CHAPTER 7 - Work Measurement

8/12/2019 CHAPTER 7 - Work Measurement

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In this chapter, time is the major discussion. Itinvolves in determining the time that a

qualified worker should take to complete a job under normal working conditions.

Time represents by labor standard, standardtime and allowances allocate to workers inoperation activities.


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Work measurement concerns with determiningthe length of time should be taken to finish a job.


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1) Capacity Planning- Regular hours to used to produce one unit of product

2) Human workforce requirements- Number of workers to hire by company

3) Schedule the labor hours required to complete a job- The numbers of work follow the work schedule

4) Evaluate proposed work improvement

- Evaluate work before and after standard time

5) Designing incentive system- Piece rate plan in a scheme, who can produce more output in thegiven time


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Appropriate for short and repetitive tasksUsed to develop standard time


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1. Choose the job to study2. Inform involved workers

3. Break the job into recognisable units4. Determine the number of cycles to observe/how many times to observe

5. Time each elements, record the time andrate the workers performance

6. Compute the standard time


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1. Average Observed Time (AOT)- average time a wkr took to work on individual

task from the start to finish2. Normal Time (NT) or Basic Time (BT)- time taken to complete a job while workingunder normal condition

3. Standard Time (ST)- Average time for a job after adding

allowances to the NT or BT


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= Sum of All TimesNumber of cycle

Or= Sum of All Times

(*Number of cycles)(**Frequency)

* Omit any inconsistent or unusual data** Frequency of Occurance


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Tasks Observed time (minutes)

X 5 6 18

Y 7 9 11

1- To calculate average observed time:

Average observed time = sum of time recorded to performed for each elementNumber of observations

a) Average observed time X = (5+6)

2 = 5.5 minutes ( Igno re abnorm alt imes & extremes values (h igh or lo w) because i t represent er roneousdur ing obse rva tion)

b) Average observed time Y = (7 + 9 + 11) 3 = 9 minutes


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Tasks Observed time (minutes)A 3 5 7

B 2 4 11

C 9 10 20

1) Calculate average observed time for task A, B and C


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Time taken to complete a job while workingunder normal condition

NT = (AOT) (Performance Rating)


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Tasks Observed time (minutes) Observed Rate (rating)

X 5.5 110%

Y 9 95%

To calculate normal time/basic time:

Normal time/basic time X = (5.5 x 110) 100 = 6.05 minutes

Normal time/basic time Y = (9 x 95)

100 = 8.55 minutes

Total for normal time/basic time X & Y = 14.6 minutes


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Tasks Observed Rate(rating)

Observed time(minutes)

Normal time(minutes)

A 110%

B 115%

C 90%

1) Calculate normal time/basic time


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Average time for a job after addingallowances to the NT or BT

ST = (NT) ( 1 + *Allowance Factor)* Two ways of giving AF:

1. In %, e.g: 10%2. In the amount of time, e.g: 12 mins perhour or 12 mins per day


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Tasks Normal Time orbasic time(minutes)

X 6.05

Y 8.55

Allowances: (8 hours per day)

Machine warming up = 15 minutes

Area clean up = 21 minutes

Personal time = 60 minutes

To calculate standard times:First we need to identify the allowance that need to be in percentage value.

Allowances = Non-work time x 100

Total time

= (15+21+60) x 1008 x 60

= 20%

Standard time = Total basic time x (1 + Allowances)= 14.6 x (1+0.2)= 17.52 minutes


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1) Calculate the standard time

Tasks NormalTime or

basic time(minutes)

X 6.05

Y 8.55

Allowances: (8 hours per day)

Machine warming up = 15 minutes

Area clean up = 20 minutes

Personal time = 50 minutes

Unavoidable breakdown = 10 minutes


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It functioned to help to improve performanceand their productivity level by continue to

perform outstanding result according tostandard. There are 4 types of allowances;.There are:


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1. Relaxation Allowance

The extra time in % given to workers to takea short break to overcome mental orphysical fatigue. It includes nature calls,drinking, stretching, resting, etc


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2. Contingency Allowance

The extra time in % given to workers forunexpected situation occurance. Forexample, repairing minor defects onequipments or as simple as to pick a

dropped tool(s).


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3. Process Allowance

The extra time in % given to workers due tonatural delay in the process. For example,waiting for a crane to come, computers torespond, automated machines to be set up

and etc .


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4. Policy Allowance

The extra time in % given to workers due tolabour regulations or union agreement. Forexample, allowing muslims to perform theirprayers and etc .


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A work operation consisting of three elements has been subjected to astop -watch study. The observations recorded are shown below.

The workers work 26 days in a month. The allowance time for the operationbased on 8 hour-work-day are as follows:

Relaxation = 30 minutes/dayProcess = 18 minutes/dayr

Job

Element

Cycle Observation (Minutes) Performance

Rating1 2 3 4A 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 110%B 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.7 90%C 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 80%


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Requirements (Show all workings):

1. Calculate the basic or normal time for all jobs elements.

2. Determine the standard time of the work operation.3. What is the maximum number of output that can beproduced per day?

4. If monthly demand for the product is 10,000, can theproduction capacity meet the demand by just operating 8hours per day?

5. Determine the additional number of operating hours permonth to be able to produce 10,000 products.


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JobElement

A

B

C

Average Observed Time(Minutes)

(0.5 + 0.3 + 0.2 + 0.2) / 4= 0.300

(0.8 + 0.6 + 0.6 + 0.7) / 4= 0.675

(0.5 + 0.4 + 0.6 + 0.4) / 4= 0.475

0.300x 1.1

0.675x 0.9

0.475x 0.8

0.3300

0.6075

0.3800

AOT xRF

NormalTime

Total Normal Time 1.3175


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Allowance time = (30 mins/day) + (18 mins/day)= 48 minutes per day

(8hrs x 60 mins) per day= 0.10 @ 10%

Standard time = NT (1 + Allowance Factor)= 1.3175 minutes (1 + 0.10)= 1.4493 @ 1.45 minutes per unit


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Maximum output per day= 480 minutes / 1.45 mins per unit

= 331.03@ 331 units/day


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Output per month = 331 units x 26 days= 8606 units per month

Production capacity Cannot meet the demand


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Shortage unit = (10,000 8,606) units= 1,394 units

Additional hours required= 1,394 units x 1.45 minutes/unit= 2,021.3 mins 60 mins= 33.7 hours


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Apr 2011 (B2)Oct 2010 (A5)

Apr 2010 (B4)Oct 2009 (A4)Apr 2009 (Nil)Oct 2008 (B4)Apr 2008 (Nil)Oct 2007 (A2, B5)Apr 2007 (B3)

CHAPTER 7 - Work Measurement

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