Chapter 7 Medical Terminology and Chapter 17 Body Structures THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Jan 18, 2016
Chapter 7 Medical Terminology
andChapter 17 Body
Structures
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Functions of the Respiratory System
Deliver oxygen-rich air to the blood cells
Expel waste products (CO2 and water)
Produce air flow through the larynx that makes speech possible
Structures of the Respiratory System – divided into upper and lower tracts
Upper Respiratory Tract– Nose– Mouth– Pharynx– Epiglottis– Larynx– Trachea
• Lower Respiratory Lower Respiratory TractTract
• Bronchial treeBronchial tree• LungsLungs
www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/ respiratory.html
The Nose
Nasal Cavity: air enters nose and passes through the nasal cavity
Nasal Septum: wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections
Mucous membrane: epithelial tissue that lines the nose and respiratory system
Mucus: helps moisten, warm, and filter the air as it enters the nose
Cilia: thin hair inside nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris
Olfactory receptors: receptors for the sense of smell
The Tonsils
Function to protect the body from invading organisms
Form a protective circle around the entrance to the respiratory system
The Sinuses - Air-filled cavities within a bone that is lined with mucous membrane
Functions – To make the bones of
the skull lighter– To help produce sound
by giving resonance to the voice
– To produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
Paranasal Sinuses – named for the bones in which they are located
Maxillary: largest of the paranasal sinuses
Frontal: in the frontal bone just above the eyebrows
Ethmoid: irregularly shaped air cells, separated from the orbital cavity by a thin layer of bone
Sphenoid: close to the optic nerves, infection here can damage vision
The Pharynx - throat
Three divisions:– Nasopharynx: posterior to the
nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the mouth
– Oropharynx: the portion that is visible when looking into the mouth, shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems
– Laryngopharynx: continues downward to the openings of the esophagus and trachea
Protective Swallowing Mechanisms:
– Soft palate: moves up and backward to close off the nasopharynx, prevents food from going up into the nose
– Epiglottis: lid-like structure at the base of the tongue, swings down and closes off the laryngopharynx so food does not enter the trachea and the lungs –
The Larynx – voice box
Located between the pharynx and the trachea
Thyroid cartilage: largest of nine cartilages that hold open and protects larynx (Adam’s Apple)
Vocal cords: during breathing, separated to allow air passage, during speech, together and sound is produced as air is expelled from the lungs- the cords vibrate against each other
The Trachea - windpipe
Anterior to the esophagus, passes from the neck into the chest, flexible for movement due to elastic wall between C-shaped cartilage rings
Lower Respiratory TractThe Bronchial Tree
Trachea divides into 2 branches called bronchii, one branch into each lung
Once inside the lung, bronchii divide into smaller bronchioles
Alveoli: grapelike clusters of air sacs found at the end of bronchioles
The Lungs
Lobes: division of lungs– RT Lung: 3 lobes
Superior Middle Inferior
– LT Lung: 2 lobes Superior inferior
Mediastinum: between the lungs
– Heart– Aorta– Esophagus– Trachea– Bronchial tubes– Thymus gland
MEDIASTINUM:
1. Superior Vena Cava
2. Rt Atrium
3. Inferior Vena Cava
4. Arch of the Aorta
5. Lt Pulmonary trunk
6. Lt Pulmonary artery
7. Auricle of Lt atrium
8. Left Ventricle
9. Left Cardiophrenic
angle
The Pleura – multilayered membrane surrounding each lung
Parietal Pleura: outer layer of the pleura
– Lines the thoracic cavity and forms the sac containing each lung
Visceral Pleura: inner layer of pleura
– Closely surrounds the lung tissue
Pleural space: between the folds of the pleural membranes, contains lubricating fluid to prevent friction during respiration
The Diaphragm
Muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen, contraction/relaxation makes breathing possible
Phrenic nerve: stimulates diaphragm to contract during respiration
Respiration
External Respiration– Inhalation: taking in air as the
diaphragm contracts and pulls downward, causing the thoracic cavity to expand
