1857, Central Park in New YorkBoating, Tennis, Zoo, Bicycle paths

Daniel BurnhamTransformed the city of Chicago

Section one: Science & Urban Life

By 1890, the literacy rate was 90%Books, Magazines, and Newspapers

were more popular than everMills produced cheaper paperNew printing press—Printed on

BOTH sides of continuous paper, cut, and folded Newspapers sold for one penny!

Section one: Science & Urban Life

Orville & Wilbur Wright Bike Manufacturers from Dayton, Ohio 1st Successful flight in Kitty Hawk, NC (1903)

Section one: Science & Urban Life

George EastmanCreated a new film that did not have to be

developed immediately1888 created the Kodak Camera

Section two: Expanding Public Education

Public schools were1) Training for employment and

citizenship2) A way to assimilate immigrants

Although Education was on the rise, many children were not in school

Section two: Expanding Public Education

Opportunities varied for black and white children1880—62 % of white children

attended school1880—34 % of black children

attended school

Section two: Expanding Public Education

Growth of High SchoolsBy 1900, ½ million students attended

High SchoolCurriculum expanded –

Not just math and readingVocational Courses—drafting, carpentry,

and mechanicsFemale students prepared for office

work

Section two: Expanding Public Education

Immigrants were encouraged to attend school Americanization

Higher EducationRise of Research Universities &

Professional SchoolsBetween 1865-1868—Howard, Atlanta

& Fisk Universities African American colleges

Section two: Expanding Public Education

Booker T. WashingtonRacism would end once African Americans acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to societyFounded Tuskegee Normal &

Industrial Institute (1881) Teaching diplomas, skills in agricultural,

domestic, mechanical work

Section two: Expanding Public Education

W. E. B. Du BoisDisagreed with WashingtonNiagara Movement—seek liberal arts so the

black community could produce well-educated leaders

“Talented Tenth”—achieve inclusion into mainstream life “We are Americans, not only by birth and by

citizenship, but by our political ideals…And the greatest of those ideals is that ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL”

Section three: Segregation and Discrimination

Post Reconstruction (1877) SouthVoting Restrictions

Literacy Tests African American questions more difficult Officials had authority to pass/fail Poll Tax Grandfather Clause

Section three: Segregation and Discrimination

Segregation Laws—separate blacks and whites in public and private facilities “Jim Crow Laws”

Plessy v. Ferguson(1896)—Supreme Court ruled that the separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th amendment “Separate but equal” Overturned by Brown v. Board60 years later

Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture

Rise of amusement parks, bicycling, theater, & spectator sports

Playgrounds and playing fields in neighborhoods

Coney Island, 1884

World’s ColumbianExchange—Chicago, 1st Ferris Wheel

Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture

Bicycling…For males only because lack of safety1885, “Safe Bicycle” mass producedRise in popularity with women—freedom & self-

reliance

Hershey Bar—1900Coca-Cola—Pharmacist formulated as a cure

for headache

Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture

Baseball & Boxing very popularNew media technology led to motion

picturesJoseph Pulitzer—New York World, comics,

sports, women’s newsWilliam Randolph Hearst—New York

Morning Journal Pulitzer’s competitor Exaggerated tales of personal scandal, cruelty,

and hypnotism Sold over a million copies per day

Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture

Art Galleries rise in popularity Realism, Thomas Eakins

Popular Fiction “Dime Novels” Glorified adventure tales of the West Mark Twain—American classics such as

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

Section four: Dawn of Mass Culture

Urban Shopping…Cleveland, Ohio (1890)—first shopping

center Jewelry, leather, stationary

Marshall Fields—opened the first department store “Give the lady

what she wants”