– Expiration: breathing out as the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward causing the thoracic cavity to become narrower
The Exchange of Gases within the Lungs
– Air inhaled into the alveoli forces Oxygen (O2) to pass into the surrounding capillaries and is carried by the erythrocytes to all body cells
– CO2 is produced and passes from the capillaries into the airspaces of the lungs to be exhaled
Internal Respiration
• Exchange of gases Exchange of gases within the cells of all the within the cells of all the body organs and body organs and tissuestissues
• Oxygen passes from Oxygen passes from the bloodstream into the bloodstream into the tissue cells as the tissue cells as carbon dioxide passes carbon dioxide passes from the tissue cells in from the tissue cells in the blood streamthe blood stream
Medical Specialties Related to the Respiratory System
Otorhinolaryngologist Pulmonologist Respiratory Therapist Allergist
Pathology of the Respiratory System
COPD: general term used to describe a group of respiratory conditions characterized by chronic airflow limitations
Asthma
Chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing
Breathing difficulties during an attack is caused by:
– Swelling and inflammation of the lining of the airways
– Production of thick mucus– Tightening of the muscles that
surround the airways
Bronchiectasis
Chronic dilation of bronchi or bronchioles resulting from an earlier lung infection that was not cured
Emphysema
Progressive loss of lung function due to:
– Decrease in the total # of alveoli
– The enlargement of the remaining alveoli
– Progressive destruction of their walls
Breathing becomes rapid, shallow, and difficult
Lungs expand, barrel shape chest
Upper Respiratory Diseases
Allergic rhinitis Croup Diphtheria Epistaxis Influenza Pertussis Rhinorrhea Sinusitis Upper Respiratory infection
Pharynx and Larynx
Pharyngitis Laryngoplegia Laryngospasm Voice disorders:
– Aphonia: loss of the ability to produce normal speech sounds
– Dysphonia: any voice impairment– Laryngitis: inflammation of the larynx
Pleural Cavity
Pleurisy: inflammation of pleura Pneumothorax: accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space
causing the lung to collapse (stab wound, perforation in the pleura surrounding the lung, etc.)
Pleural Effusion: abnormal escape of fluid into the pleural cavity that prevents the lung from fully expanding
Empyema: accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity Hemothorax: accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity Hemoptysis: spitting of blood or blood-stained sputum
Lungs
ARDS: lung failure resulting from many different disorders that cause pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema: accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue
Atelectasis: collapsed lung, lung fails to expand because air cannot pass beyond the bronchioles that are blocked by secretions
TB: tuberculosis – making a come back Pneumonia: infection of the lung Aspiration Pneumonia: infection of the lung caused by
breathing something into the lungs
Breathing Disorders
Tachypnea: abnormally rapid rate of respiration >20 bpm
Bradypnea: abnormally slow rate of respiration <10 bpm
Apnea:absence of spontaneous respiration AKA - SAS (sleep apnea)
Dyspnea: SOB, difficult breathing or labored breathing
Hyperventilation: abnormally rapid deep breathing, resulting in decreased levels of CO2 at cellular level
Lack of Oxygen
Airway obstruction: foreign object blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving lungs
Anoxia Asphyxia Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of the skin caused by
a lack of adequate oxygen Hypoxia Respiratory failure: the level of oxygen in the blood
becomes dangerously low or the level of CO2 becomes dangerously high
Diagnostic Procedures of the Respiratory System
Respiratory Rate: # respirations/min – normal range = 15-20 rpm
PFT’s: measures capacity of the lungs and ability to move air in/out and to exchange O2 and CO2
Bronchoscopy Laryngoscope Chest Imaging
Treatment Procedures of the Respiratory System
Medications – Bronchodilator is a medication that can be
aerosolized to relax the airways.– MDI is also called a rescue inhaler, it delivers a
puff of medication that is inhaled.– Nebulizer dispenses a larger dose of the
bronchodilator over a longer duration in the form of a mist that is breathed in.
bronchoscopy
Lung transplant
Chest tubes
ventilator
intubation
tracheostomy